Ukuqonda Ubuchule Begunya Elilawulayo

Umgca-ohlulo lweveto umi njengenye yamandla akhethekileyo abanjwe ngabalawuli belizwe eUnited States. Ngokungafaniyo neveto yesithethe, enyanzela umphathi oyintloko ukuba amkele okanye angayamkeli yonke into kwisithuba esinye somgama, i-meta- sivumela irhuluneli ukuba ibethe imiqathango ethile ekhethekileyo, qhatha okanye isebenzise izinto okanye iinkqubo ze-programass/iapprograms / kwipakethi yemithetho ngeli livumela eziseleyo ukuba zibe ngumthetho. Eli gunya licetyelwe ukunika abalawuli intloko-ntloko yentloko-thenwa kunokuba i-trammeter xa kuthengwa uqingqo lwabiwo-mali, ivumela ukuba banqumle ukuchitha imali, basuse iintebo zomthetho, okanye basuse amalungiselelo abacinga ukuba bangawuniki umthetho obalulekileyo.

Umsebenzi osebenzayo uyahluka ngokwemeko, kodwa kwiimeko ezininzi irhuluneli kufuneka isebenze phakathi kwenani elimiselwe iintsuku emva kokwamkela uxwebhu, ngokwesi-5 ukuya ku-30. Izinto ezifakelweyo zithunyelwa emva kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, ezisenokuzama ukuphelisa iveto ngevoti enkulu kakhulu, qha amanani amabini-ntathu okanye amacandelo amathathu egumbi ngalinye. Ukuba i-debug ayiphumeleli, izinto ezisusiweyo zisuswa ngokupheleleyo kwimali. Amanye amazwe anika abalawuli amandla okuhlisa uhlaziyo oluthile kunokuba babangqubanise, amandla abizwa ngokuba "kukhutshwa kwe-"fish"to" okanye "uhluzo".

Imbali Emfutshane Yelayini - Ibhalwe Ngomnxeba

Ingqiqo ikwinkulungwane ye-19, xa umgaqo-siseko oququzelela imfazwe yamakhaya uquka umlinganiselo wento encinci yenqanawa yemfazwe. Emva kwemfazwe, amazwe amaninzi amkela imigaqo efanayo njengenxalenye yenkqubela-phambili yeenguqu ezijolise ekuphuculeni ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yehagu nenkcazo yehagu yehagu. Ngenkulungwane yo-20, ngaphezulu kwamashumi amane amazwe aye anika abalawuli bawo uhlobo oluthile lwento ye-icet-veto negunya, nangona umgangatho kunye neemeko ezithe ngqo zahluka ngokubanzi.

Kumgangatho worhulumente, izama ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukunika umongameli i-meta-mte-iphelo kwi-Line Intete Veto Act ka 1996, eyanika umongameli amandla okuphelisa izinto ezithile ezichithwayo neengenelo zerhafu. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yawuwisa umthetho [FLT]][1] Clinton v. isixeko saseNew York[[[[FLT]][[FLT]][3][1998], ilawula ukuba iphazamisa iPinement Claus yezomGasticals ngokulitime ngokulingeneyo ivumela umongameli ukuba agunyaze abuyele kwiBhunga-Congres. Esom. Esolurral'at ayigunyazi ingulo kuba ilawula phantsi kwemithetho eyahlukene yomthetho. Urhulumente wathetha kwaye wakhokela kumthetho waqhuba ezinye iindlela zabo, kodwa umgaqo ohluphendukuquququlukelwe ngumthetho otheneyo.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Esemthethweni Ngaphesheya KweUnited States

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe nemithetho ichaza imida ecacileyo yento ekwindawo ephantsi yerhuluneli. Njengexesha lombindi-2020, iirhuluneli zelizwe ezingama-44 zinohlobo oluthile lwento engaphakathi yeveto negunya, lo gama 6 isithi(Delaware, Indiana, Kansas, Nevada, North Carolina, ne Rhode Island . Phakathi kwe 44, umlinganiselo uyahluka ukusuka kwinto enyulu ivetoes ilinganiselwe kwityala lokukhupha i-injini ukuya kumacala abanzi avumela ukubetha iindleko ezingasebenzisi amaphepha, ukunciphisa ukuchithwa kwemali, okanye kwaneemeko zokusebenzisa imali.

Izibonelelo zomGaqo-siseko

Inkoliso ichaza i-meta-mtetho-mfono-mgaqo-siseko kwimithetho yabo. Umzekelo, umGaqo-siseko waseKhalifoniya (uMgaqo-siseko weCandelo, Icandelo 10) unika irhuluneli igunya lokunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa nawuphi na umcimbi. UmGaqo-siseko wePennsylvania (u-Article IV, Icandelo 15) uvumela irhuluneli ukuba isebenzise izinto ezikwizintsonkotho zemiyalelo; indlu yowiso-mthetho-mthetho ingenzangaphazamisi tyala ngalinye ngokomcimbi wombhalo wokuqala. Kwi-Wisconsin, amandla erhuluntelo avuleke ngendlela engaqhelekanga: "ithrototo" ivumela amagama, imivo, kwanobumba ngamnye osuka kwityala, amandla athi amarula asebenzise ngokuyila ngokwempikiswano. ."ne-'ifosha umthetho omthetho omthetho owenziwa ngaphaya kombhalo wokuqala.

Ezinye iimeko zimisela imiqathango ekhethekileyo. EFlorida, irhuluneli ingabeka izinto nakweyiphi na imali equlathe approprias, kodwa ayinakucutha umlinganiselo, kuphela isibetho esipheleleyo sivumelekile. ETexas, irhuluneli ingafaka umgca-izinto kwintengo jikelele, hayi izinto ezikweminye imithetho. Amanye amaphondo, njengaseNew York, anika iveto kuphela ukwenzela iindleko ze-appropries kwaye anqande irhulule irhuluneli ukusuka kulwimi olungadityaniswanga ngqo.

Iingcaciso ZeNkundla YasebuRhulu

Iinkundla eziphakamileyo zelizwe zisoloko zibizwa ukuba zichaze imida yomgca-ilungu vhato. [FLT]State ex rel. Compson Campson v. Thompson [1994], iCuuurt ePhakamileyo yaxhasa iGawulam Thompson Thompson ukusebenzisa "isibambi" ukubetha uonobumba ngabanye nokudala amagama amatsha ngokupheleleyo, injongo yokwamkelelwa. Isigqibo sathi kamva sancitshiswa nguMgaqo-siseko we-mvume ka 2008 owathintela irhuluneli ukuba iphawu lonke, i-appropria, amagama okanye iileta ezithile okanye ii-ikhadi ezithile.

Anderson v. Commonwealth (2002], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasePennsylvania yagqiba kwelokuba amandla erhuluneli anwebela kwizinto "zokwenene ezidityanisiweyo," hayi kulwimi lwemithetho esezantsi edityanisiweyo edityaniswe ekusebenziseni iindleko. Iimeko ezifanayo eIllinois, Michigan, ne-Oregon zivey zivel, zenza umsebenzi osebenzayo womgca-intloko-macato-state-meter.

Imizekelo Yokusetyenziswa KwamaGatya Orhulumente

Irhuluneli zisebenzisa i-oyile-mxeba ngemiqathango eyahlukeneyo, kuxhomekeke kwiimeko zazo zezobupolitika, impilo entle yesizwe, kunye nolwalamano lwazo nendlu yowiso-mthetho. Uhlalutyo lwembali lutyhila ukuba iveto isetyenziswa ngogonyamelo kakhulu ngexesha lengxaki yoqingqo-mali, xa abalawuli befuna ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwemali ngaphandle kokuvala urhulumente, okanye xa irhuluneli ikwiqela elahlukileyo kunenkomfa yemithetho-mthetho.

Imizekelo Ephawulekayo

  • IGavera-mikhosi ka-Arnold Schwarzenger (2003-2011): ejongene neentsilelo ezinkulu, iSchwarzegger wasebenzisa umgca-oyileveto ukusika amakhulu ezigidi zeerandi kuqingqo-mali lwemithetho. Ngonyaka ka 2008, wachitha ngaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-500 zemali echithekileyo, ejolise iinkqubo zakhe engazilulekanga. Izenzo zakhe zafumana ugxeko kumthetho wedemocratic profersers kodwa zanconywa ngabagwebi bemithetho.
  • [[NTL: 0] Florida kaRhuluneli Rick Scott (2019): Scott wasebenzisa kakhulu isikwekwa-ne-veto amandla, ngokufuthi esusa izinto ezichithwayo zifakwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho ngexesha lohlolo. Ngo-2018 kuphela, wakhupha umlinganiselo wento epheleleyo ye-41-41-194-49-419 lezigidi. Wafaka ezi zenzo njengokuyimfuneko ukugcina uqingqo-lwabiwo-mali lukarhulumente luxhomekeke kwaye waqokelela iindawo eziphambili ezifana nemfundo kunye nesiseko sogcino-mali.
  • Akransas iRhuluneli kaMike Huckabee (1996-2007): Huckabee wasebenzisa iveto ukuphelisa oko wakubiza ngokuba "ngupork" kuqingqo-mali lwezwe. Owona mgaqo wakhe uphezulu waquka inkxaso-mali kwiprojekthi ezithile zohola-ndlela kunye neenkqubo zentlalo awayeziphikisayo zazingalungisiswanga ngokwaneleyo. Indlu yowiso-mthetho yayisoloko izama ukuwisela phantsi kodwa inqongophele ukuphumelela.
  • Wiscon kaRhuluneli Scott Walker (2019): Umhambi wasebenzisa inxenye yeveto ngokhamayo, wakha wabetha amagama angama-556 ukusuka kwingxelo yoqingqo-mali yokususa ilungiselelo lemithetho eliza kulinganisela igunya lakhe kwiinkqubo zenkqubela-zoqoqosho. Oku kunduluka kwaxhaswa enkundleni, kodwa kwaqinisa izicelo zotshintsho.
  • Ilipolinois yeRhuluneli uJ.B.Pritzker (209-presente): Ngo-2023, i-Pritzker with profect with docked $75 lezigidi kwi-projekti yongezo-ontath, ebangela ungquzulwano lwe-RGP. Abavetoes babengenazisulu kwezinye iimeko kodwa bexhaswe kwezinye, bebonakalisa indima yamandla kwingxoxo eqhubekayo.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwezibhedlele Nendlela Yokulawula

Umgca wombandela weveto asisiso isixhobo sobundilele; isoloko ibekwe ukwenzela uncedo lwabaququzeleli. IGavera-mikhosi encinane kwiphondo iyayisebenzisa ukuvala amanyathelo owiso-mthetho abawachasayo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ubungozi bezobupolitika obupheleleyo obunokubangela ukuba uqingqo-mali lucinywe. Ngokuchaseneyo, abalawuli beqela elinye kunye noninzi lomthetho-mthetho bangayisebenzisa ukunyanzelisa uqeqesho lwemali okanye ukukhupha imvume kwezinye izinto eziphambili zemithetho.

Uphando olusuka kwiNgqungquthela yesizwe yeSizwe yeMithetho yeSizwe lubonisa ukuba urhulumente owahlulekileyo ungowona uqikelelo olunamandla lokusetyenziswa komgca ophezulu. Ngexesha lolawulo olumanyeneyo lweqela, abalawuli badla ngokusebenzisa iveto ngokunqanda, ngokufuthi ukulungisa iimpazamo zobugcisa okanye ukususa izinto eziqwalaselwa yindlu yowiso-mthetho njengengxaki.

Impembelelo kuLawulo lukaRhulumente neMali kaRhulumente

Isiphumo somgca wombandela kwimiba yoqingqo-mali nolawulo ludibene. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi inyusa ukubekwa kwetyala kwegunya ngokunika irhuluneli uvavanyo oluthe ngqo ekusetyenzisweni kwemithetho, inciphisa intshukumisa yokuba abalawuli bafake iimpahla ezilahlwayo, kwaye ivumela ulungiso olukhawulezileyo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa uqingqo-mali lonke. Izifundo ze-emopir zibonise ukuba ngoonobumba abanamandla bathambeke ngokusezantsi kwimali nganye nobeko lwabiwo lolwabiwo-mali olukhawulezileyo, nangona ezi zizinto zokulungisa izinto zibuthathaka kwaye ziphenjelelwe zezinye izinto ezininzi.

Ngaba Uqeqesho Olubalulekileyo Okanye Ukufikelela Ngokugqithiseleyo?

Abahlalutyi bathi i-meta-mfono-mfono-mfono ithoba amandla angundoqo esebe lemali. Xa irhuluneli ingazicima izinto ngokucokisekileyo indlu yowiso-mthetho ithethane ngocoselelo, ulungelelwaniso lwamandla kumphathi olawulayo. Oku kunokukhokelela ekuchitheni iinkcazo ezibonisa ezona migaqo yerhuluneli kunokulalanisa kwendlu yowiso-mthetho. Kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo, abalawuli baye basebenzisa iveto ukuphelisa iinkqubo zonke, benyanzela ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ilawule ilawule okanye bamkele utshintsho, olungenakuba lunokwenzeka ngomthetho oqhelekileyo.

Enye inkxalabo kukuxhatshazwa nge "particentveto" amandla avumela ukuhlelwa kolwimi. Irhuluneli ingabetha amagama ukusuka kwisigwebo ukutshintsha ngokupheleleyo intsingiselo yaso, njengokuba kwenzeka eWisconsin. Izenzo ezinjalo zisoloko zicelwwa enkundleni, kodwa inkqubo yeliging ingaba mide, ishiye uqingqo-mali lungenayo kangangeenyanga. Oku kungathintela ucwangciso lwemeko kunye noxanduva phakathi kwamasebe olawulo kunye nomthetho.

Iimpendulo zoMgaqo-siseko nokungazisebenzisi

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe zivelise amanyathelo okuthintela iziphumo zomgca-oyile. Ezinye iziko lowiso-mthetho zinika iziphumo zemali zemali ukuze into nganye echithwayo idityaniswe lulwimi lwenkqubo, ikwenze kube nzima ngerhuluneli ukuba i-veto enye ngaphandle kokuchaphazela enye. Ezinye ziye zawisa umthetho "izinto ezibhabhabhathiswayo" ezifuna irhuluneli ukuba ichaze iveto nganye ekubhaleni, enokuthi ibangele ukuphendula kwezopolitiko. Iinzame zokuhlawula ziqhelekile, nangona impumelelo yahluka ngokweemfuno zento ezinkulu ezizii-3, ikude ngaphandle kokuba iqela lerhuluneli likwimidanga encinane. Kumazwe anemidangalo esezantsi, njengemidangalo ephantsi, eyenzeka rhoqo.

Iimpikiswano Ze-ejografi Nokuchasene Nomgca We Veto

Iimpikiswano Ezintle

  • Inciphisa ukuchitha inkcitho: IRhuluneli zingajolisa iprojekthi ezithile zehagu yehagu okanye iinkqubo zokungatyi okusezantsi ngaphandle kokugcina uqingqo-mali lonke.
  • inyusa uxanduva lwegunya eliphetheyo: Ivota zingazibeka iijaji ezinoxanduva lwezigqibo zoqingqo-mali lula kunokuba zikwazi ukuphatha indlu yowiso-mthetho iphela.
  • [ ingqeqesho yowiso-mthetho ekhoyo: ukwazi irhuluneli inesixhobo esilawulayo esikhuthaza abamisi-mthetho ukuba baquke izinto ezilungiselwe kakuhle kuphela.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iprojekthi isixhobo sokulawula amanqam: Ngexesha lododobala koqoqosho, abalawuli bangenza unciphiso lwebhodi ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kokulinda isenzo sowiso-mthetho.

Iimpikiswano Ezichaseneyo

  • Ibeka phantsi amandla owiso-mthetho wengxowa-mali: Indima eyabelwe umthetho-siseko yeendlu zowiso-mthetho zokucwangcisa izinto eziza kuqala ekuchitheni imali iyancitshiswa.
  • Ingasetyenziswa kwiziphelo ezijikelezayo: Iirula zingayisusa imiba kuba nje zingavumelani nenkqubo, hayi ngenxa yokuba lento ayilunganga.
  • [[UMTL:0] ukudala amandla okuxhatshazwa: Amandla obubanzi avumela umthetho wokuphinda ubhalwe, onokuthi uthintele inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngokupheleleyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] wongeza ukuntsonkotha kwiingxoxo zoqingqo-mali: Imithetho ingadibanisa izinto ezicwangcisiweyo ukuze ziyenze ibe nzima ukuyenza, nto leyo ekhokelela kuxwebhu oqingqo-mali oludityanisiweyo.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko Ngobunzulu

UWisconsin: Inxalenye YeVito Notshintsho Lwayo

Akukho mbuso unemizekelo ephawulekayo yokudala item-foto esetyenziswayo kuneWisconsin. Ngonyaka we-1995, iRhuluneli uTommy Thompson wasebenzisa i-veto esusela i-odola "s,"" kunye "r" ukusuka kwibinzana "ngengaphantsi kwama-50%" kwimali yemali yesikolo, itshintsha imfuneko "ngengaphantsi kwe-0% yemali epheleleyo". Ngokugqibeleleyo, ukushenxisa kwaxhaswa yiNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo ngo1997, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni igxekwe ngokubanzi. Ngokulandelayo i-yayifaka i-andrendrenti yomgaqo-siseko wesikolo kwi-blotte ngo-2008, eyavunywayo, ilawula izinto ezipheleleyo, i-apropria, okanye amazwi, kunye nokunqanda i-onqanda i-onqanda i-oka ye-okanye. Kodwa ke yawaphula loo myalelo.

Ngo-2019, iRhuluneli uTony Evers (a Democrat) wasebenzisa umgca wesithethe wento eveto ukususa ii-$300 zezigidi ukuchitha uqingqo-mali lwendlu yowiso-mthetho elawulwa yiRiphabliki. IiRiphabliki zazama ukurhoxisa, kodwa zasilela kuninzi olubini lwesithathu. Isiganeko sabalaselisa indlela iveto ehlala isomelele ngayo nasemva kotshintsho lwangowama-2008.

Pennsylvania: Igunya LeVeto Nengxabano Yezobupolitika

Irhuluneli yasePennsylvania inegunya lokukhupha izinto kwimiba yetyala eliphehlwayo, kodwa umgaqo-siseko karhulumente awumvumeli irhuluneli ukuba inciphise izinto. Ngo-2020, iRhuluneli uTom Wolf wasebenzisa umgca-omatshini we-veto ukubetha ii-R2,5 yezigidi zemali yemithetho ekwimali yoqingqo-mali, iphikisana ngemali kufuneka ithunyelwe kwimfundo. Isekomyunzi yemali elawulayo izakuphinde isetyenziswe ngokuphakamisa iveto, iphawula umzekelo onqabileyo wempumelelo yetyala lemali kwiphondo. UWolf wandula ngoko wenza uhlahlo-mali epheleleyo emva konyaka, nto leyo ikhokelela ekubeni uqingqo-mali lwenyanga ezintathu lungangeni. Isekwenziwa ukuba i-temgxa elinamandla, lokwandisa ungquzulwano lwezo lwezopolitiki xa lusetyenzisiwe.

EKhalifoniya: Ingxaki Yoqingqo - mali

Ngexesha lengxaki yoqingqo-mali yaseKhalifoniya ekupheleni kweminyaka yowama- 2000, iRhuluneli uSchwarzengeger wasebenzisa i-'tem-veto' rhoqo ukusika inkxaso-mali yeepaki, iimalayi, kunye neenkqubo zempilo. Ngo-2009, wafaka ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-500 zezigidi zeerandi zomthetho, esithi urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuzihlawula. Indlu yowiso-mthetho yazama ukuyeka kodwa yangenayo isibini-3-abaninzi. I-teksithuba yakhokelela ekuncipheni kwenkonzo nakubhikiswana, kodwa imeko karhulumente iphucule kwiminyaka elandelayo. ingxoko evela kwiSiko soMgaqo-mthetho kawonke weKhalifoni [[FLT] [FLT] [FLT] yafumanisa ukuba uSchwengerger’stoesves, uninzi lwezongalophulo, njengoko kuxhaswa ngezo lwezentlalo, ngexesha lokuxhasa kwezelo, ngexesha lokhuseleko loluntu, ngexesha lokuxhasa uluntu.

Izindululo zotshintsho kunye nekamva leVeto eBanzi lelayini

Zinikwe iimpikiswano, uninzi lweemeko luqwalasele utshintsho kwimiqathango yazo yomgca. Ezinye izindululo zijolise ekuthinteleni iveto kwizinto ezinyulu, ukususa nawaphina amandla okutshintsha inkqubo. Abanye bacebisa ukuba banike abalawuli "inikezelwe ulawulo" amandla anokuvumela ukuba bathumele izinqumlo ezicetyisiweyo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, ngevoti efunekayo kunesixhobo esiphezulu sokulawula. Lo mzekelo, ngokufanayo nesicelo sikarhulumente esibekiwe phantsi ngo-1998, ukuzama ukulondoloza igalelo lomthetho xa kunikwa umlawuli wezomthetho indima ecwangcisiweyo ekucuthengiseleni imali.

Enye intsingiselo kukwamkelwa kolwamkelo lwamacandelo okutshona kwelanga, okunyanzela ukuchithwa kwezinto ziphelelwe ngaphandle kokuba zivunywe ngokusemthethweni. Oku kunciphisa imfuneko yabalawuli ukubopha iimbopheleleko ezinde zexesha elithile kwaye kutshintshela umthwalo kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho ukuthethelela ukusetyenziswa kwemali ngexesha elithile. Amanye amaphondo avavanye ukulinga ukufakwa komgca welungu lemithetho elinguveto "iinkonzo" elivumela abalawuli ukuba banciphise ukuqulunqa ulwano ngepesenti emiselweyo enqamleza zonke izinto ezingamiselwanga zizinto, ezibekwe kwimvume yemithetho.

Ingxoxo emalunga nomgca wento encitshisiweyo ayiyi kupheliswa. Njengoko amazwe ezama ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, ukunqanda igridi, kunye nokufuna ukuba mhlophe, isixhobo sihlala singumqondiso ongundoqo wolwalamano oluphezulu noluphakathi. Iinkundla zelizwe ziya kuqhubeka zicombulula imida yaso, kwaye iintsebenziswano ziza kuxubusha ngomlinganiselo ochanekileyo wamandla. I-gate-mfono-mfono-mfonoveto asiyongxaki yeengxaki zoqingqobhatalo, kwaye asisiso isixhobo esikhombisa ulungelelwaniso olunzima phakathi kokunika irhuluneli iindlela zokukhokela nokuqinisekisa ukuba abameli abanyuliweyo bagcine igunya labo lomgaqo-siseko kwiimali zikawonke-wonke.

Isiphelo

Umgca-okanye iveto ngumatshini onamandla kodwa othanda ukulwa onika abalawuli belizwe amandla okubumba inkqubo ye-stical ngokubetha izinto nganye ephuma kumthetho. Ukusetyenziswa kwawo kuyahluka ngokuphawulekayo kwiimeko ezingomgaqo-siseko, okubunjwe ngolwimi, imigaqo yomthetho, kunye neempembelelo zobupolitika. Xa kusetyenziswa ngobuchule, kungakhuthaza ingqeqesho kunye nokuthintela ukugqithisa umthetho. Xa kusetyenziswa ngamandla, kungabangela ukuba abaphathi belizwe bahlukane kwaye bameme iingngeni ezisemthethweni. Njengoko oorhulumente beqhubeka beguqula, icandelo lomgca-indawo liya kuhlala embindizela kwisiseko se-lixandumasi, ukuphendula, ukulawulwa, nokubizelwa kwamandla okufanelekileyo kwinkqubo yedemo-demokhrasi. Ukuqonda ukubekwa kwayo kuyimfuneko kubemi, abenzi bomthetho, nabani nabani nabani nabani nabani na onomdla kwimeko yemeko yolawulo lolawulo.