Ukuqonda Iintsika Ezintathu Zolawulo

Mihla le, abemi basebenzisana neenkonzo zikarhulumente, ukusuka ekuseleni amanzi acocekileyo nasekuqhubeni kwindlela ekhuselekileyo ukuya kufumana iposi nokuhlawula irhafu. Kodwa abantu abaninzi bazama ukuqonda umgangatho karhulumente obekek' ityala ngoko. Esi sikhokelo sicacisa iindima ezahlukileyo zikarhulumente, urhulumente, noorhulumente basekuhlaleni, sichaza indlela umgangatho ngamnye ochaphazela ngayo ubomi bakho nendlela abasebenza ngayo kunye ngayo ekudaleni ibutho labantu elizinzileyo.

Ukwazi ukuba ngubani oza kubiza u-(/nabani oza kuphendula) ufanele ubandakanye ngokunempumelelo nabameli bakho kunye nabameli bakho ukuze utshintshe. Ukuba ungumfundi, umvoti omtsha, okanye uthile okhangeleka kakuhle kubomi boluntu, olu shwankathelo lwandisiweyo luza kukunika imaphu ecacileyo yendlela elinikwa ngayo igunya nembopheleleko.

Ziziphi Izikhundla Eziphambili Zikarhulumente?

Uninzi lwamazwe edemokhrasi, kuquka iUnited States, asebenza phantsi kwenkqubo karhulumente . Le nkqubo yahlula-hlula igunya phakathi korhulumente wesizwe osembindini kunye noorhulumente bengingqi abancinci.

  • [[UMTL:0] IFederal (umhlaba) – uxanduva lwemicimbi echaphazela ilizwe lonke.
  • Isimo – iphatha imiba echaziwe kumanqaku angamashumi amahlanu.
  • esendaweni engqongileyo – ilawula izixeko, ubalo, iidolophu, kunye nezithili ezikhethekileyo.

Umgangatho ngamnye ufumana amandla awo kumgaqo-siseko okanye kumgaqo-siseko. UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unika urhulumente wesizwe (umz., unika imali, ukwazisa imfazwe), ngoxa ugcina amanye kumazwe (umz., uqhuba unyulo, ukulawula urhwebo lwamazwe). Oorhulumente bengingqi, badalwa ngoorhulumente besizwe yaye banandiphe i-emele.

Le ndlela ingumaleko ikhusela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ukuba ibe namandla kakhulu kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zenziwe ngokusondeleyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka kubantu abachaphazelekayo. Noko ke, ikwadala ukuba kube nengxaki. Umzekelo, iprojekthi yendlela isenokubandakanya inkxaso-mali yesizwe, imigangatho yoyilo lukarhulumente, kunye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni olulungelelanisayo kuwo onke amaqondo amathathu.

URhulumente woManyano: Igosa lesiZwe

Urhulumente ophetheyo uhleli phezulu kwiqela labefundisi. Ligunya eliphakamileyo elikwilizwe kwaye imithetho yalo idla ngokuthatha indawo yombuso nemithetho yasekuhlaleni (phantsi koMgaqo-siseko we-U.S.). Urhulumente wengingqi unamasebe amathathu: umthetho (uMongameli), umphathi (uMongameli namaqumrhu) kunye nekomiti echola umthetho (inkundla zolawulo).

Iimbopheleleko zoManyano zikaRhulumente woManyano

  • Ukhuselo lwesizwe kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle: Urhulumente wezwe ugcina imikhosi exhobileyo, izivumelwano, imela ilizwe kwimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe, kunye nee-passsport. Ngumgangatho kuphela onokubhengeza imfazwe okanye ubandakanyeke kulawulo-mazwana.
  • I-Interstate Mothematist and Economic Policy: Congress ilawula urhwebo phakathi kwamazwe namazwe asemzini. ISebe lorhwebo longamela izivumelwano zorhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe, ngelixa iFederal Reserve ilawula inkqubo yemali ukulawula ukunyuka kwamaxabiso emali kunye nomsebenzi.
  • Ukhuseleko lokhuseleko nokhuseleko lweMedicare: Ezi nkqubo zikarhulumente zinika abaphambukileyo, abantu abakhubazekileyo, nabanye abantu. Zixhaswa ngemali ngerhafu yerhafu eqokelelwe zweni lonke.
  • Ukhuseleko lwezenkcubeko: I-EPA yeNkcubeko yokuKhuselwa koMmandla (Environmental Protection Agency) imisela imilinganiselo yelizwe lonke yomgangatho womoya namanzi, ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma eyingozi, kunye nokhuseleko lwemichiza. Amazwe angamkela imigangatho engqongqo, kodwa umthetho wesizwe unika isiseko somgca.
  • Amalungelo eCivil kunye noHlomelo: imithetho yoManyano enjenge-Civil Rights Act yokwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufana, ubufana, unqulo, kunye nokukhubazeka. Urhulumente wengingqi ukwalawula inkqubo yokufuduka, ukwenziwa kwendalo, kunye nokhuseleko lomda.

Enye imbopheleleko enkulu esoloko ingahoywa yi- imali exhasa uphando nophuhliso. Imisebenzi efana neNational Institutes of Health (NIH) kunye neNational Science Foundation (NSF) ingenisa amawaka ezigidi kwingxelo yenzululwazi neyezamayeza ezinceda lonke ilizwe.

Ukuqhekeka okunenkcukacha kwamandla orhulumente, ukucatshulwa kweHolo yeWhite urhulumente wase-U.S. yindawo entle yokuqalisa.

Indlela Urhulumente Womanyano Abuchaphazela Ngayo Ubomi Bakho Bemihla Ngemihla

Xa uthumela ileta, i-United States Postal Service +a isebe lesizwe eliyinika. Xa utya ukutya, iFood and Drug Administration (FDA) iqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwayo. Xa uqhuba uhola kuhola wendlela ephakathi, imali karhulumente inegalelo ekwakhekeni kwayo. Kwanee-cell yakho zixhomekeke kulwabiwo lwemithetho yesebe lweKhomishoni (FFCCC). Urhulumente wengingqi uthetha phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi banamhlanje, nangona ubukho bayo bunokuziva bukude.

URhulumente Welizwe: Imisebenzi Yolawulo - melo

Oorhulumente belizwe basebenza phantsi kwegunya lenkqubo yesizwe kodwa banazo izikhundla ezibalulekileyo. Urhulumente ngamnye unomgaqo-siseko wakhe, irhuluneli, indlu yowiso-mthetho, kunye nenkqubo yenkundla. Amazwana asoloko ebizwa " amaqumrhu edemokhrasi" ngenxa yokuba angalinga ngemigaqo-nkqubo `eyokulungisa impilo, imilinganiselo yemfundo, kunye nemimiselo yemekobume" ngaphambi kokuba athatyathwe njengesizwe.

Iimbopheleleko zikarhulumente weRhulumente

  • Imfundo: Amazwe amisela imigangatho yofundo, izikolo zikawonke-wonke zemali zeK-12 (ngokufuthi ngokudibanisa irhafu karhulumente nempahla yasekuhlaleni), kunye nokwangamela iiyunivesithi zikawonke-wonke. Kwakhona anika uvavanyo olusezantsi kunye nomfundisi-lwazi.
  • Unikezelo:[[[FT:1] amasebe karhulumente ezothutho agcina iindlela zikarhulumente, iibhulorho, kunye neenkqubo zothutho lukawonke-wonke. Bakwalawula ulungiso lomqhubi kunye nobhaliso lwezithuthi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukunyamekela impilo yoluntu: Amazwe asebenzisa iinkqubo zeMedicaid (nemali karhulumente), alawula izibhedlele kunye ne-inshorensi yempilo, kwaye aqhuba amaphulo ezempilo kawonke-wonke. Amazwe akwagcina iingxelo zokuzalwa, ukufa, imitshato, noqhawulo-mtshato.
  • Public Safety and Criminal Justice: Amapolisa aseburhulumenteni ajikeleza kwiindlela zendlela nakwiindawo zasemaphandleni; iinkundla zikarhulumente zisingatha amatyala amaninzi olwaphulo-mthetho nawabemi. Iintolongo zeli lizwe ezivalelwe ngetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho olubi, lo gama iibhodi zelizwano ziyakwazi ukukhulula izigqibo.
  • [[Uhlaziyo:0] Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali noHlelo-mali: Amazwe aqokelela iirhafu zengeniso, iirhafu zentengiso, kunye nezinye iintlawulo. Anikezela ngemali yemfundo, izibonelelo, iinkonzo zoluntu, kunye nezinye. Uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente ludla ngokugqitha amawaka ezigidi zeerandi ngonyaka.
  • Unyulo kunye nokuvota: Ama-United States amisela imithetho yonyulo (ngemigaqo yorhulumente), azoba imida yesithili sobungqungquthela kunye nemithetho-siseko (ukuphinda kuhlaziywe), kwaye anike unyulo lwengingqi, urhulumente, nee-ofisi zasekuhlaleni.

Ngenxa yokuba amazwe anamandla okulawula impilo nokhuseleko kwimida yawo, anokuvelisa imithetho ephathelele ukulawulwa kompu, ukuqhomfa, ukwamkelwa komya ngokusemthethweni, nokungaphili ngendlela efanelekileyo kwezonyango eyahluka kakhulu kwilizwe ngalinye.

Uhlolo lwetyala: ulungiselelo lokusingqongileyo olukumgangatho kaRhulumente

Ngokomzekelo, iKhalifoniya ineziko layo lokusingqongileyo (CALPA) kwaye imisela imilinganiselo engqongqo yokukhutshwa kwezithuthi kune-rhulumente worhulumente. Amanye amaphondo angamkela imilinganiselo yeKhalifoniya okanye anamathele kwiimfuno zikarhulumente. Oku kutshintsha kuvumela amazwe ukuba avumelane nemigaqo-nkqubo yezo ndawo ahlala kuyo.

Urhulumente Wasekuhlaleni: Apho Uhlala Khona Uze Usebenze Khona

Oorhulumente bendawo basondelene kakhulu nabantu kwaye basoloko benomphumo othe ngqo kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Baquka ubalo, izixeko, iidolophu, iilokishi, iidolophana, kunye nesithili esikhethekileyo (njengeebhodi zesikolo, amagunya amanzi, kunye neengingqi zethala leencwadi). Oorhulumente bafumana amandla abo kwimithetho-siseko yorhulumente kunye nemimiselo, kwaye bakhokelwa ngumphathi-dolophu okanye ingingqi, ibhunganiso yesixeko okanye ingingqi, kunye neebhodi ezahlukeneyo.

Iimbopheleleko zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni

  • Imisebenzi yePublic kunye ne-Unicity: oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banika amanzi okusela acocekileyo, indlela yokucoca ukungcola, ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma, kunye nezibane zesitrato. Bakwagcina iindlela zasekuhlaleni, iindlela ezihamba ecaleni kwendlela, kunye neepayipi ezikhutshwayo.
  • Umthetho onyanzelisa umkhosi kunye neeNkonzo zomlilo zasekuhlaleni: amasebe amapolisa ajikeleza ammandla, asabela kwiimeko ezimaxongo, kwaye anyanzelisa imithetho yasekuhlaleni. Amasebe omlilo aphatha imililo, oongxamiseko bezonyango, kunye nemisebenzi yokuhlangula.
  • Ukwakha nokusebenzisa umhlaba: amakhomishini okucwangcisa asekuhlaleni agqiba apho amakhaya, amashishini, kunye neefektri zingakhiwa khona. Zilawula ikhowudi yokwakha, ubungakanani obuninzi, kunye nempahla esetyenziswayo.
  • Izakhiwo, uHlomelo, kunye neThala leeNcwadi: izixeko kunye namathala eencwadi asebenzisa iipaki zikawonke-wonke, amaziko oluntu, amaqula okuqubha, kunye namathala eencwadi. Ezi zinto zibangela ubomi bubenobunjani kwaye zixhaswa kakhulu ziirhafu kunye neerhafu zempahla zasekuhlaleni.
  • Unikezelo (Izithili zeSikolo): Nangona inkqubo karhulumente imisela imigangatho, iibhodi zesikolo zobulali zilawula imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla yezikolo zikawonke-wonke: ukuqesha iinqununu, ukuxhasa izifundo, kunye neziko lokugcina. Iibhodi zesikolo zinyulwa ngabahlali basekuhlaleni.
  • Unyulo noHlulo lweNtlanganiso: Oomabhalana bengingqi bongamela ukubhaliswa kovoti, ukuqhuba unyulo, nokugcina iingxelo zempahla, iilayisensi zomtshato, kunye nemvume yeshishini.

Kwimimandla emininzi, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banawo amandla alawulayo `igunya lokumisela amasiko empilo kawonke-wonke, ukhuseleko, kunye nentlalo-ntle. Oku kuquka imimiselo yengxolo, imithetho yeleash, iimfuno zokususwa kwekhephu, kunye nokubekwa kwemibutho yezoshishino.

Umzekelo wehlabathi lokwenene: Umngxuma kwiMain Street

Khawucinge nje umngxuma uvela kwiMain Street. Ukuba iMain Street sisitrato sesixeko, isebe likawonke-wonke lesixeko liza kuyilungisa. Ukuba nguhola wendlela karhulumente, isebe lezothutho eliwuphetheyo. Ukuba nguhola wendlela wasentla, urhulumente wezwe (iFederal Highway Administration) unika inkxaso-mali, kodwa urhulumente ulawula ulungiso. Ukuqonda umgangatho wendlela kuyanceda abemi ukuba balawule izikhalazo zabo qhamvozo qha, kwaye abavoti-jni babo bamagosa asekunene.

Indlela Amanqanaba Ongenelelo Lorhulumente

Akukho mgangatho usebenza ngokuzimela. Abaseki benza inkqubo yamandla asulelweyo nangenayo afuna intsebenziswano / kwaye maxa wambi ingxabano.

Oomatshini abangundoqo bokuncedisa

  • Abangeni-in-Aid:[ Urhulumente wezwe unika izibonelelo kumaphondo nakwimimandla ethile ngokweenjongo ezikhethekileyo: ukwakhiwa kohola-ndlela, utshintsho lwemfundo (umz., iSihloko Ixhasa inkxaso yezikolo ezifumana imali ephantsi), iinkqubo zonyango lukawonke-wonke (umz., Mdicaid), kunye nentlekele. Le mali isoloko iza neemeko (imigca edityanisiweyo) zobume bemo.
  • Amathunja:[ urhulumente wengingqi angafuna iimeko zokuzalisekisa iinkqubo ezithile, ezifana nemigangatho yemekobume okanye iimfuno zokufumaneka phantsi koMthetho wokuKhubazeka. Ngamanye amaxesha ezi miyalelo ziyahlawulwa; maxa wambi azibhaliswanga.
  • Izihlanganisi zeInterstate: Ama- States angena kwizivumelwano kunye nenye, umzekelo, ukwabelana ngamalungelo amanzi, ukulawula amagunya ezothutho, okanye ukulungelelanisa imigudu yokulwa ulwaphulo-mthetho. Le miqulunqi ifuna ukuvunyelwa kwengqungquthela.
  • Intelekelelo: Xa umthetho worhulumente uvala ngokucacileyo urhulumente okanye umthetho wasekuhlaleni `njengokunyanzeliswa kwento yokufuduka okanye ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma eyingozi'. Ngokuchaseneyo, imithetho karhulumente iyakwazi ukuphelisa imithetho yasekuhlaleni (umz., urhulumente ovalela ukuvalwa kwengxowa yeplastiki).
  • IsiFedera-mikhosi soNyaka soNyaka: Iinkqubo ezininzi zale mihla zibandakanya onke amaqondo amathathu. UMthetho weNgqongqo-bume yeNkqutyana-ntle (NEPA) ufuna ukuba amasebe kazwelonke ahlole iziphumo zemekobume, kodwa asoloko esebenzisana nezixhobo zikarhulumente kunye nezobulali. Ukusabela kwintlekele yendalo enjengeSiphethubelezi uKatrina okanye indyikitya enjenge-COVOVID-19 ibonise imfuneko yomanyano olungenazintloniyo/ kwaye oko kwenzeka xa ithe yaphuka.

Khangela kwaye Ungqinelwano Ngaphaya Kwamanqanaba

Ngenxa yokuba amandla esasazwa, abemi banamathuba amaninzi okuphembelela. Ukuba akuyithandi inkqubo karhulumente, ungalinyanzela ilungu lakho leBhunga. Ukuba umthetho karhulumente awusebenzi, ungabalekela kwindlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente okanye uxhase inyathelo lokuqala lonogada. Kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, ukuya kwintlanganiso yebhunga lesixeko okanye kwibhodi yesikolo evakalayo kungavelisa iziphumo ezikhawulezileyo. Oku kufikelela kwemigangatho emininzi kungoko kulelona sixokelelwano sorhulumente.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Urhulumente Kubaluleke

Ukwazi ukuba umgangatho ongakanani kukunceda:

  • Umkhuphi wovavanyo. Ungavavanya abo baza kubhaptizwa ngokusekelwe kumandla okwenene eofisi abawafunayo. Umlandeli webhunga lesixeko akanakuwutshintsha umthetho wequmrhu lokufuduka, kwaye i-sentener ye-U.S. ayikwazi ukulungisa ngqo umngxuma wobulali.
  • Ingxaki zicombululeka ngokukhawuleza. Ukujongena nesikhalazo sengxolo esivela kummelwane? Ukunxibelelana namapolisa asekuhlaleni okanye ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho yesixeko / hayi irhuluneli. Ijoni lijongene nomthetho omtsha karhulumente? Ummeli wakho kwiKhonkxalathelane uluqhakamshelwano oluchaneyo.
  • Amagosa angayi kuphendula. Ukuba urhulumente akakwazi ukuxhasa imfundo ngokwaneleyo, uyazi ukuba ngubani obeke ityala (nabani ofanele avote). Ukuba urhulumente worhulumente udebeselele ukhuseleko lwesizwe, umongameli kunye neBhunga umele athwale imbopheleleko.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kobuchule. Ungajolisa iphulo lakho kumgangatho ofanelekileyo: tyhala utshintsho lwendawo ukukhuthaza izindlu ezinokufikeleleka, umeli womthetho wemozulu, okanye iphulo lephulo lemali eliselurhulumenteni lokuhlaziyweni.

Imbono Eqhelekileyo Engachananga Ngamaqondo Karhulumente

Abemi abaninzi baneengcamango eziphosakeleyo ezinokukhokelela kunxunguphalo okanye kwizenzo ezingafanelekanga. Nazi izicaci ezimbalwa:

Imbono ephosakeleyo 1: “Urhulumente Wesizwe Ulawula Yonke Into”

Ngoxa igunya likarhulumente lininzi, uMphetho weSihlalo weshumi ugcina amagunya amaninzi kumaphondo. Ngokomzekelo, urhulumente akalawuli ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, amapolisa asekuhlaleni, inkoliso yemfundo, okanye imithetho yomtshato — nangona isenokunikela izikhuthazo okanye imisele imilinganiselo encinane.

Imbono ephosakeleyo 2: “Urhulumente Wesimo Usoloko Ungaphezulu Kurhulumente Wasekuhlaleni”

Amazwe angayiphelisa imithetho yasekuhlaleni, kodwa asoloko enika izixeko ulawulo lwamakhaya, oluvumela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba bagunyazise imicimbi yenkxalabo yasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokuphazamisa. Kwamanye amazwe, izixeko zinokude zifake irhafu okanye zimisele imiqathango yolawulo lwemipu engaphaya kweemfuno zikarhulumente, ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente uyayithintela ngokungqalileyo.

Uluvo oluphosakeleyo 3: “Oorhulumente Bonke Banempembelelo Efanayo”

Amasebe alungelelanisayo adla ngokuba makhulu kwaye angoorhulumente abalawulayo, kodwa ayakwazi ukuxhathisa ubuchule noqoqosho lwelizwe lonke. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banokungabi namandla yaye bathathe inxaxheba kodwa bangabi nabo oovimba okanye oosomashishini. Ukuphumelela kwalo naluphi na umgangatho kuxhomekeke kwinkokeli, kwinkxaso-mali, nakwimibutho.

Indlela Yokusebenzisa Isikhundla Sikarhulumente Ngasinye

Nazi iindlela eziluncedo zokuthabatha inxaxheba kumgangatho ngamnye:

  • I-FULT: Ivulo lonyulo lomongameli kunye nocholo lwengqungquthela; qhagamshelana nabameli bakho kwimibandela; khonza kwikomiti okanye kwibhodi yezokhuphiswano yengingqi yengingqi yesizwe; sebenzisa umsebenzi wengingqi; gqabaza ngemimiselo ecetyiweyo edlula .gov
  • Isizwe se- i-Promote kwi-gubernarial kunye nonyulo lwemithetho yephondo; funda iiholo zedolophu kunye ne-senator yakho yombuso; ngqinelana neendleko kwi-capitol karhulumente; dibanisa ibhodi okanye umsebenzi wesizwe (umz., ubunjani bemeko-bume, imfundo ephezulu).
  • Aase-areyine: kuya kwibhunga lesixeko kunye neentlanganiso zebhodi yesikolo; basebenzi bokuzithandela kwikomiti yasekuhlaleni (indawo, iipaki, ithala leencwadi); sebenzela iofisi; thabatha inxaxheba kwiendawo zococeko zoluntu; ingxelo yemiba edlula ku 311 okanye kwi-website yesixeko.

Okukhona ubandakanyeka, kokukhona inkqubo isebenza kakuhle. Njengokuba iqhalo lisithi, “Zonke iipolitiki zifumaneka kwindawo ethile” kodwa ukuqonda intsalela karhulumente neyamazwe kwenza ube ngummi ophumelelayo.

Isiphelo: Inkqubo yamandla ahlukeneyo

Umgangatho karhulumente, karhulumente, nowasekuhlaleni wenza umgangatho wokuziphendulela, ngamnye oneembopheleleko ezahlukileyo kodwa ezidityanisiweyo. Akukho mgangatho uphezulu ngokwemvelo; ngamnye unamandla nobuthathaka. Ngokuqonda indlela ahlula ngayo amandla kunye, kwaye indlela asebenza ngayo kunye, uyakwazi ukuqhuba iinkonzo zikarhulumente, ukuxhasa utshintsho, nokuthatha inxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwidemokhrasi.

Olu khokelo lunika isiseko, kodwa ubuchule bokwenyaniso buvela kumava. Qala ngokutyelela iwebhsayithi karhulumente wakho, ngokufunda umgaqo-siseko wesizwe sakho, nangokulandela umbutho karhulumente okuyolisayo. Okukhona ufunda, kokukhona ufumana amandla okubumba ibutho labantu ohlala kulo.

Ukuqhubeka kufundwa, i-Constitution Anconoted inika iinkcazelo ezigunyazisiweyo zamandla orhulumente, kunye neNgqungquthela yesizwe yemithetho yeSizwe inika ubuncwane obusemagqabini kwimisebenzi karhulumente.