Urhulumente wase-United States usebenza phantsi kwenkqubo yokwahlula amagunya, namasebe amathathu alinganayo: uwiso-mthetho, umphathi, kunye nekomiti. Isebe ngalinye lenza imisebenzi eyahlukileyo, kodwa likwahlolana kwaye lilungelelanisa ukuthintela naliphi na isebe elinye ekufumaneni amandla agqithisileyo. Kubemi, ukuqonda indlela la masebe asebenza ngayo ekulawuleni yonke imihla kubalulekile ekuqondeni isakhiwo sedemokhrasi yaseMelika nasekubandakanyeni ubomi bentlalo. Imizekelo yehlabathi lenene ibangela le migaqo yomgaqo-siseko iqwalaselwe, ibonisa indlela ekwenziwa ngayo, enyanzeliswa ngayo, netolikwayo.

Isebe Elisemthethweni Liyasebenza

Isebe lowiso-mthetho, elimiselwe kwiGatya I lomGaqo-siseko, liquka iNdlu yeeNdlu zeMali neNdlu yabameli − eyaziwa ngokuququzelela njengeNdlu yeeNtloko. Imbopheleleko yalo eyintloko kukwenza imithetho, kodwa likwalawula ukusetyenziswa kwemali yesebe elilawulayo, ukuvakalisa imfazwe, nokulungiselela ukuphatha isebe eliphetheyo. Xa iBhunga liqhuba, limisela umgaqo wenkqubo wohlanga. Imizekelo emininzi ibonisa indlela elisebenza ngayo.

Umthetho: UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964

Omnye wemizekelo enamandla yesebe lowiso-mthetho eliphumeza indima yalo yokusebenza umthetho ngumthetho wokudlula koMthetho ka-1949. Lo mthetho wesibonelelo waluphelisa ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, umbala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. Inkqubo yaqalisa xa uMongameli John F.Kennedy wacebisa ukuba umthetho ngo-1965. Emva kokubulawa kwakhe, uMongameli uLydon B. uJohnson wacinezela iKhongoze i-kaliso le mithetho-B. Indlu yabameli yadlulisela ityala impikiswano enkulu, impikiswano, iintlawulo, kunye nenkqulungiso, kwaye iNxavana-60 yosuku lokuzalwa komthetho, isebenza ngokukhetha ukuvunywa kwayo. Ngoko umthetho waya kumongameli wesigqeqeshosho. Le micimbi yezo ngqungqu yemithetho ibonakalisa indlela abalawulwa ngayo iingqungqubano, kwaye iphume impumelelo yemithetho yesizwe eMelikastivani.

Ukulawula Nophando: I - Watergate Presepoint

Ukongeza ekwenzeni imithetho, iKhomishini ingumsebenzi osemthethweni wokongamela isebe eliphetheyo. Umzekelo ophawulekayo ngulo mbandela weKomiti ye-Senate Watergate ka 1973. Xa kwavela ubungqina bokuba ulawulo lweNixon lwaphule kwikomkhulu leKomiti yesiZwe seDemocratic kwaye ngoko lazama ukugquma ulwaphulo-mthetho, iBhunga limise ikomiti ekhethiweyo ukuba iphande. Ngoonogada bobungangameli, ubungqina, kunye nokuchotshelwa kwasekuhlaleni, ikomiti yabhenela ukuchatshazwa kwegunya. Lo msebenzi wolawulo wanyanzela ukurhoxiswa kwe-Rodeli Richard Nixon kwaye wakhokelela ekulungiseni iingcebiso ezizimeleyo. Uphando lweBhunga loburhulumente lujonge igunya elilawula igunya, lukhumbuza bonke oomongameli besebe ukuba ligcine igunya lokulawulwa.

Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali nohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali:

Minyaka le iBhunga kufuneka lidlulise iindleko zetyala ukuxhasa urhulumente. Le nkqubo iqala xa umongameli efaka isicelo soqingqo-mali. Ingqungquthela ihlola, iyaqinisa, iphinde ivumele ukuchitha iindleko ezilandelelanayo. Umzekelo, ngo-2023, iKhomishini yaphikisana [ Fiscal Junice Act , ephakamisa ityala], ephakamisa isiseko ngexa ebeka ii-steppers. Ukungaphumeleli ukukhupha iindleko-mvomfa kunokuthi kubangele ukuba oorhulumente bavila, njengoko kwenzeka ngo-2018181818 kunye no-2019. La madabi ohlaliyo abonisa ukuba “amandla emali yemali” kunye namandla ayo okulawula ingeniso. I-Massains Congss Carent iyakwazi ukubona indlela enziwe ngayo yonke into yokuzikhusela kwiinkqubo zentlalo.

Isebe Elinolawulo oluphezulu Liyasebenza

Isebe elilawulayo, elikhokelwa ngumongameli, linembopheleleko yokunyanzelisa nokumisela imithetho karhulumente. UmGaqo-siseko ufaka amandla okubulala kumongameli omnye, oxhaswa lulawulo olukhulu lwamasebe namaqumrhu. Imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo ichaphazela wonke umntu waseMelika, kwaye izenzo zalo zidla ngokudala ingxoxo ngomgangatho wegunya lomongameli.

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo: Isenzo esiLahliweyo sokufikela kobuntwana (DACA)

Esinye sezixhobo ezidla ngokuxoxwa kwisebe elilawulayo ngumyalelo olawulayo. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko ungakhankanyi ngokucacileyo imiyalelo yegunya, oomongameli baye bayisebenzisa ukususela ngoGeorge Washington ukukhokelwa kwemisebenzi karhulumente wezwe ngo-2012. Umzekelo obalaseleyo okhoyo ngulo Isenzo esithenjiweyo sokufika kwabantwana bekwiminyaka emibini engaphambili bevela ekugxothweni nokufumana imvume yomsebenzi. Umyalelo wequmrhu lolawulo lwaseKhaya [FLT], umiselwe nguMongameli Barback Oma ngo-2012. UDA uvumela abaphambukeli abathile abangahlaliyo abafikayo ukuba bafumane iziphumo eziphinda-phinde zivuse, ngokokuba baphinde bafumane ixesha elizinziswe kwimeko eziphezulu ze-Rhulumente. Umyalelo olawulayo ugunya-mthetho ubhekiselwa kwiSebe lokhuseleko lwezo lweSebe lokhuseleko lokulondolo lwezwezwe ukuba baphumele inkqubo esemthethweni. Lo mzekelo ubonise indlela yokulawulayo kwiBhunga lomthetho. Lo mzekelo uGakalk.

Umgaqo - siseko Wamanye Amazwe Nezindululo: Imali Yenyukliya YaseIran

Isebe eliphetheyo linegunya eliyintloko kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe, kuquka ingxoxo yezivumelwano kunye nezivumelwano eziphezulu. I-Att Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA], eyaziwa ngokuba lityala lenyukliya laseIran, yayiyisivumelwano esifikelelweyo phakathi ko 2015 kunye namagunya amathandathu ehlabathi. Ulawulo lwe-Obama lwaxoxa ngokwenziwa ngaphandle kwesivumelwano esisesikweni, endaweni yokuyibeka njengesivumelwano solawulo, esifuna uninzi lwevoti yeBhunga eCongressonress kunokuba kube zi-3 ezintathu zendlu. Isebe eliphetheyo lathi isivumelwano asisiso isivumelwano kodwa isenzo esiphambili esijoliswe ekuthinteni iIran ekwakheni izixhobo zenyukliya. Xa uMongameli uChmp eUnited States eUnited States, usebenzise ukuvumelana kwamandla akhe aphakamileyo kuphela kwisivumelwano solawulo lwehlabathi lonke. Eli sebe lichaza indlela elinokutshintsha ngayo ulawulo lwelizwe lonke.

Ukunyanzeliswa Komthetho: ISebe Lokusesikweni Nezenzo Zokungathembani

Isebe elilawulayo linyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente ngoorhulumente abafana neSebe leMithetho yeSigqibo (DOJ). Umzekelo ophezulu we-profile ngumzekelo we-DOJ ochasene nokuthembeka ekwayaleni uGoogle, obekwe ngo-202020. Isebe lathi i-Centu ephezulu igcine ngokungekho mthethweni i-odonal e-odoct ekhangela nokuphengulula. I-DOJ, njengenxalenye yesebe eliphetheyo, iqokelela ubungqina, yaza yazisa ityala kwinkundla yesebe elilawulayo. Eli nyathelo libonisa indima yomphathi ekumiselweni kwemithetho edluliselweyo i-Bhunga. Ayiyichazi nje ngokulula imithetho; ihlola ngokungxamisekileyo ukuchasana nokukhuselwa kwemithetho.

Amandla eMpahla: Impendulo ye-COVID-19

Ngexesha longxamiseko lwesizwe, isebe elilawulayo lidla ngokunika ulawulo oluphezulu amagunya angakumbi. UMongameli uDonald Trump wavakalisa ungxamiseko lwesizwe ngoMatshi 2020 esabela kwisifo se-COVID-19. Esi sindululo sabangela ukuba kusebenze [ Stafford] uMthetho neminye imithetho, enika umongameli igunya lokulawula ubuncwane bezixhobo zikarhulumente, imimiselo ethile, kwaye asasaze izimali ezithile. Isebe eliphetheyo, lisebenzisa iziko lolawulo lwezifo ne-CPhondo (CDC) kunye ne-Freferederal Emetermagency Agency Agency (ENT), ilungele iimpendulo ezithiyo zoncedo, ukuvelisa ukusetyenziswa kwemichizamkelo, ukukhupha imiqathango yoncedo, nokuhambisa imiqathango yezo, kwanezo ezithenjiweyo.

Isebe Eligwebayo Liyasebenza

Isebe lejaji, elikhokelwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kuquka neenkundla ezisezantsi zezemali, lichaza imithetho lize liqinisekise ukuba ivumelana nomGaqo-siseko. Amandla alo okuhlola ityala, /igunya lokuwisa imithetho nezenzo ezilawulayo ezichasene nomGaqo-siseko (/ili-mbombo lenkqubo yaseMerika). Imizekelo engezantsi ibonisa indlela iinkundla ezibumba ngayo umthetho nemigaqo.

IRecuage Review: Marbury v. Madison

Umzekelo osisiseko wenyathelo lesebe lokugweba ngumzekelo wetyala uMarbury v. Madison (1803). Ngalo ndlela, iNkundla ePhakamileyo, ikhokelwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo uJohn Marshall, yamisa umgaqo wokuhlola isebe lomthetho. UWilliam Marbury wayemiswe njengobulungisa boxolo nguMongameli John Adams, kodwa xa uThomas Jefferson wathatha isikhundla, unobhala wakhe wesizwe, uJames Maconson, wala ukudlulisela ulawulo. Inkundla Ephakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba ngoxa uMarbury yayinelungelo logunya lakhe, inkundla ayinakunikela ingxelo ngenxa yokuba umthetho ogunyaze, uVuse umthetho ogunyaziswe kweso ngokomthetho woMgaqo-onke, ingekavuselelekelelwa kweso ngokomthetho wesizwe.

Ummiselo womGaqo-siseko wophawu lwelizwe: Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo

Omnye umzekelo obalulekileyo ngu- Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954), apho iNkundla Ephakamileyo yavakalisa ngamxhelo mnye ukuba ukucalucalulana kwesizwe kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke kwaphula umthetho woKhuselo lwe-Celas ye-144th Amenu Amend Amend Amend. Ityala larhoxa ityala “elihlukeneyo kodwa elilinganayo” imfundiso emiselwe [[FLT:] Phoverson[[FLT]] v.[[FLT] [[56] [186].). Isigqibo seNkusebenza kwe-mgaqo-mthetho asizange sisuse zonke izikolo; lafuna ukunyanzelwa okulandelayo yinkundla yesebe eliphetheyo kunye neyaselulawulo. Kodwa esi sigqibo siphendukunyulwayo sikhuthaza uluntu lwe-Melikanvoni kwaye sikhokelela kwisenzo esifana ne-Rogractic Active (1966666). Isebe lesebe lokugweba lomthetho lomthetho lomthetho lomthetho lomthetho

Izenzo Zolawulo Oluphezulu: Trump v. Hawaii

Isebe lejaji likwahlola imiyalelo kunye nezenzo zolawulo oluphezulu kumazwe amaninzi. Kwi- Trump v. Hawaii (2088) iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa uMongameli uDonald Trump ukuba umthetho olawulayo wokwalathisa ukuhamba kumazwe amaninzi amaSilamsi-madule. INkundla yafumanisa ukuba umyalelo wolawulo lwesizwe wawunobulungisa obaneleyo, nangona abagxeki babewuphikisayo wawuphenjelelwa lucalulo lonqulo. Ityala labonisa ukuba icandelo lejajidica liya kuthobela isebe eliphetheyo kwimicimbi yesizwe neyokufuduka, kodwa likwabeka nomgangatho wokungasebenzi kwayo xa ithobeko. Ngokukodwa, iinkundla ziye zawisa imiyalelo yezobugcubagcisa, njengoko izama ukuzama ukuvala ityala i-DRUka.

Ukutolika iMithetho: IChevron Deference

IChevenron U.S.A., Inc. v. IZibonelelo zemvelo zeKhomishini yokhuselo, Inc. (19984), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseka isiseko sendlela iinkundla ezifanele zihlole ngayo iinkcazelo zoomasebe. Phantsi kweminyaka yakutshanje iNkundla ePhakamileyo ishukumayo iChevron enzekayo,” ukuba umthetho wenkundla umele ubambeke ngokulula, inkundla ifanele ibonise ukucaciswa ngokufanelekileyo yiqululo olufanelekileyo yintlangano. Le mfundiso yanika amandla aphakamileyo kumaziko esebe ukuzalisa iinkcukacha ezidluliselwe yiBhunga. Noko ke, kwiminyaka yakutshanje iNkundla ephakamileyo ishukuye yashukuma imigaqo egcinywe yimithetho egqwenga ngamandla, njengoko ibona kusenziwa kwiimeko ezifana [Foktron] V. [2] V.[222] [FF], apho ukuchana kukhuselwa kweNgwebo olusebenzayo lweNkusetyenziswa kwemi eMkhosi loMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano Olusebenzayo

Ukwahlulwa kwamandla akuzukusebenza ngaphandle kwesixokelelwano sokukhangela nokulinganisela. Isebe ngalinye linendlela zokuthintela amanye, kwaye imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene ibonisa olu nxibelelwano.

I-Ecustomss (iNjongo)

Umzekelo ocacileyo wokuhlola nokulinganisela ngamandla. Umongameli angawubeka umthetho odluliswa yiBhunga, kodwa iKhomyutha ingawugqitha loo nto kunye noninzi oluzii-3 ezimbini kumagumbi omabini. Ngo-2020, iKhomishini yavota ukukhupha uMongameli Trump’sveto ye- uMthetho we-National Defective Communic [[[FLTLT:1]]. Ngexesha lokuqala ngexesha lobungangameli bakhe, iveto yayinoMphathi-Mmandla, iphawula ukuba iBhunga laline-bipartarian eyaneleyo yokuchasa umongameli. Lo mzekelo ubonisa ukuba isebe le-Provisg liyakwazi ukugqitha umthetho phezu kwayo phezu kwayo naphantsi kwenkcawase-Prentersi.

UMthetho oPhawulweyo weNkxaso

Ijudicary ingabetha imithetho edluliswe yiBhunga. Liyamanyene neUnited States v. Lopez (1995), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba iBhunga lingaphaya kwegunya layo lezorhwebo lika Claus xa lidlula kwiSikolo seMinion-Sikhulu, esenza ukuba ibe ngumthetho karhulumente ukuba ube nemipu kufuphi nesikolo. INkundla yafumanisa ukuba umthetho awunawo umsebenzi oqinileyo ngokongawaneleyo kwaye ngaloo ndlela ukonakalisa amagunya amapolisa. Ngokungawuthomalalisiyo umthetho wezomthetho, i-judiary ivavanya umthetho woGun-Moners Coolseys Activeums kwaye yaqinisekisa kwakhona umgaqo wegunya lorhulumente olinganiselweyo.

Amandla ePardon

Umongameli unamandla okuxolela ulwaphulo-mthetho lukarhulumente, olunokuthi lumelane nezigqibo zesebe lezahlulelo. Umzekelo, uMongameli uGerald Ford waxolela uRichard Nixon ngalo naluphi na ulwaphulo-mthetho asenokuba walwenzile kwihlazo leWatergate. Eli gunya lokuxolela linguvavanyo kwijaji kwaye linokusetyenziswa ukuze kuboniswe inceba okanye ngenxa yezizathu zobupolitika. Noko ke, alinakusetyenziswa ukubhukuqa amatyala kwiinkundla zikarhulumente okanye kwiimeko ezithile. Eli gunya libalaselisa indima ekhethekileyo yesikhulu esiphetheyo njengomgwebi wokugqibela wetyala.

Isizathu Sokuba Wonke Ummi Afanele Ayiqonde Le Mizekeliso

Ukuqonda amasebe amathathu ngemizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene asiyondlela yokufunda nje. Kunika abemi amandla okugcina urhulumente wabo ephendulekile. Xa abemi bebona indlela iBhunga eliyidlulisa ngayo imithetho, indlela inkundla echaza ngayo imithetho kamongameli, nendlela iinkundla eziwuchaza ngayo umGaqo-siseko, banokuyivavanya bhetele imisebenzi yamagosa anyuliweyo nokufuna ukuba cace. Umzekelo, ukuqonda ukuba umongameli akanakukwazi ukusungula imfazwe (uMkhosi unalo elo gunya) unceda abemi bahlole iingxoxo ngezenzo zomkhosi. Ukwazi ukuba iNkundla Ephakamileyo inokwenza abemi baqonde izibondawo zokumiswa kowiso.

Ngaphezu koko, le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ayikho nto ithile; yinkqubo ephilayo ebumba ubomi baseMelika. Ukusabela kwisifo se-CHOVAD-19, ingxoxo engomgaqo-nkqubo wokufuduka, nokulwela amalungelo asekuhlaleni konke kubandakanya intsebenziswano phakathi kwamasebe. Abami abawabambayo la mandla baxhotyiswe bhetele ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwintetho yesidlangalala, ukuvota, kunye nokuxhasa utshintsho.

Kwihlabathi apho uqhekeko lwezobupolitika ludla ngokukhokelela ekudidekeni ngemisebenzi karhulumente, ukuqonda okucacileyo okukhuthaza impilo yentlalo-ntle. Amasebe amathathu ayilelwe ukusebenza kunye, kwanaxa engqubana. Imizekelo ekweli nqaku ``kusukela kuMthetho wamalungelo oluntu ukuya kuBrown v. ibhodi, ukusuka kwi-DACA ukuya ku-Chevron shown-shown ukuba isebe ngalinye lisebenza ngendlela eyahlukileyo kwaye akukho nalinamandla. Ngokufunda indlela la masebe asebenza nokusabela, abemi bangabuxabisa ubugosa bemi bomGaqo-siseko kunye noxanduva lwabantu abazihambela ngokwabo.

[[UMTL] izibonelelo ze-Extel ukuze zifundwe ngokubhekele phaya:[[UMTL:1]