Ukuqonda Ukuqiqa Kwamandulo

Ukuqiqa koqobo yindlela yokuchaza intsingiselo yomgaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho efuna ukufumanisa intsingiselo yombhalo osemthethweni osekelwe ekuqondeni kwawo kwasekuqaleni ngexesha lokumiswa komthetho wokufuduka. Kumongo womthetho wokufuduka, le ndlela idla ngokuquka ukuhlolisisa injongo yantlandlolo yabalawuli bomGaqo-siseko okanye intsingiselo yantlandlolo yemimiselo ekhethekileyo yokufuduka. Abaxhasi, njengoMphathiswa wamva Antonin Scalia, baphikisa ukuba inkqenkqeza iqhinga lomthetho wezomthetho kwaye baqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isetyenziswa ngokungaguqukiyo ngokuthanda kwabantu abawasungulayo. Kukho iinjongo ezimbini eziphambili: [[[FLT:] iinjongo zomcimbini] zenjongo zombutho , ezijonge oko abaqhubi bezothulo, kunye [FFFOG] iintsingiselo zikawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke, ezithi zendlela ezithenjiweyo, ezithenjiselwa ngayo kumandla athenjiselwa ngayo, amanani athenjiselwayo, athe , athe ngqo, athe ngqo,

Umgaqo osisiseko wokuqiqa komGaqo-siseko kwimicimbi yokufuduka usekelwe kwingcamango yokuba uMgaqo-siseko unika iKhomishini amandla apheleleyo kwimicimbi yokufuduka. La mandla aqatshelwa kwasekuqaleni kwembali yase-U.S. kwaye aye aqinisekiswe ngokungaguquki yiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Oku kuchaza indlela iiNkundla zomGaqo-siseko ezibonisa ngayo imingeni, ezinika iNkundla igunya elingumthetho wokumisela umthetho olinganayo wokwemvelo nokulawula inkqubo yezorhwebo namazwe asemzini. Kusukela kwimbono yamandulo, la mandla abonisa ingqiqo ebanzi yokuvuma, ukuvalela, okanye ukuguqula abantu abangengoomatilo-ma. Oku kuchaza indlela iinkundla ezivavanyanisa ngayo imingeni yokufuduko, ngokufuthi kukhokelela ekuthobeleni ulawulo olufana nokulawula imigwebo emiselwe kwimicimbi yomthetho ekwakhiwe ngexesha lokuqalisa okanye ngexesha lokuqalisa komthetho othile.

Ngokwendlela yokusebenza, ukuqiqa kokuqala kufuna abagwebi bazimilise kwimithombo yembali: iingxoxo ezivela kwiConvention yoMgaqo-siseko, iirekhodi zobungqungquthela bamandulo, iidikshinari zexesha langoku, kunye neenkcazelo ezingokwasemthethweni ukusuka kwixesha elifanelekileyo. Olu hlolisiso lwembali lubhekiselwa ekutyhileni intsingiselo yokuba umbhalo wawuza kudlulisela kubaphulaphuli abafundekileyo ngexesha lokwenziwa okanye ukumiswa kwengxelo. Umzekelo, xa kutolikwa ibinzana elithi "ukuqalisa inkqubo yomthetho" kwiSinyuso seSihlanu njengoko sisetyenziswa kwimi esingeyo, umntu wakuqala uzakuhlola indlela esi sigama esiqondwa ngayo ngo1791 kwaye nokuba ngaba sibandakanya abaphambukeli abahlala phakathi kwe-U.S. Uhlalo olunjalo lusoloko luvelisa iziphumo ezixhasa igunya lorhulumente ukufuduka koburhulumente xa ekhusela ezo ndawo.

Imbali Yomthetho Wokuhlalisana Nobuxoki

Ukusetyenziswa koluvo lwakuqala lomthetho wokufuduka kusekelwe ngokunzulu kumthetho we-U.S. umthetho we-julrusprince. Enye yeemeko ezibalulekileyo kukuqala yile . Chae Chan Ping v. United States, eyaziwa ngokuba ngumthetho uConfo Exclusion Case . Kweso sigqibo, iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo iphakamisa igunya likarhulumente lokususa abasebenzi baseTshayina kwana emva kokuba befumene isiqinisekiso sokungavunyelwanga. Inkundla ixhomekeke kulawulo olungaphakathi lwesizwe ukulawula imida, ingcamango ekhutshwe kumthetho wezizwe ngelizwe lonke njengoko kusungulwe. Uhlalulo lwalo lwalo lwamatyala alwayo ngentsingiselo yokuqala yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yeBhunga nemithetho yangaphandle. Inkundla eqiniswayo ukuba ingabi yetyala.

Omnye umcimbi wetyala le-panel ngu-INS v. Chanha [19983], eyathetha ngomgaqo-siseko we-wistom we-veto kwimicimbi yokufuduka. Nangona ityala laziwa kakhulu ngokwahlula kwayo amandla, iimpikiswano zoqobo zadlala indima ekubetheni isakhiwo esinye sendlu yowiso-mthetho side. Inkundla ijonge kwisakhiwo somgaqo-siseko, ifumana ukuba iveto yaphula i-bidaralist kunye neemfuno zeSiphakamiso I. Kumthetho wokufuduka, .[FLT.

Ngenkulungwane yama-20, ukuqiqa kokuqala kwakungaphakami kakhulu kwiinkundla zokufuduka, ezazisoloko zithobela amasebe ezobupolitika phantsi kwemfundiso yamandla. Noko ke, kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ukuvuselelwa kwendlela yokusebenzisa indalo kuphembele indlela iinkundla ezincinci eziyichaza ngayo i-Immigration kunye ne-Nationality Act (INA). Ngoku abagwebi basoloko bejongana nenkcazelo yembali, iinguqulelo zangaphambili zemimiselo yokufuduka, kunye nekomiti yengqungquthela efumana iingxelo zokuqala zentsingiselo yamagama afana "persecurity," "iculation ," kunye "igravedity fesy." le ndlela ive iziphumo zahlukene, maxa wandisa ukhuseleko lwabafuni beendawo kunye namanye amaxesha olusekelwe kwimbali.

Uqhagamshelwano lwangaphandle kumatyala eNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye nomongo wembali lunganika abafundi ingqiqo enzulu kwezi mizekelo zesiseko. Umzekelo, umbhalo opheleleyo wewebsite Chane Chan kunye INS v. Chadha ikhona ku [[FLT:] Oyz[, kwaye i Cornell Information Information Institute inikezela [[FLT:]] ejikelayomthetho yorhwebo lokufuduka [[FLT]]].

Isicelo kumatyala eNkundla e-Immuni eBalanayo

Kwinkundla zanamhlanje, iingcinga zoburhulumente zisoloko zibhenela kwiintlobo ezimbini zezi meko: ukucelw'ucelomngeni lokuchazwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokungaguquguquki komthetho kunye neengxaki zomgaqo-siseko kwizenzo zonyanzelo lokufuduka. ABagwebi abasebenzisa iindlela zoqobo bayakuqala ngokubhaliweyo kwe-INA baze ke bahlolisise imbali yomthetho ukuqinisekisa intsingiselo eqhelekileyo yamagama ngexesha lokwenziwa kwemimiselo. Oku kungakhokelela kwiziphumo ezahlukileyo ngokuphawulekayo kwezo zifikelelwa ngabagwebi abachasa injongo yomthetho okanye iziphumo zokutolikwa.

Ubuchule Bokucacisa

Qwalasela ingcaciso ye "mntwana" yenjongo yevisa phantsi kweINA. Ummiselo wangoku uchaza "umntwana" njengomntu ongatshatanga ongaphantsi kweminyaka engamashumi amabini ubudala. Noko ke, abagwebi bokuqala bangakhangela kwiinguqulelo zangaphambili zeINA okanye kumthetho oqhelekileyo wokuqonda "umntwa" ngexesha lomthetho ophambili wokulungisa imo yemvume ngo1959 okanye 1990. Ukuba uluvo lwembali lukhuphe iindidi ezithile, ezifana nezala okanye abantwana abamkelekileyo, ijaji yantlaba isenokukhangela kwinguqulelo engaphambili ye-INA okanye kumthetho oqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, [[FLT:] Filialg] v [FLT1]. [FLT] u-197], iNkuhlela i-cawalulo yomthetho othe ngqo phakathi kwabantwana abasemthethweni kunye nomthetho wokufuduka, ithelela kwiqondo lohlobo lokuqala lokuzinza oluthe ngqo kwemithetho yaqala ukujongwa njengendlela yokuqala yolwazi oluqhelekileyo.

Amabali Okuthetha Nge - aslyum Neengcamango Zamandulo

Umthetho we-asylum uchaza indawo entsonkothileyo yokuqiqa ngemvelaphi yamandulo. Ucwangciso lwezi nkonzo zale mihla lusuka kuMthetho we-Rhulumente we-Rofudeteat ka-1980, owamkela ingcaciso ye "umkhuseli" ukusuka kwimithetho yokuziphatha elandelwayo ukuya kuMgaqo-siseko we-Mostyle of Refugees. Ukutolikwa kokuqala kwegama "ukutshutshiswa" kuya kukhangela kulwazi lokuqala lwelo gama kumthetho wezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe nangexesha lokhuseleko. Abanye baphikisa ukuba intsingiselo yokuqala ibandakanya umlinganiselo obanzi wengozi yezoqoqosho okanye ukuhlaselwa yimeko yokhuseleko ayinako ukulawula. Oku kuchaza iziphumo ezithe ngqo zemeko zokhuseleko, ukwenza indlela ephezulu yokufuduka.

Ngokomzekelo, Isichasi seAcosta (1985), iBhodi yezibheno zoNxulumaniso loMbutho woLawulo lweNtlalo-ntle yachaza "iqela lentlalo ehlukeneyo" njengeqela elisebenzisanayo intsingiselo eqhelekileyo. Abahlalutyi bale le nkcazelo baphikisa ukuba iyahluka kwinjongo yokuqala yeBhunga, eyayizakudibanisa iUnited Nations High Commissionerdom for the Refugees sikhokelo. Olu hlalutlo lwakuqala lwembali ye-1980'Stical lwakungaxhasa utoliko olumxinzelo olumxinzekileyo okanye olubanzi, kuxhomekeka kwimithombo elungileyo. Abanye abaphengululi bacebisa ukuba iBhungane i-U.S. Umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngeminyaka yowe-1980, apho kuzakufuneka ukuba kuquququze i-ngqubano lwezizwe ngezizwe kunye nelizwe lamazwe amaqela amaqela phakathi kwenkculo yoluntu.

Ukuhambela Phambili Nokuqulunqa

Imiyalelo yokukhupha imiyalelo idla ngokubangela imingeni yomgaqo-siseko esekelwe kwinkqubo efanelekileyo okanye kukhuseleko olulinganayo. Abagwebi bezoqobo batyekele ekubekeni umda okuya koko kwakuqondwa ngo1791 okanye ngexesha lommiselo ofanelekileyo. Umzekelo, ilungelo lokucebisa ekugxothweni akuqinisekwanga ziziphumo eziqinisekiswe nguMgaqo-siseko kodwa kunikezelwe ngomthetho. Owakuqalayo angaphikisa ukuba iSigqibo seSigqibo seSigqibo sikaClaus asifuni cebiso lomntu okwimibani, kuquka nongengongowayo ukususwa. Oku kungakhokelela kwizigqibo ezixhasa ilungelo elilinganiselweyo lokunika icebiso, kodwa kwakhona kusenokusetyenziswa ukuvavanyaza ukwenziwa kweenkqubo ezisemthethweni. [[FLD:0] [5:] [5]

Amakhonkco angaphandle ku [[NTL:0][[FLT]] angenza abafundi baqwalasele le miba ngobunzulu obuninzi. [FLT] kunye ne [[FLT] Cornell LII Indawo yokhuseleko] inceda abafundi baqwalasele la manqaku.

Ukuququzelela Nokuphikisa Ukuqiqa Kwantlandlolo Kumthetho Ongaguquguqukiyo

Abahlalutyi bendlela yokuqala yokuqiqa komthetho wokufuduka baphakamisa iimpikiswano ezininzi ezinyanzelisayo. Okokuqala, baphikisa ngelithi ubukho boqobo bungavelisa iziphumo ezingeyonyaniso xa busetyenziswa kumhlaba oye watshintsha ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ekusungulweni. Ngexesha lomGaqo-siseko wokwenziwa kwemiGaqo-siseko, inkqubo yokufuduka yayincinane, kwaye iingcamango ezininzi ezisemgangathweni kumthetho wangoku wokufuduka `ezinje] njengendawo yokuzikhusela, engeyondawo yokuhlala ehlala kuyo, kunye nendawo yokuhlala esisigxina. Ukusebenzisa ingqiqo yokuqala kule mikhosi yanamhlanje yabagwebi ukuba bahlulele intsingiselo engokwembali okanye ukukhanyela ukunikezela ngokucacileyo kweBhunga.

Okwesibini, ukuqiqa kokuqala kungawutyeshela umgaqo ogqwethekileyo wamalungelo abantu. Umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe kwiimbacu nabafuduki uye waphuhlisa ngokuphawulekayo ukususela phakathi kwenkulungwane yama-20, kwaye amazwe amaninzi aye amkela iinkcazelo ezimisela ukukhuselwa kwabantu ababuthathaka. Ngokunyanzelisa intsingiselo eqaqadekileyo esuka ku1791 okanye kwango1959, abagwebi bokuqala, banokuba sengozini yokuthoba ummiselo we-United States phantsi kwezivumelwano ezifana nemithetho elandelwa ngumthetho-1967. Abahlalutyiki baphikisa ukuba indlela ephilayo yomgaqo-siseko, evumela ukusetyenziswa ukutshintsha iimeko, ilungele inkqubo ekufuneka iphendule kwiimeko ezinzima zomhlaba, njengemijikelezo emikhulu efuna ukutshintsha okanye intshutshiso entsha.

Okwesithathu, indlela yoqobo ibandakanya ukukhetha imithombo yembali ehambelana neembono zomntu otolikayo. IRiphabliki yokuqala yayinemithetho yokufuduka engokobuhlanga, njengenkqubo yokukhupha ulawulo lobuhlanga yonyaka ka-1790 enqumla ubumi "abakhululekileyo abantu abamhlophe". Umntu wakuqala ozama ukusebenzisa elo xesha lokuqonda usenokugqiba ukuba iBhunga linamandla okunyanzela imiqathango yobuhlanga okanye yobuhlanga, enokuthi ingqubanise nemigaqo elinganayo yale mihla. Oku kubhenca imigaqo yoqobo yokungalungisi mithetho ebhaliweyo ebangela ukungalungisi okungoko ngokobumbali. Abanye abaqalayo bazama ukwahlula phakathi kwentsingiselo yokuqala neyo elindelekileyo, kodwa umgca ungenza oko kusebenza.

Okwesine, iziphumo ezisebenzisekayo zokuqiqa kwasekuqaleni kwiinkundla zokufuduka zingaba ngqongqo. Ngokuchaza imbali eqondeka kwiimeko zangoku, ukukholelwa kubukho bendalo kusenokukhokelela ekugxothweni kwabemi abahlala ixesha elide abanamaqhina obuhlobo obuqinileyo entsapho, ukukhanyelwa kokhuseleko kwabo babalekayo abangangomalungu emidlalo engaphandle, kunye nokugcinwa komlinganiselo wexesha eliphelelwe lixesha ongabonisiyo indlela yokufuduka yale mihla. Kwixesha leenkundla ezinqikelelo ezintsonkothileyo kunye neentelelo ezintsonkothileyo zobuntu, ubukho bakuqala obungqongqo bungabhenela ekungakuchani ukungabikho kobulungisa kunokuba bukhuthaze ukungaguquguquki.

Ekugqibeleni, abagxeki baphawula ukuba ubuGqirha bokuqala abuyondlela eguquguqukayo yokusebenza kwemibutho yabafuduki. Abagwebi abathi bangabathandi beeNkqutyana zakudala maxa wambi bayasuka kwiintsingiselo zantlandlolo xa beza kuvelisa iziphumo ezingekho zobupolitika. Umzekelo, ukuqonda okungokwembali "kwenkqubo" kusenokuba kwasusa okungeyonkqubo ekhoyo ngokupheleleyo ekukhuseleni kwayo, ukanti abagwebi bale mihla basoloko beqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo athile afanelekileyo ayasebenza kubaphambukeli phakathi kweUnited States. Oku kusebenza ngokukhetha oku kuthoba ingcamango yokuba uqobo lungoondilele noluqheliselo lwemigaqo.

Ukulungelelanisa Ukucaciswa Kwembali Neemfuno Zangexesha

Ukuntsonkotha kokusebenzisa ingqiqo yoqobo kumatyala okufuduka kuye kwakhokelela abagwebi nabaphengululi abaninzi ukuba bakhuthaze indlela ebhetyebhetye elungelelanisa ukunyaniseka kwembali nezinto ezisebenzisekayo. Enye into enokwenzeka kukusebenzisa ukuqiqa kwantlandlolo njengendawo yokuqala kodwa ukuquka ezinye izixhobo zokucacisa, njengomthetho ocacileyo, iincwadi zolwakhiwo, nokungakhathaleli ubuchule bobuchule bolawulo phantsi kolwazi oluphantsi [[FLT: 0]] CHEVron U.S.A. Inc. v. iNatural Resources Defense cent [[FLT:] (19984). Oku kufikelela kwiNtetho ye-P. Oku kuvumela iinkundla zolwakhiwo-mthetho wokuqala ukuhlonela ummiselo ngexesha lokunika ubunzima kunye neembono zamasebe ezobupolitika.

Umzekelo, xa etolika igama elithi "ifelony engqukuva" kwi INA, ijaji yoqobo ingaqala ngokuhlola indlela eligama elichazwa ngayo ngexesha lolwandiso lwalo ngo1998. Kodwa, ngenxa yokuba ingcaciso inyuswe amaxesha amaninzi, indlela yoqobo ingayityeshela injongo yengqungquthela elandelayo. Indlela elungeleleneyo izakuqwalasela intsingiselo yokuqala yomthetho wesiseko xa usebenzisa utoliko lwexesha elinye lwe-statory exhasa ukuthamba kwiimeko zokugxotha. Ezo ndlela zobugcisa zingayihlonela intsingiselo yokuqala yombhalo ngaphandle kokutyhala ngokuchasene notshintsho olukhoyo.

Enye inkqubela ethembisayo kukusetyenziswa kobuntsundu ngokunxulumene nomthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe ngezizwe. Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ngelithi intsingiselo yokuqala yemithetho yokuziphatha yowe-1967 ifuna ukudibana nenkcazelo yezizwe ngezizwe yeNdibano Yeempungemi eUnited States, hayi nje iintsingiselo zamakhaya. Oku kungadibanisa ubukho bendalo nembono engafaniyo, apho injongo yokuqala yabaqulunqi bemithetho yomthetho yayikuyila umgangatho osemhlabeni wonke. Nangona le mbono ibonisa ukuba isiqalo asimele sidibane okanye siphinde siphazanyiswe.

Ekugqibeleni, eyona ndlela iphumelelayo yokuqiqa ngolu hlobo kumatyala okufuduka yeyokuvuma imida yokuphanda ngokwembali nemfuneko yokuthobeka kwekomiti. Uqobo lunika uluvo olubalulekileyo kumbhalo kunye nesakhiwo semithetho yokufuduka, kodwa alunakuphendula yonke imibuzo ebuzwa ziimeko ezintsonkothileyo zanamhlanje. Abagwebi abasebenzisa ingqiqo yokuqala kufuneka benze njalo ngokucace gca, beqonda ukuba imbali ibhalwe njani okanye ayiphelelanga. Kwangaxesha linye, kufuneka bahlale bezazi izibonda zoluntu ezibandakanyekileyo noxanduva lomntu obandakanyekileyo noxanduva lwejaji ekhusela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, ingakumbi lawo angengoobuthathaka.

Ingxoxo emalunga nokuqiqa kokuqala ngomthetho wokufuduka ayikapheli. Njengoko kuvela iingxaki ezintsha . njengokudibana kwemijelo yokufuduka nokhuseleko lwesizwe, ukhuseleko lwamanani, kunye nokushenxiswa kwemozulu (ukusebenza kobuGqrjini) iza kuqhubeka ziguquka. Oogqirha, abaphengululi, kunye nabenzi bemithetho kufuneka babandakanyeke ngokungqongqo kule nkqubo, beqinisekisa ukuba isebenza iziphelo zobulungisa kunokunamathela ngokungqongqo kwixesha elidlulileyo. Ngokwenjenjalo, bangenza ijirisprafica isiseko esinxulumene nesiseko sokuqala somGaqo-siseko ngexa kudibana neemfuno ezingxamisekileyo zehlabathi elinamandla.