Indima Engenakuthelekiswa Nanto Yemikhosi Kwibutho Ledemokhrasi

Inkqubo yokugweba imiswe njengelinye lamasebe amathathu alinganayo karhulumente, eqeshwe ngumsebenzi onzima wokutolika nokusebenzisa umthetho. Ngaphezu kokuba yinkqubo yokohlwaya, ijaji liliwa elinomthetho apho umthetho, inkululeko, kunye nocwangco lwentlalo luye lwakhiwa khona. Inikela i-interormenti apho iimpikiswano zilungiswa ngokwemigaqo emiselwe ngokwemigaqo esemthethweni kunokumiswa ngegunya okanye ngelungelo. Kubafundi, abafundisi, kunye nabemi abathule inxaxheba, ukuqonda imisebenzi emininzi yenkqubo yezomthetho kuyimfuneko ukuqonda indlela umthetho obumba ngayo zonke iinka zobomi babantu, ukusuka kwizivumelwano zobuqu ukuya kumalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Oku kuphanda kokuhlola iinkundla ezingundoqo, kuhlola indlela ezisebenza ngayo ezi misebenzi ukugcina isigwebo, ukulungiselela ukuphendula nokuzinziswa kwebutho.

Imisebenzi yeCore yenkqubo yezeeJaji: Imboniselo yemboniselo

Ijudiary ayisebenzi kwi-athom; imisebenzi yayo idityaniswe kakhulu namasebe owiso-mthetho kunye negunya. Enkubeni yayo, inkqubo yokugweba yenzelwe ukucombulula iimpikiswano, ukutolika imithetho, ukukhusela amalungelo, ukukhuthaza ubulungisa bentlalo, nokuqinisekisa ukuphendula. Ngoxa ezi candelo zidla ngokuxoxwa ngokwahlukeneyo, zisoloko zidibana. Umzekelo, zingabandakanya ukuxambulisana ngesivumelwano (isigqibo esicacisiweyo), ziphakamisa imibuzo engomgaqo-siseko wommiselo (ukuchaza imithetho), kwaye zichaphazele amalungelo eqela elibuthathaka (ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo kunye nokusesikweni). Amacandelo alandelayo aqhawula umsebenzi ongundoqo ngamnye ngokweenkcukacha, ebonisa indlela iinkundla ezizisa ngayo ezi mithetho eyahlukeneyo kubomi.

Isisombululo Sempikiswano: Isiseko soLungiselelo lwabemi

Umsebenzi obonakalayo nowamandulo wenkqubo yokugweba sisisombululo soxolo sempikiswano. Ngaphandle kwendlela esesikweni yokuzidida, ibutho labantu liza kuxhomekeka kuncedo lwalo okanye kulumko, olukhokelela kwisiphithiphithi. Iinkundla zinikela inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo, esekelwe kubungqina apho amaqela (nokuba ngabantu ngabanye, iinkampani, okanye amaqumrhu karhulumente) anikela amatyala abo phambi komenzi wesigqibo ongakhethi mhlaba. Lo msebenzi uyimfuneko ekulondolozeni ukuzinza kwentlalo kunye nokuthembeka kwezoqoqosho.

Iintloni

Inkqubo yokugweba iphatha iindidi ezimbini ezibanzi zeengxwabangxwaba: ezamakhaya kunye nezaphuli-mthetho. Kwimeko zamakhaya, ezifana nokwaphulwa kobugxwayiba bempahla, okanye ukungxwabaniswa komntu, injongo iqhele ukuhlawulela i-onxeba okanye ukunyanzelisa imbopheleleko. U-Plactiff (umphathi ozisa ityala) makangqine ityala lawo [[FLT: 0]] ngokufaka ityala lobungqina [[FLT: 1]] [isizathu sokuba isenokuba ayingomntu obekelwe lityala. [FFF:]

Enye iNkxaso

Ukuqonda ukuba ukuvavanywa ngokupheleleyo kubiza imali eninzi, kubangela ixesha elininzi, kwaye kuyadinisa ngokweemvakalelo, iinkqubo zezomthetho zale mihla zikhuthaza ezinye iindlela zokuphikisa. I-Mediation ibandakanya iqela lesithathu elingathathi-nxaxheba elincedayo ukuba kungenelwe ingxoxo phakathi kwabarhoxiweyo, linceda ukuba bafikelele isivumelwano esamkelekileyo. I-Arbitration yinkqubo esesikweni apho umchasi-mthetho (okanye iqela) efumana ubungqina kwaye anikele isigqibo esibophelelayo, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kwemithetho efanayo yezomthetho njengenkundla. Iinkundla ezininzi ngoku zifuna amaqela ukuba azame ukuzama ukuvavanywa phambi kweentlobo ezithile zezibakalalo, njengokuba umthetho wentsapho okanye izityholo ezincinane. ADR ayithobi nje kuphela inkundla yenkundla kodwa ikwanegunya lokuyila izisombululo ezinokuthi iinkundla zingakwazi ukumisela amaqela eencwadini.

Imizekelo ebalaseleyo Yesisombululo

Iimpikiswano ezingokwembali ezisombululwe ngecandelo lejaji zilungise wonke ushishino. Umzekelo, ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-Marbury v. Madison (1803)] liyimbambano ngokumiswa kwekomiti egweba, inika iinkundla amandla okubetha imithetho engekho mgaqo-mthetho. Kumgangatho wemihla ngemihla, iinkundla ezincinane zisingatha izigidi zemilo, ukusuka kwimilo yetyala ukuya kumatyala angahlawulwayo, zinika umgaqo ofikeleliyo ngaphandle kokufuna amagqwetha.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo: Ukukhusela Ukukhululeka Komntu Ngamnye

Umsebenzi ongundoqo wekomiti yezomthetho kukusebenza njengomgcini-lungelo wamalungelo omgaqo-siseko nawamagunya edemokhrasi. Kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, iinkundla ziqinisekisa ukuba imithetho nezenzo zikarhulumente azingqubani nenkululeko esisiseko enjengentetho, unqulo, ukuzifihla, kunye nenkqubo efunekayo. Le ndima yokukhusela ibaluleke kakhulu kumaqela amancinane nakumaqela angenawo amandla ezobupolitika okukhusela izilangazelelo zawo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho.

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko kunye nokunyanzelwa kwejaji

Abagwebi bachaza amatyala amalungelo kunye nemiqathango yomgaqo-siseko ukuchaza umlinganiselo wehambo ekhuselekileyo. Umzekelo, uHlaziyo Lokuqala loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. luqinisekisa inkululeko yokuthetha, kodwa elo lungelo aliphelelanga. Iinkundla zisonge imida .ukuphelisa ubunyhukumo, ukunyeliswa, nokuphembelela ugonyamelo. Ngelixesha ukukhuselwa kwezopolitiko, ukusetyenziswa kwezobugcisa, kwanezenzo zomfuziselo ezifana nokutsha kweflegi. Ngokufanayo, ilungelo lokuqinisekisa ukuba abantu bafumana isaziso esifanelekileyo kunye nethuba lokuviwa ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente abahluthe ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla.

Ukufikelela Kokusesikweni Njengelungelo

Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo lunento yokwenza ukuba abantu abangakwazi ukufikelela kwiinkundla. Iinkqubo ezininzi zejaji zinika ubuchule obusezantsi: iinkqubo ezincinane zentengiso ezilungiselelwe abaxhasi abaphantsi, iiofisi zikawonke wonke zabamangalelwa abangenalwazi ngezaphuli-mthetho abangakwaziyo ukunikela ingcebiso, kunye neentlangano ezisemthethweni zokubonelela abantu abafumana imali ephantsi kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni. Noko ke, izithuba zokufikelela zihlala zilucelomngeni oluqhubekayo. Uhlolisiso lubonise ukuba umlinganiselo obalulekileyo weentsapho eziphantsi nezingenekayo ezilungeleleneyo ujongene neengxaki zamakhaya zamakhaya zamakhaya ngaphandle koncedo lwamagcisa. Iinkundla kunye neembutho zoo-bhari ziyaqhubeka zingenawo amacandelo aluncedo, iifomu ezilula, kunye nezisombululo zezobugcisa ezisekelwe kulo bhulokhwe.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Umthetho wokukhusela amalungelo elizwe

Izigqibo ezingenakulityalwa zezi ziko landisa okanye zikhuseleke kumalungelo abantu ngabanye. Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ivakalise ukukhetheka kohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke wonke, isebenzisa uLawulo lweSibonelelo soMmiselo weshumi elinesine (14) u-Claus's Succelight Provicement Clausle (Ukhuseleko olulinganayolic) ukubhukuqalisa amashumi eminyaka emfundiso e-injiko. Kutshanje, ukumiswa komtshato omnye-o-we-we-enye eUnited States kukhuselwe amalungelo azimeleyo, kunye nomthetho oluntu, u-odged.[FLD] ubonise ukuba ngabalawuli be-judic beloast (20) ekuqapheleni amalungelo amatsha, kwanawasebuhlanga, iiNkuvolulo lweNkulwayokulwayokulwayokulwayokunyelwayokunye i

Ukutolikwa Kwemithetho: ISikolo SaseOfisi SinguArbiter Wokugqibela

Imithetho ibhalwe ngokweemeko jikelele, kodwa kufuneka isetyenziswe kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo, ngokufuthi ezingabonwanga kwangaphambili. Umsebenzi wejaji otolika. Ngamanye amaxesha ubizwa ngokuba yi-stateory `isiseko'''. Ibalulekile ekunikeni intsingiselo eqinileyo kwimimiselo yemithetho. Ngokutoliko, iinkundla zicacisa izinto ezizizo, zizalisa izikhewu, kwaye ziqinisekise ukuba imithetho isetyenziswa ngokungaguquguqukiyo nangokungaguquguqukiyo.

Iindlela zokuchaza

Abagwebi basebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ukuchaza intsingiselo yomthetho. [[FLT:] indlela yokubhala ibhekisa kwintsingiselo ecacileyo yamagama asetyenzisweyo, ngokufuthi ixhomekeke kwisichazi magama kunye nomgaqo-ntetho. inxulumanisa uluhlu[ lufuna ukuqonda oko icebo lendlu yowiso-mthetho elicetyiweyo xa idlulisa umthetho, ukukhangela kwiingxelo zekomiti, iingxoxo zomgangatho, kunye nomongo wembali. [[FLT:]] ukusondela kuqhubekeke, kubuza okokuba yintoni injongo ebanzi okanye inkqubo elungiselelwe ngumthetho elungiselelwe ukuqhuba. Abagwetyisi, bangadibanisa ezi ndlela, kunye nezithethe ezahlukeneyo zomthetho (iiiindlela yomthetho eyahlukene.)

Uhlolo logwebo nomGaqo-siseko

Enye yeenkalo ezinamandla zokutolika kwesigwebo kukuhlola okulawulayo, kukujongana nemithetho kunye nezenzo zenkundla ezilawulayo zokuthobela umgaqo-siseko. Xa inkundla ifumanisa ukuba umthetho ungquzulana nemigaqo-siseko, unokuthi umthetho ungabi nanto kwaye ungabikho. Lo msebenzi ubeka ijaji njengendlela yokuhlola amasebe emithetho kunye negunya, ukuwathintela ekukhuseleni igunya lawo. Ngoxa uhlolo lwezomthetho lumiselwe ngokuqinileyo kumazwe afana neUnited States, iIndiya, neJamani, ihlala ingumbandela wengxoxo emalunga negunya layo ledemokhrasi. Abagxeki abagwebi abagwebi abangagwebi abamele badluliswe ngabameli abanyuliweyo; abachazi ukuba uphengululo lwezo-mthetho luyimfuneko ekukhuseleni amalungelo abo aphantsi nokugcina umthetho.

Ubuchule kunye nenkqubo yoMthetho oqhelekileyo

Kumazwe aqhelekileyo (umz., iUnited States, i-United Kingdom, i-Australia), iinkundla zibotshelelwe ngumgaqo we- stare decisis].

Ukukhuthazwa Kobulungisa Bentlalo: Ukuhambela Phambili Ngomthetho

Ngoxa iinkundla zidla ngokujongwa njengamaziko abambelele kwimigaqo elandelwa ngokulandela umzekelo, zikwadlala indima etshintshayo ekuqhubeni phambili ubulungisa bentlalo-ntle. Ngokuchaza iziqinisekiso zomgaqo-siseko zokulingana kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo, abagwebi bangayiphelisa imithetho yokulawula, amayeza okucwangcisa, kwaye bachaze imigaqo emitsha yokusesikweni. Lo msebenzi maxa wambi uchazwa ngokuthi “isenzo sobujaji,” nangona eli gama lithwesa impikiswano yezobupolitika. Nokuba ligama linikwe igama, iinkundla ziye zasebenzisa ekuthetheni nokungekho bulungisa kwembali.

Amalungelo asekuhlaleni nongquzulwano oluchaseneyo

Izigqibo zomthetho ziye zanegalelo ekunyuseni amalungelo abantu. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. inguMgaqo-siseko kwisigqibo se- ngokuphikisana. Virginia (67) yawisa imithetho ethintelayo ukutshata kwabantu abahlukeneyo. Iinkundla zaseIndiya ziye zaphelisa ucalucalulo olusekelwe kumaqela esizwe zaza zandisa amalungelo okudlulisa abantu ngabanye abantu. EMzantsi Afrika, iNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko iye yasebenzisa umgaqo-siseko wepost-parate ukuze iqhube amalungelo ezoqoqosho, kuquka ukufikelela kwizindlu, ukunyamekela impilo, kunye nemfundo. Ezi zimiselo zidla ngokunyanzela ukunyanzelisa iinguqu okanye ukunyanzeleka kwempatho yempatho yempatho, kodwa kwakhona zibonisa ukuvuma kobomi, izithembiso zomthetho zomthetho womthetho-ogqesho.

IJaji yokusingqongileyo nempilo Kawonke - wonke

Imithetho-mthetho yezentlalo kwinkqubo yokugweba ngoku iquka ukulondolozwa kwemekobume kunye nokungaguquguquki kwempilo. Iinkundla ziye zalamkela ilungelo lokusingqongileyo okusempilweni kwimimandla emininzi, zibeka oorhulumente etyala ngongcoliso okanye ukungathathi ntshukumo. Kwimpilo kawonke wonke, abagwebi baye bayalela ukuba amazwe anike amayeza asindisa ubomi, amanzi acocekileyo, okanye ukhuseleko olwaneleyo kuluntu oluphantsi kwemibutho. Ngoxa abahlalutyisi abagwebi abagwebi abagwebi abalungelelanisiweyo banokungamela ulwaniso oluntsonkothileyo, abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba maxa wambi iinkundla zinguwona maqela anokunyanzeleka utshintsho olunyanzelekileyo xa amanye amasebe engaphumeleli.

Imida Yokugweba Kwezeejaji

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba iinkundla zinemiqathango engokwemvelo. Zinokugqiba kuphela amatyala aziswe phambi kwazo; azinakuqalisa uphando okanye zimisele imimiselo ebanzi yenkqubo. Abagwebi nabo babotshelelwe ngemigangatho esemthethweni kunye nobungqina, obunokuthi buthintele amandla abo okubeka imilinganiselo yokungqukuva, ukukhangela phambili amayeza. Ngaphezu koko, izigqibo zomthetho zifanele zizalisekiswe, ezisoloko zifuna intsebenziswano kumasebe aphetheyo nawasemthethweni. Okuninzi okusesikweni okunempembelelo kusoloko kufuna imigudu eqhubekayo yokunyanzelelwa nokunyanzeliswa kwasekuhlaleni kunye noxinzelelo lukawonke wonke ukuze kufezekiswe ngokupheleleyo.

Ukuphendula: Ukuba namandla ekukhangeleni

Ijaji isebenza njengenkqubo ebalulekileyo yokuziphendulela, iqinisekisa ukuba abadlali babucala namagosa karhulumente oluntu babekelwe ityala ngehambo yabo. Ngaphandle kolawulo olunempumelelo, ukunganyaniseki, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, nokuchas-mthetho bekuya kusebenza ngemiqathango emininzi: ukutshutshiswa kwabenzi-bubi, ukubekwa ityala koburhulumente ngenxa yengozi, nokuhlolisiswa kwezenzo zikarhulumente.

Ukuziphendulela Ngokwesaphuli - mthetho

Eyona ndlela ingqalileyo yokuziphendulela yinkqubo yobulungisa yolwaphulo-mthetho, apho urhulumente egweba abantu abaphula imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kubandakanya kungekuphela nje ulwaphulo-mthetho oluqhelekileyo kodwa kwanetyala elimhlophe elifana nokuqhatha, ukurhwebelana, nokunyoba. Iinkundla eziphezulu zezolawulo lwezigqeba zenkampani kunye nezobupolitika zithumela umyalezo onamandla wokuba akukho mntu ungaphezulu komthetho. Noko ke, ukuqinisekisa ukuba uwiso lwetyala lufuna ukuba inkqubo ngokwayo ilungile, kwaye ifaneleke, okokuba ubungqina buqokelelwe ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye isohlwayo iyalingana. Unyuko lokuthuthwa kwequluko kunye nokugwetywa kweminya ngezalelo kubangele ukuba kufuneke utshintsho olungxamikileyo, kunye neenkundla maxa wazo zisebenza njengovavanyo kumandla omtshutshisi-gcunt.

Ukumanyana Nokusesikweni Okucwangcisiweyo

Iinkundla zamakhaya zigweba abantu ngabanye kunye nemibutho ebonzakalisayo ngomonakalo owenziweyo, imiyalelo, kunye nezinye iindlela zonyango. Inkampani evelisa imveliso enesiphene inokunikwa imbuyekezo; urhulumente ophula amalungelo omgaqo-siseko angayalelwa ukuba ayeke ukuziphatha kwayo okungekho mthethweni. Izenzo zombutho zivumela amaqela abantu afuna ukuqokelela ubuncwane babo, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukubeka ityala kwingozi ebanzi ngomonakalo okhoyo.

Ulawulo lorhulumente olungoojaji

Iinkundla ziphinda zihlole ukuba semthethweni kwezenzo zolawulo olulawulayo kunye nezolawulo ngobuchule obufana nohlolo lwezigwebo zomasebe kunye nezenzo zogwebo zemigaqo karhulumente. Abami bangalucel ’ umngeni ulwaphulo-mthetho olugqitha kwigunya lomthetho, oluchasene nenkqubo efanelekileyo okanye olungenalulawulo olufanelekileyo. Lo msebenzi wobuveleli ubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwiindawo ezifana nokunyanzeliswa kokuthunyelwa kwelizwe, ulawulo lwemekobume, kunye neengenelo-ntlalo-ntle. Umzekelo, iinkundla ziye zavala imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo engaphaya kwemiqathangomgaqo-siseko, imyalelo efunekayo kukhunjululwa amaxwebhu phantsi kwenkululeko yolwazi, okanye imigaqo efuna imigaqo-ovimba-mali engundoqo. Ngokulungiselela ukunyanzelwa kwemiqathangolo, imigaqo-yokulawula intlalo, imigaqo-ntlalo-ntle yentlalo-ntle efuna ukuba urhulumente isetyenziswe ngokwemidanganiso esemthethweni.

Inkululeko yejaji: IPrerefessite yeMisebenzi eSebenzayo

Yonke imisebenzi echazwe ngasentla ixhomekeke kwimeko enye yesiseko: ingcaciso ezimeleyo. Abagwebi kufuneka bakhululeke kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika, impembelelo yezoqoqosho, kunye nekhethe lobuqu ukuba baza kunikela izigqibo zokungakhethi. Inkululeko ikhuselwa ngeenkqubo ezifana nobomi okanye imigaqo emide, ukukhusela ekuhlawulweni kwentlawulo, kwaye imigaqo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha eqinileyo. Ixhaswe yinkxalabo yokuhlonela umthetho phakathi kwebutho labantu. Xa inkululeko yezomthetho ipheliswa ngenxa yokungacaluli-mthetho, ukusombulula, ukukhohlakaza, okanye ukunganyaniseki okuzinziswa kwenkundla, ```ijafidiary' ayinakukwazi ukucombulula ngokunelisa iimpikiswano, ukukhusela amalungelo, okanye ukuphatha igunya. Ukuzimela oku kungumngeni oqhubekayo, kwaye kufuna ukuhlala kusukelwa kubemi, oosomashishini bomthetho, nakwamanye amasebe.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kuhleli Kwenkqubo Yezeejaji

Inkqubo yokugweba ingaphezulu kakhulu kuneenkundla neejaji; ingumzekelo ophilayo womthetho. Ngemisebenzi yayo engundoqo, ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo, ukuchazwa kwemithetho, ukunyuselwa kobulungisa bentlalo, nokuqinisekisa ukuphendula okungunobangela wokuphumelela kwemeko apho inkundla ekhululekileyo nelungeleleneyo inokuba ngcono. Le misebenzi ixhomekeke kwimithetho esebenzayo: ngaphandle kokucaciswa ngokufanelekileyo, ukhuseleko lwamalungelo luba lungenamkhethe; ngaphandle kokuphenduliswa, ukuphikiswa, ukurhoxiswa kwesigqibo sawo. Ngoxa kungekho nkqubo yezomthetho igqibelelo igqibelele, kwaye isoloko ifuneka ukuphucula ukufikelela, ukugqibelela, nokulunga, indima engundoqo yeenkundla ihlala ibalulekile. Ukuqonda indlela inkqubo yezomthetho esebenza ngayo ayinyanzelekanga nje ekuqeqesheni amalungelo emfundoni, ekuvavaneni koluntu, nasekulawuleni ulawulo lomthetho, kwaye inika ulawulo oluphezulu, kwaye isebenza ngokugqithisileyo, abafundi behlabathi, kwaye baphendule ngokungqinelana, abafundi behlabathi, basebenzisane qhandyezo nje.

Ukuqhubeka kufundwa ngemigaqo exutyushwayo, ubuchule bokwenza uphando oluvela ku iFederal Judiary, Umthetho weZiko loMthetho we-Australia[, kunye ne-Open Society Society Itificity .