Urhulumente wase-United States wenziwe ngomgaqo oye wadala ulawulo lwedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke: ukwahlulwa kwamagunya abe ngamasebe amathathu alinganayo. Eli candelo(legislative, isebe elilawulayo, kunye nezomthetho) ``i-'ethentistes') elingamenzi ubuchule kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho gunya linye likarhulumente elilawulayo. Abafundi nabafundisi-ophandayo bafumana ulawulo lwedemokhrasi, baqonda iindima ezikhethekileyo kunye nentsebenziswano lwala amasebe. Icandelo ngalinye lineembopheleleko ezikhethekileyo, kwaye libumba kunye nenkqubo ekhusela inkululeko nesiqinisekiso sokuphendula. Eli nqaku linika ukuqhela okupheleleyo kwesebe ngalinye, lichaza imisebenzi yabo yokuqala, indlela abasebenzisa ngayo amandla, kunye nendlela eliwenza ngayo.

Isebe Elisemthethweni

Isebe lowiso-mthetho, elikwabizwa ngokuba yiBhunga eliyintloko lorhulumente worhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Lisi siko esingunobumba we-bamaral, esiyilwe ngamagumbi amabini ahlukeneyo: iNdlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu. UmGaqo-siseko ufaka onke amagunya owiso-mthetho kwiBhunga, ewenza abe lisebe elimela ngokuthe ngqo, njengamalungu endlu anyulwa rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini ukusuka kwisithili-lini ngasinye, kwaye urhulumente ngamnye unyula ii-Senator ezimbini ezisebenza ngokushukuma ngokweminyaka emithandathu. Isicwangciso somthetho esibonisa ukulala phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu namancinane, eqinisekisa ukuba omabini amele urhulumente amele urhulumente.

Amagunya Neembopheleleko

IBhunga linegunya lokuqulunqa, lokuphikisana, nokumisela imithetho kwimibandela emininzi. Ngaphandle komthetho oqhelekileyo, isebe lemithetho liqhuba eminye imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo:

  • [[UMTHETHO:0] Owombini amagumbi kufuneka avume ityala elifanayo phambi kokuba lithunyelwe kuMongameli. Le nkqubo ibandakanya iikomiti, iingxoxo zomgangatho, yaye maxa wambi iikomiti zenkomfa ukuxolelanisa iimvo.
  • Ukulawula iPuni: Amandla erhafu nokuchitha imali axhomekeke kuphela kwiNgqungquthela. Zonke iindleko zemali kufuneka zivele kwiNdlu, kodwa omabini amagumbi avumela uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente kunye nokwabela iimali iinkqubo zikarhulumente.
  • Imfazwe yokwahlula: Ngelixesha uMongameli esebenza njengenkomfa-ntloko, kuphela iBhunga elinokungenisa ngokusesikweni imfazwe. Eli gunya liye lasetyenziswa ngokucotha; ungquzulwano lwangoku lusoloko lubakho phantsi kogunyaziso lokusebenzisa umkhosi womkhosi (AMF).
  • [[UMTHETHO:0] Ulawulo lwezorhwebo: Urhwebo lweClaus lunika iKhomishini yeNkqutyana igunya kumazwe ahlukeneyo nakurhwebo lwamanye amazwe, lunika impembelelo ebanzi kumsebenzi wezoqoqosho, urhwebo, kunye nokhuseleko lwabathengi.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Icebiso eliProjekazayo kunye neNkomfa: INdlu yeNtlanganiso kuphela iqinisekisa ukutyunjwa komongameli kwijaji yephondo, iisikhundla sequmrhu, kunye nezigidimi. Iintlanganiso ezixoxwe lisebe eliphetheyo zifuna intloko-ntlalo-ntle elishumi elinesithathu ukuze zifumaneke.
  • [[UMTHETHO:0] Ukuphaphela kunye nophando: Iikomiti kumacala omabini eegumbi zongamela abameli abalawulayo, ukuqhuba amaxwebhu okuchophela iindlebe, kunye namaxwebhu namangqina angaphantsi kwepoena ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwe ngokwenjongo.

Ukubona udweliso lwangoku lwemithetho kunye nokufumana umbhalo opheleleyo wetyala, tyelela unikezelo olusemthethweni kwi [[FLT: 0].gov

Indlu Yabameli NeBhunga

Nangona omabini amagumbi enegalelo ekubekeni umthetho, aneempawu ezahlukeneyo. Indlu, enamalungu angama-435 okuvota, ibekwe phakathi kwaye isebenza phantsi kwemithetho engqongqo, ngokufuthi ibonisa ukuthanda okukhawulezileyo kwabantu. IBhunga, enamalungu ali-100, linikela imeko-bume ecacileyo apho abaququzeleli ngabanye banokuphembelela umthetho ngokubamba kunye nama-generiaster. Yindlu kuphela enokuqalisa izicelo zokungagunyazi, ngoxa iBhathe-ma yedwa ebonakalisa ukuvavanywa ngokungatyunjelwa.

Isebe Elilawulayo

Isebe elilawulayo libekwa ityala lokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho edluliselwe yiBhunga nokusebenzisa imisebenzi yemini-mini karhulumente worhulumente. Entloko yalo kuhlala uMongameli waseUnited States, osebenza njengentloko yegunya eliyintloko kunye nentloko yorhulumente. Ligama elikwiminyaka emine elinguMongameli noMongameli olawulayo libuyiselwa kanye phantsi kweSigqibo sesibini. Eli sebe liquka iNdlu emhlophe, uMongameli, iCampbenet, amasebe aphetheyo, abameli abazimeleyo, kunye nabasebenzi abakhulu besebe.

Amagunya Neembopheleleko

Isebe eliphetheyo liguqulela iinjongo zomthetho kwisenzo. Imisebenzi yalo ephambili iquka:

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ukusebenzisa imithetho yoManyano: amaqumrhu aMazwe phantsi kwegunya loMongameli abhala imimiselo kunye nemimiselo enyanzelisayo egquma iindawo ezikhusela indalo ukuya ekungeneni kwamanye amazwe, kwirhafu, nakwimpilo kawonke-wonke.
  • Ukuqulunqa Inkqubo yaManygedoni: UMongameli ukhokela ulwalamano lwentlalo-ntle namanye amazwe, izivumelwano, kwaye angangena kwizivumelwano zegunya. Unobhala noonozakuzaku bamazwe angaphandle bamela izilangazelelo ze-U.S.
  • UMyalelo- ngaphakathi- kwiNtloko: UMongameli uyalela imikhosi exhobileyo, ukhokela imisebenzi yomkhosi ngexesha lemfazwe, kwaye unegunya lokuhambisa imikhosi. Noko ke, ukubotshwa komkhosi okude kufuna ugunyaziso lwequmrhu.
  • Amagosa abeka amagunya: uMongameli ubeka abagwebi besizwe, oonobhala bobukhabhathi, iintloko zoorhulumente, namanye amagosa aphezulu okubeka. La magunya aphantsi koqinisekiso lweNdlu yeQela.
  • Imiyalelo ekhupha ulawulo oluphezulu: Abameli bangakhupha imiyalelo elawula imisebenzi karhulumente worhulumente. Le miyalelo inamandla omthetho kodwa inokubhukuqwa yiBhunga ngomthetho okanye ibethelwe ziinkundla ukuba igqitha igunya lomgaqo-siseko.
  • IPardons enika imvume: uMongameli unamandla okuxolela abantu ababanjiweyo kulwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwe (ngaphandle kokungagunyazi). La mandla apheleleyo kwaye akanakungaxolelwa ngamanye amasebe.

Ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha ezibanzi ngesebe eliphetheyo kunye nokhokelo lwalo lwangoku bona [[FLT: 0] Isebe eliphethe iHouse eliphetheyo [[FLT: 1].

IKhabhinethi neZiko loManyano

UMongameli uxhomekeke kwikhabhathi yeentloko zesebe (umz., uKhuselo, uLawulo, uMatshi, uNgqongqothwano) olawula imimandla engundoqo. Ngaphaya kwe-15 amasebe aphetheyo, uninzi lwabameli abazimeleyo (njenge-Agency yeNkunganiso yokusingqongileyo, i-NASA, kunye ne-Federal Reserve) abasebenza ngamaqondo ahlukeneyo okuzimele. Isebe elilawulayo likwaquka i-Ofire yoLawulo noHlalo, nto leyo enceda uqingqo-mali nolawulo lwesizwe. Isikali esibanzi sesebe sithetha ukuba umlinganiselo osisikalingenelo kufuneka sinike umongameli imbopheleleko enkulu ngoxa egcina ityala.

Isebe Eligwebayo

Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba isetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo, ingqinelana nomGaqo-siseko. Ibunjwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States neenkundla ezisezantsi zikarhulumente, kuquka iinkundla zesiphaluka zezibheno neenkundla zesithili. Ijaji lisebe elizimeleyo, elikhuselwe kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika ngokusetyenziswa kobomi kubagwebi besizwe (abathobela ukuziphatha okuhle) kunye nokukhuselwa kwemivuzo ehlawulwayo. Umsebenzi wayo oyintloko kukucombulula iimbambano ezingomthetho, kodwa owona mandla angundoqo kukuhlola okugweba — igunya lokuvakalisa imithetho nezenzo zesebe ezilawulayo ezingekho semthethweni.

Amagunya Neembopheleleko

  • [[NKQUBO:0] Ukubeka phambili umGaqo-siseko noMthetho woManyano: Xa kuvela ityala, iinkundla zihlola imimiselo, imimiselo, kunye nomGaqo-siseko ukugqiba intsingiselo yayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo. Ngomzekelo, isalathisi sibumba indlela esemthethweni yokuma kwelizwe kwizizukulwana.
  • Impikiswano esonjululweyo: iinkundla zoMasipala zisingatha amatyala abandakanya umthetho karhulumente, iimbambano phakathi kwamazwe, amatyala abandakanya oorhulumente bamanye amazwe, kunye nemicimbi apho i-United States ililungu. Kwakhona ziva amatyala okubhangiswa kwamaxabiso aphantsi kunye neembambano zaselwandle.
  • Ukukhusela Amalungelo Omntu Ngamnye:[ Ijubhile yezenzo zikarhulumente ezinokuchaphaza amalungelo omgaqo-siseko, afana nenkululeko yokuthetha, inkqubo efunekayo, kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho. Imithetho yelizwe efana ne Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [1954] ibonakalisa indima yeenkomfa ekuxhaseni amalungelo abantu.
  • Ukuchonga uLawulo oluPhezulu noMgaqo-siseko Isenzo: Ngokuhlola kwetyala, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingabetha imithetho edluliswe yiBhunga okanye izenzo ezithatyathwe nguMongameli. Eli gunya lamiselwa ku- buryrybry v. Madison [18] kwaye ihlala ilimbombo lendlela yokuhlola kunye nolungelelaniso.
  • Adjuphact Federal Crimes: iinkundla zesithili zeFederal zisingatha ukwaphulwa komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho wequmrhu, njengokwenziwa kwenkohliso, ukuthengiswa kweziyobisi kwiintambo zikarhulumente, kunye ne-ibbercrime.

Ukuhlolisisa isakhiwo seenkundla zelifa lemveli nokufunda ngamatyala, tyelela iwebhsayithi yeNkundla ePhakamileyo.

INkundla Ephakamileyo NeeNkundla Ezisezantsi

INkundla ePhakamileyo ime kwincopho, iphulaphula kuphela inxalenye encinane yamatyala .Inkoliso yabo baphakamisa iinkundla ezibalulekileyo zomgaqo-siseko okanye apho iinkundla ezincinci zingqubana. Ityala lidla ngokufika ngesicelo sokucela ityala le-certiori, elifuna ubuncinane abagwebi abane ukuvuma ukuliva. Ngasezantsi iNkundla ePhakamileyo ziinkundla zesiphaluka-phambili ezili-13 zezibheno ezihlola izigqibo ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili. Iinkundla zesithili zisebenza njengeenkundla zamatyala apho kunikelwa khona ubungqina nezigwebo ngabom. Esi sakhiwo siqululo siqinisekisa ukuba imibuzo engomthetho inokuhluzwa ize ihlaziswe ngaphambi kokuba ifikelele kwinkundla ephakamileyo.

Iindlela Onokuxilonga Namacandelo Alungelelanisa Nganye Nganye

Inkcubeko yenkqubo yaseMerika ilele kungekuphela nje kukwahlulwa kwamagunya kodwa kukwahlulwa kwee-check kunye nolungelelwano. Isebe ngalinye linezixhobo zokuxhathisa ukungenelela kwezinye, lidala ingxoxo eqhubekayo. Esi sakhiwo sithintela naliphi na isebe ekufumaneni igunya elingathintelwanga kwaye likhuthaza ukulalanisa.

Iingcebiso zoMthetho

  • [[UMTL:0]] O-Vito: Ukuba uMongameli ukhupha umthetho, iBhunga lingawudlulisa ngesibini sesithathu soninzi kumagumbi omabini.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukuququzelela nokukhupha: Indlu ingamtyumza uMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, okanye abagwebi besizwe ukwenzela “Isizathu, Ukunyotywa, okanye ezinye ii-Crimes eziphezulu kunye nezisemgqomeni.] Indlu yendlu iqhuba ukuvavanywa kwaye isenokususwa yivoti ezimbini-ntathu.
  • I-Advice kunye neNkqutyana: IBhunga liqinisekisa okanye liyalwa ukutyunjwa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano, linika abenzi bemithetho impembelelo kubasebenzi abaphezulu besebe kunye nezibophelelo zangaphandle.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amandla entengiso: Ingqungquthela ingasika okanye imeko yemali ukwenzela amanyathelo okulawula, ngokunempumelelo ithintela umlinganiselo wayo.
  • Ukuva Iindlebe: iikomiti zeBhunga loMbutho ziphanda imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo, ukunyanzelisa amaxwebhu, kwaye zinyanzelisa ubungqina.

Isebe elilawulayo lijonge amasebe asemthethweni nakwezeejaji

  • [[UMTL:0] Ulawulo: UMongameli angalwamkela umthetho, anyanzelise iKhompathimente ukuba iphinde iqwalasele okanye ihlanganise i-magerity enkulu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amandla eProvince: UMongameli angaxolela ulwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwe, anike ingqwalasela nxamnye neziphumo zogwebo ezibonakala zingekho sikweni.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Imiyalelo esebenzayo kunye neZikhokelo: uMongameli angabumba uzalisekiso lwenkqubo ngaphakathi kwemida esesikweni, echaza ngokunempumelelo injongo yomthetho.
  • Utyumbo lwaBagwebi: ngokukhetha abagwebi bezwe, uMongameli uphembelela uqalo lwejaji nentanda-bulumko kangangamashumi eminyaka.

Ukuhlolisisa Amasebe Asemthethweni Nanemigaqo

  • [[UMTL: 0] Impinda yeJodicial:[ IiNkundla zingayenza ibe buthathaka imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo ezichasene nomGaqo-siseko. Eli gunya lizinqumla ngokwalo; isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo sicombulula intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko.
  • Ukwenziwa kwemithetho: komthetho wejaji ungahluka kwinjongo yeBhunga, ukunyanzela ulungiso lwemithetho ukuba uyafuna.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukwenziwa okuzimeleyo: [[FT:1] abagwebi bomanyano, nobomi obuninzi, bangalawula nxamnye norhulumente ngaphandle koloyiko lwempindezelo.

Ezi zihlo azimi nje ngokusuka ngaphaya kwesenzo, isiko, kunye nokutolikwa kwetyala. Umzekelo, isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ngo1959 se-United States v. uNixon unyanzelekile uMongameli ukuba avelise iikhasethi, avume ukuba akukho mntu, kwanomphathi-ntloko, ungaphezulu komthetho. Le nkqubo iquka iimvavanyo zemithetho kwijudicary, njengamandla okungachaphazeli kubagwebi, ukuguqula ubungakanani kunye nolawulo lweenkundla zesaventi, nokucebisa ukuba akukho mntu ulawulo lwemithetho-mGaqo-siseko.

Ukusebenzisana Nentsebenziswano Phakathi Kwamasebe

Ngoxa ii-checks kunye nolungelelwano lugxininisa ukunyanzeliswa, amasebe akwasebenzisana rhoqo ukuze aqhube urhulumente. UMongameli unikela iintetho kwiBhunga kwaye ucebisa uqingqo-mali, abaphi abaququzeli bemithetho abathi baluconge. Ingqungquthela idala amasebe ize iwanike imali, ngoxa abagwebi belawula iimpikiswano ezinxulumene neenkqubo zoorhulumente kunye nemvume yeBhunga, ukudibanisa igunya elilawulayo kunye nelomthetho. Urhulumente weSizwe se-UniomGawula ngumyalelo okhuthaza unxibelelwano phakathi kwamasebe. Le ntsebenzi ibaluleke njengokuhlola ngokwawo, iqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente usebenza ngokunempumelelo ngoxa ehlala ephendula.

Ukuphakamisa Nocelomngeni Lwale Mihla

Ukuqonda amasebe karhulumente asiyonto ikhoyo kudidi lwamafama .Iingxoxo ezikhoyo ngokomthetho, kwingxoxo. Iingxoxo ngemiyalelo yabalawuli, ukumiswa kwekomiti, iingcebiso, kunye noqingqo-mali lwesizwe konke kulandelela emva kwenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko. Uxanduva olumalunga namandla obungawo umongameli ngexesha longxamiseko lwesizwe, indima yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, kwaye inkqubo yokuqinisekisa ngabagwebi abaPhakamileyo yimibandela ekhoyo evavanya ukuqina kwenkqubo. Ukwahlukana kwamandla nakho kuchaphazela indlela okuneengxaki ngayo njengendlela yokusebenza ngokwempilo, ukufuduka, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye nolawulo lobugcisa oluqonda ukuba ezi zizathu ziyimfuneko zixhotyiswe kakuhle ukuvava impikiswano zezopolitiko nokugcina amagosa akhethwe eencwadini aphendule ityala.

Isiphelo

Amasebe emithetho, alawulayo, kunye nezomthetho abumba isiseko sorhulumente wase-United States. Ngalinye linamagunya ahlukeneyo neembopheleleko, kodwa libotshelelwe yinkqubo yezomgaqo-siseko elungiselelwe ukukhusela ubuzwilakhe nokukhusela inkululeko. Isebe lemithetho libhala imithetho, isebe elilawulayo liyayinyanzela, kwaye isebe lezomthetho liyayichaza, kwaye liyichaza. Xa linikezelana iliso elingqongqo. Abafundi kunye nabafundisi-bafundisi, bafunda le misebenzi banika iwindow kwindlela i-demokhrasi esebenzayo ngayo kwinkcazelo nasekusebenzeni kwayo. Amandla ahlalayo enkqubo ahleli kwimfezeko, kodwa kumandla ayo okulingana, impikiswano, nokutshintsha. Ukuhlola okungakumbi ngesakhiwo solawulo lwe-U. U. US, undwendwe ukhokelo lwegosavel-US.[FFF1], ukudibanisa i-National Serventine. [F] [F]