Ukujongana kwezobupolitika kweJapan kudibene kakhulu nokusingqongileyo kwe-media. Ukuqonda olu lwalamano kunceda abafundi, abafundisi, nabaqwalaseli behlabathi baqonde indlela uluvo lukawonke-wonke olubunjwe ngayo nendlela olugcinwa ngayo ulawulo lwezobupolitika eJapan. Ukusetyenziswa kwamaqela alawulayo, amaqela eenkcaso, kunye nomatshini wokushicilela kuye kwavela kangangamashumi eminyaka, ukwenza indalo engaqhelekanga ephembelela unyulo, iingxoxo zemithetho-nkqubo, kunye nokuziphendulela kolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iimvelaphi zembali, amandla akhoyo, kunye neenguqulelo zakutshanje kunxibelelwano phakathi kwamaqela ezobupolitika eJapan kunye namajelo-media, libonisa ukujonga ngendlela ebanzi indlela ulwazi oluhamba ngayo komnye woolawulo-demokhrasi oluzinzileyo lwe-Asia.

Isiseko sembali soManyano lweQela-Media

Umhlaba wale mihla welizwe laseJapan waqhambuka emva kwexesha lemfazwe phantsi komsebenzi womanyano, owachitha iinkqubo zokusasaza inkohliso yangaphambi kwemfazwe, wamisa inkululeko yokucinezela njengelungelo lomgaqo-siseko. UmGaqo-siseko we 1947 uqinisekisa inkululeko yokuthetha nokucofa, kodwa izakhiwo ezingacwangciswanga zavela ngokukhawuleza ukulawula ukuqukuqela kolwazi lwezopolitiko. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwezi yiqela kisha inkqubo yoxinzelelo], uthungelwano lwamaqela akhethekileyo anika intathelela unikezelo lwemiba yoomatilo-ndaba kwi-orhulumente, ikomkhulu leqela, kunye ne-Impere.

Ezi qela, eziqala ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, zaba ngumjelo ophambili weendaba zobupolitika. Abacholacholi beencwadi ababelwe ezi qela bakhula ngokusondeleyo, ngokufuthi baluphepha ulwalamano olululo kunye noopolitiko kunye noovimba abazigqumayo. Ngoxa le nkqubo iqinisekisa umsinga othe ngqo wenkcazelo esemthethweni, ikwakhuthaza uphuhliso lobukho bezifundo zobuqu kunye nokuvumelana, njengoko amalungu eqela elindeleke ukuba abambelele ekuchazeni ngokungqongqo imigaqo kwaye aphephe ukuphelisa amabali anokuhlazisa imithombo yabo. Le ngxaki iye yaluthanda ngokwembali isiHlathi se-Liberalbal Democratic Party (LDP), esiye saziqhela ubugcisa bokuphatha iziko-ziko olugunyazisayo.

Imicimbi Enkulu Yezobupolitika Neengxubakaxaka Zayo Zeendaba

ILiberal Democratic Party (LDP)

Ukususela ekuyilweni kwayo ngo 1955, i-LDP iye yalawula ezobupolitika zamaJapan, ibambe amandla phantse onke asemva kwemfazwe. Ulwalamano lweqela nonxibelelwano oluqhelekileyo luphawulwa ngokuxhomekeka komntu omnye. Iinkokeli ze-LDP zihlakulela unxulumano olusondeleyo nabahleli abakhulu kunye nabalawuli beendaba, ngokufuthi ngeembutho zentlalo yoluntu kunye neentsinga ezithe ngqo. Ngokubuyayo, amaphephandaba amakhulu nabachasi badla ngokunika imvume okanye ubuncinane ngaphandle kokubeka ityala le-LDP. Ngexesha lonyulo, i-LDP ifumana ixesha eligqithisileyo kumhleli weNHK kunye neengqungquthela zorhwebo, isibakala sokuba amaqela aphikisayo kudala egxeka.

I-LDP ikwayangenelwa kumnyango ojikelezayo phakathi kwezobupolitika ne-media: iintatheli ezininzi zangaphambili ziye zangena kwipalamente njengamalungu e-LDP, zizisa ukuqonda ngendlela yokulawula imijikelo yeendaba. Imizekelo engacacanga iquka ii-ankile ze-NHK kunye nabahleli beendaba be-papapapapapapaparthili abasebenza njengabalungiseleli. Oku kudityaniswa komnqamlezo kuqinisa amandla eqela okuyila iingxelo ngelixesha lokugcina imbonakalo yokuzimela kwe-incukubhede.

Komeito

Komeito, iqabane elincinane le LDP, linolwalamano lwalo olucacileyo lwe media. Ifunyenwe ngumbutho wamaBhuda iSoka Gakkai, iKomeito ixhomekeke kakhulu kuthungelwano olukhulu lwezixhobo zonxibelelwano lukaSoka Gakai, kuquka Seikyo Shimbun iphephandaba kunye neziqhagamshelanisi zalo zosasazo. Le mithombo yezixhobo yezixhobo ezinxulumeneyo yesixhobo sokusasaza ivumela iKomeito ukuba inxibelelane ngqo nabaxhasi bayo abasemgangathweni ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kwimiqathango ye-medio. Ubuchule beqela levoti yemivti kunye nobuchule bolwazi olujongiweyo bezixhobo zekhompyutha eziphambili zenziwe zalekthP izenze isiseko esibalulekileyo kurhulumente bombuthono.

Iqela ledemokhrasi (CDP) kunye nezinye izidanga zokuchasa

ICDP, iqela elikhulu lenkcaso yaseJapan, lijongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo ekufumaneni intlawulo ye-thematika. Iindawo eziphambili zokukhupha iCDP zisoloko zimisela iCDP njengengenasiqinisekiso okanye njengeyahlukileyo kakhulu, ingqiqo yokuba iphuma kwimvelaphi yayo kunyaka ka-2017 wokwahlulwa kweDEmocratic Party. Iinkokeli zeqela zisoloko zityhola ukucofa ekusebenziseni umgangatho ophindiweyo, ukukhankanyiswa kwe-LDP ngesantya esiphantsi kakhulu xa zihlola ii-gaffeffes ngokungqongqo kakhulu. Uhlolisiso lwama 2021 lufunyenwe yi-P ye-CDP ngexesha lonyulo lwendlu esezantsi luphantselwe phantse kufutshane kumashumi amane% eepesenti elinganayo, kunye namathuba ambalwa okuchaza inkqubo ehlaziweyo.

Iqela lobuKomanisi laseJapan (JCP), elinye igxalaba elinamandla, linobuchule bobuxhakaxhaka bobuninzi. Lisebenzisa elalo iphephandaba, Akahata [iFlagi ebomvu], eqhayisa ngokuthembeka kokufunda okungaphezu kwesigidi esinye. Ngelixesha oku kuvumela uJCP ukuba agqithe abagcini-sango abaphambili, kwakhona uvala umyalezo weqela kwisiseko salo, ifuthelela impembelelo ebanzi. Ngaphandle koko, uJCP ebengumgxeki welizwi wendlela ye-kishada yendlela kwaye utyhasa ukubonakala okugqithisileyo kwingiselwano yeqela.

Inkqubo yeKisha Club: Guardian yeSimo Quo

Ukuqonda inkqubo yeqela leqela le-kisha kubalulekile ekuqondeni isizathu sokuba i-LDP' luncedo luqhubeke. Phantsi kwale nkqubo, ziintatheli kuphela ezikwiqela elivunyiweyo ezinokuya kwiingqungquthela zomsebenzi, zifumane imibhalo yangaphambili yezimvo, kwaye zithathe inxaxheba kuphando olufutshane. Ii-'adb' zicwangciswe ngokusesikweni ngobulungiseleli okanye umbutho, kwaye amalungu alinganiselwe kumaphephandaba amakhulu, iingqubano zikamabonwakude, kunye neenkonzo zecingo. I- Independents, abaquphi bezihloko, abameli bangaphandle (ngaphandle kokuba bangene kwiqela lombutho), kunye nezikhuphi zamanani zisoloko zikhutshwe ngaphandle.

Le ngxelo ibangela imeko-bume engaphakathi apho iintatheli nemithombo zikhula khona ulwalamano olude lwexeshana olubeka phambili intuthuzelo kulwazi olubhaliweyo. Uhlolisiso lwephawu lwama-2019 lweqela lophando lwe-Fukuoka-isiseko kwiYunivesithi yaseKyushu yachaza indlela iintatheli ezikwi-LDP ezinxulumene nayo ezisoloko zicela ngamandla imibuzo elandela imibuzo, zikhetha ukunikezela imibuzo eyamkelekileyo ngokubhaliweyo. Xa kuvela imposiso, njengeMormo Gakuen yelizwe elithengisa imicimbi ebandakanya owayesakuba nguMphathi-Pricity Shinzo Abe, ukuchophela kokuqala kwemishinazo kudla ngokucukuhlela okanye ukulibazisela, ipasethilo yabagxeki "unigconeticsting ngokuphuma."

Imigudu yotshintsho iye yacotha. Ngo-2020, urhulumente wazisa imigaqo yokuvula imibambo ethile efutshane kwiintatheli ezingeyo'club, kodwa ukunyanzelisa akuzange kusebenze. Isifo sentliziyo esinentliziyo esinengxaki sanyusa utshintsho oluthile, njengoko iingqungquthela zoondaba ezikude zenza kube nzima ukunyanzelisa imida yeqela eliphathekayo. Noko ke, iingcali ezininzi ziphikisa ngelithi inkqubo yeqela le-kisha ihlala iyimqobo enamandla kakhulu kwimekobume yezopolitiko yezobupolitika.

Izibhengezo Zezobupolitika Zikamabonwakude Nezopolitiko

Umabonwakude uhlala engumthombo ophambili weendaba zobupolitika kubavoti bamaJapan, ingakumbi phakathi kwamanani akudala. Imimiselo yenkamkelo imisela ukusasaza, kodwa amaqela achitha kakhulu kwiinkqubo ze-infomercial-style kunye neenxenye ezixhasweyo. I-LD's shente ezinzulu, ezixhotyiswe yiminikelo yequmrhu kunye nenkxaso-mali karhulumente, zivumela ukuba zilawule esi sithuba. Ngexesha lonyulo jikelele, i-LDPP-afdioctives yathumela ngaphezulu kwama-60% eempumezo ezinkulu zezopolitiki, ngokutsho kweMicimbi ye-PPians Comfonotion kunye noNcomfo.

UNHK, umsasazi kawonke-wonke, ugunyazisiwe ukunikela ingxubusho elungeleleneyo, kodwa uye wajamelana nezityholo eziphindaphindiweyo zocalulo loburhulumente. Urhulumente waseJapan umisela amalungu ebhodi ye-NHK, kwaye phantsi kolawulo lwe-Abe, abalawuli abaliqela ababotshelelwe kwi-LDP basekwa. Ngo-2023, ingxelo yangaphakathi ye-NHK yatyhila ukuba abahleli bawa phantsi kwemiqathango karhulumente echasa amaqela agxekayo enkqubo yamandla, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuceleni uxolo olusemthethweni. Amaqela enkcaso amaqela enkcaso aye abiza ukhuseleko olunamandla olwelo, kodwa umthetho wokukhusela uNHK ekuphazantentenezelweni kwezobupolitika uhlala uthe .

Iinkqubo zentengiso ezifana ne-Fuji TV, TBS, ne-Nipton Televizyna nazo zijongise kwiqela elilawulayo, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yesiseko sobunikazi. Amaphephandaba amakhulu akwizi ngxoxo, kwaye loo maphephandaba ngokwawo asoloko eneentambo zomhleli ezithe ngxi. Njengokuba omnye owayesakuba ngumalathisi weendaba waxelela ulindixesha wemfundo wesizwe saseJapan iFum: `Ayiyo into yokuba sixelelwa ukuxhasa i-LDP. Kungenxa yokuba abantu abaphakanyiswayo bayazi ukuba baqonda ukuba bangawaphi na amandla."""

Amajelo Obugcisa Nezopolitiko Ezintsha

Ukunyuka kwe-intanethi kuqalisile ukucel ’ umngeni abaxhasi besithethe, kodwa utshintsho alufani. Abavoti abaselula ngokuya beya kubuyela kuYouTube, Twitter, kunye nakumaziko eendaba ukuze bafumane ulwazi lwezopolitiko. Amaqela e-LDP kunye nenkcaso aye afaka imali eninzi ngokukhutshwa kwamanani, kodwa asondela ngokwahlukileyo.

Ukwenziwa kwechaphaza kwamanani

I-LDP inesixhobo sokulawula imicimbi yentlalo, ingakumbi iYouTube, ukudlula abagcini-sango abaphambili. INkulumbuso uFumio Kisida, iidilesi zevidiyo zeveki ngeveki, evezwe liqela lendlu yokudala, itsala izigidi zeembono. Iqela likwasebenzisa "iindawo yolawulo" — ngokufuthi amalungu amatsha kaDiet — asebenza ngokukhutheleyo nabaxhasi kwi-Twittert ahlakulele iingca ze-intanethi. Le nkqubo ivumela i-LDP ukuba ilungise umyalezo wayo ngqo, ingakumbi kwimibandela enzima efana nohlaziyo nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe, apho iintetho eziphambili zisenokubuza imibuzo enzima.

Ukulwa Kwamanani

Amaqela enkcaso aye acotha ukutshintsha indlela alungelelanisa ngayo. Ubukho be-CDP kwi-intanethi abunaxabiso kunye nokungaguquguquki kwe-LDP, kwaye okuqulethwe yi-JCP kuhlala kukwigumbi layo lentlokoma. Noko ke, amaqela amatsha afana neReiwa Shinsengumi athathe ubuchule bentsholongwane, esebenzisa i-Tik Tok kwaye aphila ngokungena kwi-intanethi ukuze afikelele kwi-Gen Zvoti. Inkokeli yayo, iTaro Yamamoto, iqokelele inyanise kwi-intanethi ethembekileyo elandela amaxesha athile eguqulela ekuchongeni kwimijelo yemingcungela ephazamisayo, njengolo lwakhe lwendlu ekwiNtla 20222.

Ngaphandle kwala matshintshi, amajelo eendaba asabeka ucwangciso. Uhlalutyo lweYunivesithi ye-Tokyo's Institute of Social Science lwafumanisa ukuba i-73% yeengxoxo zezobupolitika kwi-Twitter ngo-2023 yayikukusabela kumabali aqhekezwa kuqala ngamaphephandaba okanye kwiinkqubo zikamabonwakude. Inkqubo yeqela le-kisha isenokungaphazanyiswa lukuphazamiseka kwamanani, kodwa isalawula isango eliphambili lokudalwa kwamaphephandaba.

Ukuxilongwa, Uphando Nemida Yamandla Emithombo Yezopolitiko

Amajelo eendaba aseJapan avelise ingxelo yophando ethi ibangele uphando lwezopolitiko. Ihlazo lokunyoba le-Olimpiki, elivulwe liphephancwadi leveki ngeveki iSukan Bunshun, inyanzelisa i-LDP ephekenters ukuba irhoxise. Ngokufanayo, 2020 "Kake Educational Institution", eyabhenelisa ukuphathwa komhlobo weShinzo Abe, yaqhutywa ziintatheli ezingasetyenziswanga zi-club u-Asahi Shimbu Shimburn kunye [FLT:] [FLT]] [4]]. Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba xa umatshini usenza umsebenzi wobugciptyo, ingabalelwa nguwo.

Noko ke, iimeko ezinjalo azifani. Amahlazo amaninzi achazwa okokuqala ngamaphephancwadi eveki nganye, asebenza ngaphandle kweqela le-kisha kwaye anenkululeko eninzi yokuphanda. Kodwa la maphephancwadi akanawo ufikelelo lwamaphephandaba emihla ngemihla, kwaye amabali awo asoloko efuna ukulandelwa zinkcazo ezinkulu ukuze afumane igalelo lezobupolitika. Oko kulandela imithombo yeqela kuxhomekeke kwimithombo egqiba ukuvuza amaxwebhu okanye kwicandelo langaphakathi kwi-LDP — zombini iziganeko ezinqabileyo.

Omnye umsantsa yimekobume esemthethweni. Imithetho yokukhusela impempe yaseJapan ibuthathaka, kwaye u-2014 iimfihlelo zikarhulumente ziphazamisa ukutyhilwa okungekho mthethweni kolwazi olugqalwa njengolunovakalelo kukhuseleko lwesizwe. Abahlalutyi baphikisa lo mthetho ngempembelelo emanyumnyezi kwiintatheli eziphanda ngemibandela yokuzikhusela kunye nolawulo, iindawo apho i-LDP ngokwesithethe inezikhundla eziqinileyo zenkqubo. Uhlaziyo lomthetho wama-2023 lwandisa ngakumbi inkcaciso yezimfihlelo, ukukhuthaza inkxalabo evela kwiKomiti yokukhusela iiNcukukhupho.

Imbono yamazwe ngamazwe yezoshishino neyomhlaba wonke

Abaququzeleli bamazwe angaphandle eJapan basebenza phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo. Ngelixesha bekwazi ukufikelela kwii-kisha ukuba bathenge, abaninzi bakhetha ukuthembela kwimithombo ezimeleyo nakwiindlela zophando. Iindlela zezizwe ngezizwe ezifana iNew York Times[, BB[FLT], kwaye [FLT:] iinters [[FLT:] [[FLT]] iintengiso zehlabathi zisoloko zaphukile amabali athelelwa amajelo amaJapan, njengomlinganiselo weFukushima ogquma ngorhulumente kunye neTPO. Oku kwenza inkqubo yolwazi oludityaniso oludityayo, oluneyothulo lwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe.

Urhulumente waseJapan uye wafuna ngokukhula ukuguqula ugqumo lwamanye amazwe ngoxokelelwano lukawonke-wonke kunye nokuxhasa iingxelo ze-media phesheya. I-"Nippon Communications Foundation," umbutho we-quattom, unika ingcebiso kwiintatheli kunye nokucinga ngeetanki ezivelisa iingxelo ezintle ngozinzo lwezobupolitika eJapan. Abachasi bakugqala oku njengokuzama ukucoca i-LDP' kwingxelo efana nenkululeko kunye namalungelo amancinane. Ngo-2022, [[FL:0], abacholi bengenayo imidanganiso yokucinezela isalathi yenkululeko [[ idex3] idefakth joyithi yesizwe, inqaku lazona elisezantsi, elicaphula "inkqubo yokuzicinezela kwimishoni yoshishino-omatshini.

Inkqubela Yotshintsho Neenkcubeko Zexesha Elizayo

Izibizo zotshintsho zivela kwiindawo ezininzi. I-Academic, amaqela entlalo yabemi, kunye nabanye abezobupolitika abachasayo baye baxhasa ukuphelisa inkqubo yeqela leekisha, kufuna ixesha elilungelelanisiweyo lomoya kuwo onke amaqela, kunye nokuqinisa inkululeko ye-NHK. Ngo-2023, iqela le-bipartis lamalungu kaDiet lasungula umthetho wokudala i-"Media Transparency Commission" ezakuqwalasela ukugquma nokufikelela okulinganayo. Imali ithe yaphela, ngenxa enkulu yokuchasana neLDP.

Ubugcisa bungakhawulezisela utshintsho. Ukwanda kweminye imijelo yendaba, ii-podcasts, kunye nemijelo ezimeleyo ye-YouTube ipheliswa ngokuthe ngcembe kulawulo lwezikhuseli zesithethe. Iintatheli ezincinane zihambela phambili ekuzishiyeni ii-kishadi, ukwakha ulwalamano olungqalileyo nemithombo ngemiboniso efihlakeleyo. Unyulo lwe-gnubernator ye-groubhial yabona abathathi bengeneka kwimibutho yezentlalo-ndaba, inyanzelela izikhundla eziphambili zokuzigquma ngezixhobo zokubhala.

Sekunjalo, isakhiwo se-interea sihlala somelele. Icebo le-LDP le-media lifakwe ngokunzulu kwinkqubo esele inike ulawulo oluzinzileyo kamashumi eminyaka. De uluntu lufune iinguqu ezinkulu kwintlukwano yezopolitiko, okanye de kube lulawulo lweziphakamiso ezixhokonxa amatyala, amaqhina phakathi kwamaqela ezobupolitika eJapan kunye namajelo eendaba azakuqhubeka elandela ipateni ebekwe emva kwexesha lemfazwe: umngqungqo osondeleyo phakathi kwamandla kunye nomatshini, kunye neqela elilawulayo.

Isiphelo

Ulwalamano phakathi kwamaqela ezobupolitika eJapan kunye nesixhobo sokugcina ulwazi luntsonkothile, lujikeleza indalo ebumba ubomi bedemokhrasi kweli lizwe. Ukusuka kulawulo lwembali lwe-LDP kunye nenkqubo yeqela leqela ukuya kwimikhosi eqhambukayo yezixhobo zamanani, isiqalelo ngasinye siqinisa okanye sicel ’ umngeni isimo sobume. Kubafundi nabafundisi- ntsapho abahlola oku ngamandla, iingxinaniso ezininzi eziphumayo: ijelo-media lisebenza kungekuphela nje njengejelo lolwazi kodwa njengomxhasi kwinkqubo yezobupolitika; ubuchule beqela lokulawula uludwe lwezinto ezidibaniselwano oluneyo ukusuka kuqhagamshelwano olunemichini ephuma kumanani; kwaye utshintsho, ngelixesha lunokwenzeka ngomdibaniso lwempembelelo kawonke, utshintsho lwezobugcisa, kunye nezenzo zomthetho-Rhulumente. Ukuqonda ezi zinto lubalulekile kumntu ofuna ukuqonda indlela yegunya kunye nolwazi lwangoku kwiJapan yanamhlanje.

Ukufunda ngokubhekele phaya, bona Ixesha lonyaka we Japan uhlalutyo kwiinguqu zeqela leqela , ufundo lweYunivesithi yeCambridge kumajelo eendaba namandla ezobupolitika[, kunye [[FLT:] Abachazi-mali abangenamidangatho kwingxelo yocinezelo lwe nkululeko .