Umvoti uthatha umnxeba. Umfonokazi uchaza njengoqhuba uphando loluvo lukawonke-wonke. Imibuzo yokuqala embalwa yeyomsebenzi. Yandula ke isikhonkwane esibhaliweyo: "Ngaba unokuba nokwenzeka kakhulu okanye kancinane ukuvota i-Candidate Smith ukuba uyazi ukuba babebotele ukusika inkxaso-mali yamava ngexesha besamkela izipho ezikhulu kubaxhasi? Injongo asiko ukuqokelela ugcino-lwazi. Kukwenza uphando olululo ukuguqula iimbono. Oku kungumoqokobhela ukutsala ukhuphiso oludiweyo olubaliweyo olusetyenziswayo lolwimi njengesixhobo salo solawulo-demokhrasi.

Ukwahlula uphando kwintelekelelo

Uphando olusemthethweni lusekelwe kwisiseko sobundilele. Abavoteli abanconywayo, njengabo banamathela kwimigangatho ebekwe yi-American Association for Public Voisonnion Research (APOR), bazimisele ukuthatha amagama angenazintlukwano ezinyanisekileyo[[ ukuthatha imvakalelo kawonke-wonke. Uvavanyo olunyanzelisayo lusebenza ngokuchasene ngqo nalo mgaqo. Injongo yalo njongo iphambili asikokulinganisela, kodwa ukushukushukumisa uluvo. Kuphumeza oku ngokufaka ulwazi olubizayo okanye ulwimi oludityaniweyo ngqo kumbuzo. Ngokungafaniyo nohlolisiso olufanelekileyo olunokubuza "Ibaluleke kangakanani izoqoqosho kuwe?", ukunyanzela "Uvumela oko kunokuthi kubangela ilahleko yezoqoqosho kubangele iingxaki zentsapho yakho?"

Imbali Yabo Basebenzisa I - Internet: Ukusuka Kwiatraster Ukuya Kwixesha Le - Internet

Imbewu yophando lwangoku lokunyanzela yahlwayelwa ngoo1960 kunye no1970. Iphulo likaRichard Nixon's, ngeli phulo lakhe "Iqela leNovemba" lomsebenzi wokuvota, qho bavavanya izakhelo ezingalunganga nxamnye nabachasi. Bacela abavoti ukuba bangayixhasa uGeorge McGovern ukuba babesazi ukuba wayengowe "oqinileyo, ukuqhomfa, kunye neasidi". Oku kudiza oku-triiterfecta frame McGovern njengenksss kwezona ndawo zenkcisoko eziphikisanayo zexesha. Umbuzo wawungeyiyo uphatho olunyulo; yayingeyingo olufihlakeleyo njengophando.

Ubuchule baphuculwa kubugcisa obuphezulu nguLee Atwater, umphathi we "Mazantsi" Atwater waqonda ukuba izibheno zobuhlanga ezicacileyo azizange ziphinde ziphumelele, kodwa iinjongo ezicacileyo zolwimi zasebenza ngokunempumelelo. Uphando lwakhe oluvavanyiweyo lufana "ne," "impuku," kunye "namalungelo omthetho. La magama ayenzelwe ukubangela ukucaphuka kobuhlanga ngaphandle kokukhupha ikhobhiso lobuhlanga. Le khowudi yokuguqula kolwimi ivumela iphulo lokulawula iprojekthi engaphantsi komgangatho wolwazi olunolwazi.

Iminyaka yee1990 yabona ukuphakanyiswa kweqhinga. Iphulo likaBill Clinton lika 1992 lajongene nohlolo olunyanzelisayo malunga nengxelo yakhe yedrafti kunye nokunyaniseka emtshatweni. Ngomjikelezo wowe-1996, lo mkhwa wawusasazeke kangangokuba iKomiti yesizwe yeDemocratic yayisoloko ihlanganisa "izilumkiso zophatho" ukulumkisa abaxhasi. Imeko embi "Sster Souljah" yayingumzamo wokukhuphisa ngokukhuphisa ukuxiniselwa kwengxelo yongquzulano. Ulwimi olunyanzelo lwaye lwaba ngumjelo, ukuba i-"groot, isahluko sephulo.

Owona mzekelo umbi wokhupho-goqo lwawo wonke uwonke ukhuphiswano lwetyala lwenzeka ngexesha lika 2000 kwiRiphabliki ephambili eMzantsi Carolina. Umfowuni ongaziwayo wabuza abavoti: "Ngaba ubuya kuba mancinane okanye ungenawo amathuba okuvotela uJohn McCaine ukuba uyazi ukuba unomntwana omnyama ongekho mthethweni?" McKain kunye nomfazi wakhe babesele bamkele intombi ekhal' emnyama eBangladesh. Umbuzo waxhobisa ibali elihle lentsapho ngokuchasene nabo. [FLT: 0] Intsingiselo yayiye yatshabalalisa kwaye ingenakwenzeka ukuphikisa umnxeba omnye. Esi siganeko sabonisa amandla amnyama elwimi oluqhutyiweyo.

Utshintsho Lwamanani Lomonakalo Wodubedube

Imigaqo yokunyanzelisa inyanzelisa isuka kwimfonomfono ukuya kwi-web kunye ne-media. "Ulwimi olunento yokutyhala" ludla ngokuthatha uhlobo lwemibuzo exhotyiswayo kwi-intanethi okanye "uvavanyo oluncinci". Umba we-Facebook ungabuza: "Uyayixhasa na icebo le-Candidate A's's ukutshabalalisa imisebenzi yaseMerika?" Olu lwimi lukrwada ngokuphandle. Ukubhala nokuphanga kwe-bhatoca ngemibuzo enjalo kukwenze ukusasazwa kwemibuzo enzima kakhulu nenzima ukuqwalasela. Ngexa isimbo sitshintshile, izixhobo ezingundoqo zolwimi olunemilo, i-prediplation, kunye nemibuzo ethweleyo i-" ihlala kanye kanye.

Ukuyila Ulwimi: Indlela Amazwi Aba Zizixhobo Ngayo

Ukuqonda amakhandlela olwimi lokunyanzela kudinga ukuhlolisisa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo ezifuna umdla kunye nezidibeneyo ezisetyenzisiweyo. Ezi asizozingciso ezingaqhelekanga; zizinto ezicetyiweyo ezibangela ingqondo ukuba ingakwazi ukuqwalasela.

Ulwakhiwo olululo nolunophawu

Mhlawumbi esona sixhobo sinamandla kwizixhobo zomkhuphi-mali otyhalelayo kukukhetha okulula kwamagama. Ilebhile esetyenziswa kumgaqo wokumisela inkxaso kawonke-wonke. Irhafu yelifa yaba yi "irhafu yokufa" eyathi ngephanyazo yaguqula irhafu kwizityebi yaba sisisongelo kwiintsapho zonke ezisentlungwini. "Ulawulo lomntu ohlawulelwayo" lwaba "inkunkuma esetyenziswayo yerhafu esetyenziswayo." ukuxina kwemiqathango yokusebenza kwemali engaphambili. Umbuzo obuza nge "imigaqo yemeko engqukuva ekhoyo" iifreyidis eziphendulayo nxamnye nenkqubo yomgaqo phambi kokuba baqhubeke iziphumo ezithile. Igama elilayiliweyo lisebenza umsebenzi wengxoxo yezopolitiko.

Ubuchule bokwenza izinto kunye nohlelo lombuzo

Ngapha kwendlela yokukhetha igama ngalinye, isakhiwo sesivakalisi singanyanzela ucalucalulo. IiNkcazo ezingalunganga ("Ungacingi ...", "Ayiyonyani ukuba..." dala uxinzelelo lokuncokola ukuze uvumelane. Kwintetho esesikweni, "ewe" impendulo "Ungacingi ukuba imo yezulu ilungile?" ayigqibekanga. Kukucinezelwa okungagqibekanga. Kucinezelwayo ukucinezelwa, le mithetho esesikweni ikhutshelwe ukuzuza isivumelwano nesiseko esingalunganga. Imibuzo eqala nge "Mhakamo" kwakhona isenzo. "Kutheni urhoxiyo X evote ukuphakamisa irhafu?" Izenzo ezibonisa ukuba i-X Candite yavotela irhafu, inyanze ukukhusela isenzo esingesiso esingesiso sobunyani.

Ukwenziwa kwangaphambili kobungcaphephe nombuzo onzima

Ukwenziwa kwento ecacileyo kukuqiqa okuqulethwe kumbuzo ekufuneka wamkeleke ukuze kuqondwe. "Kutheni u-X ebuthathaka kangaka?" izindululo ezithi Candidate X, enyanisweni, ubuthathaka kulwaphulo-mthetho. Umphulaphuli, ukuba akanikezi ingqalelo, wamkela ingqwalaselo njengenyaniso enikiweyo ngoxa elungisa impendulo. Isakhiwo esiqhelekileyo "Uyekile ukumbetha umfazi wakho?" ngumzekelo wencwadi yesandla. Kwiphulo, sibonakala njengo "Ungavumelani ukuba ukungakhathali kweRhuluneli kukswonakalisa izikolo zethu?" Igama elithi "Awunamdla" liyimkhethe. Isakhiwo "Unik'awuvumela... sicinga ukuba uyavuma, uyavuma, ukwamkela okanye uklozalelo oluphumayo.

Ukuhlasela Okuchaphazela Ucalucalulo Nokuzicenga Ngokweemvakalelo

Uphando lotshitshilo lusoloko lufuna ukudibanisa iimvakalelo ezingalunganga kumntu oza kubhaptizwa. Imibuzo yenzelwe ukubangela uloyiko, umsindo, okanye ukucaphuka. "Ngaba kuyinto ekhathazayo ukuba u-Candite Y avote nxamnye nenkxaso-mali yabaphendula kuqala? Igama "iinjongo" ngumsebenzi omncinane, kodwa isoloko ikhula ukuya "ecaleni" "okrwelwe," okanye "oknwatyiweyo" okanye "okrwelwe." ngokunxulumanisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo notshaba olune nezi mvakalelo zingalunganga, ukuqhatha i-ace yento enye egqwethiweyo. Oku kuchaphazela unxulumano olulungileyo nonxulumano lwenkxaso.

I-"Ibuza Imibuzo" Isiphoso

Olu luhlobo olungaqhelekanga lobuqhetseba lwentetho. Umvoteli usasaza amarhe okanye ingcamango yeqhinga ngokuyibeka njengemibuzo. Abayichazi into eyinyaniso; babuza umvoti ukuba * uvile* ngobuxoki, okanye ukuba ubuxoki * bungachaphazela uvoti lwabo. "Ngaba uvile amarhe ngobomi bobuqu buka-Z?" okanye "Ngaba izakuguqula ukuvota kwakho ukuba usazi ukuba uClate Z uthethe oku?" Oku kuvumela iphulo lokuhambisa iitrata ukuchaza inkcazelo yonakalisa ulwazi ngexa usenza ityala elifanelekileyo. Abakwenzi oko kukuthi babhenele ukuchasa.

Uphando lwetyala lokuguquka kweelwimi: Ukusuka kwiPolls ukuya kwimigca yeqela

Ulwimi oluvavanywe ekucinezeleni ukunyanzelisa ludla ngokuba lulwimi olusemthethweni lweqela okanye iphulo. Lusebenza njengesixhobo solwimi lwelwimi kwibhombu yamalahle, uvavanyo oluthi amagama avakala ngokunempumelelo kubaphulaphuli abajolise kulo.

Unyango: "Indawo Yolawulo Lokufa" kunye "nonyango oluthe lwasetyenziswa"

Ngexesha lengxoxo ka-2009 emalunga noMthetho we-Affordble Care Act, abachasi bavavanya iintlobo-ntlobo zezakhelo. Igama elithi "urhulumente othathe izithuba" laliqhelekile, kodwa esona sicwangciso esinamandla sokuvela sasiyi "indawo yokulayishela ukubulala". Eli binzana, elizalelwe ekufundweni okugqwethekileyo kwelungiselelo lokuphelisa ubomi, lalinyanzeleka ukuba lingcoliswe kakhulu. Umbuzo ubuyabuza: "Uyawuxhasa umthetho odala amapali karhulumente okugqiba enoba bayalufumana na uncedo olusindisa ubomi?" Oku kwakububuxoki obunganyani, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kolwimi kwakusebenza ngendlela etshabalalisa.

Uhlanga nokhetho olupheleleyo lowama-2008

Unyulo lukaBarack Obama aluzange luphele ngokunyanzela uphando; lwayincomela kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuba ubuhlanga obucacileyo babungamkelekanga ngokwentlalo, ukunyanzela ukunikela umjelo osisigqumo wokusebenza kwekhethe. IiVoters kulo lonke ilizwe zanikela ingxelo yokubuza imibuzo edibanisa uhlanga nenkxalabo yasekuhlaleni. "Ngaba unokuba ungaba ukhetha uBack Obama ukuba ubengumSilamsi?" (Ucinga ukuba ulwalamano lukaBack Obama noMvukeli uchaza amaxabiso akhe oyinyaniso?" Le mibuzo yayisasaza izinto ezifunyenwe kuphando zobugxwayiso kunye nonqulo phantsi kokuqhatha kwenkcago. Olu lwimi lwabonakala luzinzile izikhundla ezinzulu zobuculo?

Iimeko zezoqoqosho: "UMdali kaYobhi" vs. Umcuphi werhafu wekomkhulu"

Ulwimi lwezoqoqosho lukhuphiswano olukhulu. Igama elithi "``Iijib abadali" liyindawo echuliweyo yokuyila. Ithetha ukuba izityebi kunye neenkampani zisebenza ngobuchule bokwenza umatshini, zifanelwe luphulelo lwerhafu. Ukuxinanisa irhafu kufunela umqhubi weprojekthi ephambili angabuza: "Uyayixhasa na icebo leNtloko lokuphakamisa irhafu kubadali bethu bemisebenzi? Ngokuphikisanayo, umphengululo othe rhoqo ungabuza: "Ngaba uxakeke kukuba iRhuluneli ivumela abacuphi berhafu berhafutheliswa ngokufanelekileyo?" Akwangaphindiswa nkcazelo engobucala yerhafu engo. Zombini zenzelwe ukuxhobisa intswo ekhethekileyo yemvakalelo esekelwe kwifomu yolwimi lwangaphambili.

Imizekelo yezizwe ngezizwe: "Yiqinisekise Uloyiko" neEU Referendedum

I- 2016 Breinteredum ye-United Kingdom yayiyikhampasi yemiboniso yoxinzelelo lwengqubano kumlinganiselo wesizwe. Igama elithi "Isiqinisekiso Soloyiko" laqanjwa nguBrexipers ukuseka nayiphi na impikiswano eseleyo njengenxoxokiso. Iphulo leSishinayo lasebenzisa ukutyhala isimbo sodaka. "Ngaba unokuba unakho ukuvota ukushiya iEU ukuba wazi ukuba iTurkey ithelele iEU kunye nezigidi zabemi baseTurkey zazinokusuka kwi-UK?" Lo mbuzo wafaka i-lithi equangth (Turkey yayingasondeleli ukudibanisa) kunye ne-xephoibc kwisakhelo enye yombuzo. Ulwimi lombuzo wawenza umsebenzi wempikiswano yezopolitiko ngaphandle kokungenela ingxoxo.

Imiphumo Efanelekileyo Yemibuzo Engcolisiweyo

Ngoxa kunzima ukungqinela ngqo iziphumo zengqondo zolwimi lokutyhalela phambili zibhalwe kakuhle. Iziphumo zohlolo, ezihlolisiswa kakhulu nguDaniel Kahneman noAmos Tversky, zibonisa ukuba indlela ingxaki okanye umbuzo obuzwa ngayo itshintsha ngendlela ephawulekayo impendulo. Iziphumo zobunzululwazi "Isifo se-Asian" zibonisa ukuba abantu basabela ngokwahlukileyo "kwimiba ekhoyo" vs. "iiiiizinto zento," kwanaxa iziphumo zifana ngokwezibalo. unyuso olungxazi oluthiweyo lusebenzisa kakubi olu "lucalucalulo"", lucalucalulo olucalulwe ngokwezimo ezicinelo zengqondo ukunikela ingqalelo engakumbi kwaye balahlekelwe kwiimpawu ezintle. Umlungiseleli womsebenzi oziqulukileyo, kodwa umbuzo omnye ophembeleyo okhuselweyo lomfanekiso obhaliweyo ngumfanekiso obalulekileyo. [FT.G.ne "uption"

Ukuncipha Kokukholosa Kuphando

Enye yezona ziphumo zibalulekileyo, kodwa ezibekiweyo, ukunyanzelwa, kukusetyenziswa kwendlela ekhuselekileyo yomonakalo ekuphengululweni okusemthethweni. Ngalo lonke ixesha umvoti ephantsi kwisicelo sobuxhakaxhaka, ukukholosa kwakhe ku "uphando olulula" kuyancipha. Oku kuthoba ifuthe lamanani abavoteli abasemthethweni, ukudala umjikelo oyingozi apho uba nzima ukulinganisa uluvo lukawonke-wonke ngokuchanileyo. Ulwimi lokunyanzela ukucotha uhla kwetyhefu lwentlalo entle yomntu wonke.

Imida Elungelelanisiweyo Nemida Yolawulo

Isiseko somthetho wophando sicacile. I-APOR igweba ngokucacileyo ukuphembelela ukuxina, ichaza njenge "isisongelo esifihlakeleyo sophando" "asilinganisi uluvo lukawonke-wonke kodwa ufuna ukululawula. Ucalucalulo lolwimi lusisibonisi esicacileyo. Noko ke, amaphulo ezobupolitika asebenza kwingingqi engwenya. IsiHlamlo sokuqala sikhusela intetho yezobupolitika, kwanokuba intetho echuliweyo. Oku kwenza ukuba umthetho ube nzima kakhulu. Amanye amazwe afuna ukutyhilwa komntu ohlawula uphando, lo gama amanye angenayo imithetho echasene "nophatho" okanye "ukusasaza ulwazi olungeyo" kodwa kunqabile. Umgca phakathi kokwenza uphando olunzima "uphando olunzima" kunye nokuxilonga olukhohlisayo lulula.

Isiphelo: Ukugonya umgaqo-nkqubo woluntu ochasene nokusetyenziswa kweelwimi

Ucalucalulo lweelwimi ekucinezeleni ukunyanzeliswa kothotho lwemfazwe yolwazi oluchaza unyulo lwangoku. Ngokuqonda iindlela ezithile, abavoti bangaziqhatha nxamnye neziphumo ezicetyiweyo. Ukuchonga uphando olunokutyhalela, jonga ezi flegi zibomvu:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ubude be-Extreme:[[FT:1] Imfutshane ngendlela engaqhelekanga kwaye ayiniki nkcazelo ilungeleleneyo.
  • [[UMTLL:0] Isicwangciso esiFakelweyo: Umbuzo uqulathe ipeksi okanye isityholo esingaqinisekiswanga (umz., "ukusebenzisa indleko eninzi," "uludwe lwemihlathi").
  • [[UMTL:0] Imposiso: Lo mbuzo uthatha isibakala sokuba awunakuyiqinisekisa (umz., "Uyavuma ukuba u-X wonakele?").
  • [[UMTL: 0] Umthombo we ```````'''' Umfoti'' Akakwazi ukuchaza ngokucacileyo ukuba ngubani ohlawula uphando.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Akukho bubunzulu: Uvo lokuvolo alufuni iinkcukacha okanye ubunzulu boluvo; lusuka nje lulahle intengo.

Abachongi kunye nabakhangeli-nyaniso banendima yokudlala ekuvezeni imvelaphi kunye nomxholo wezi zifundo zilayishiweyo. Ngokukhanyisa ukukhanya kumagama akhethekileyo namagama asetyenziselwa ukutyhalela phambili iimbono, singanciphisa amandla abo. Kwixesha lokuncipha kwemida yengqalelo kunye nokwanda kwemimandla ebandayo, ulwimi olubalwayo lokunyanzelisa uvavanyo luhlala lusesinye sezixhobo ezichuliweyo kwincwadi yokudlala. Ukuqonda isakhelo linyathelo lokuqala ekuphuleni kuyo.