Table of Contents

Ukuqonda Indlu Yezigwebo YaseUnited States: Ukhokelo Oluyinkokeli

IBhunga leNtlanganiso laseUnited States limi njengenye yezona zakhiwo zinamandla zowiso-mthetho ehlabathini, lisebenza njengelinye lamagumbi amabini aquka iUnited States Congress. Limiswe ngumGaqo-siseko ngowe-1787, iNdlu yeQela inendima ebalulekileyo ekulolongeniseni umthetho waseMelika, inkqubo, kunye nolawulo. Kubemi abafuna ukuqonda indlela urhulumente wabo asebenza ngayo, ukuthatha imisebenzi yeBhunga, amandla, kunye neembopheleleko. Eli gumbi lama-100 ee-senteners (82) ukusuka kwiphondo ngalinye, lisebenzisa izilangazelelo zamazwe ngamanye, inkqubo yomthetho ngexesha elinye xa besebenzela ukuhambisela phambili umdla wesizwe, ingxoxo yenyameko, kunye nokwenza izigqibo.

Isakhiwo esikhethekileyo seBhunga lamagunya ahlulayo kwiNdlu yabameli, idala inkqubo yokukhangela nokulungelelanisa abaThinjiweyo abacetyelwe ukukhusela ukuxinana kwamandla. Ngokungafaniyo neNdlu, apho umelo lusekelwe kubemi, iBhathene inikeza umelo olulinganayo kuwo onke amazwe kungakhathaliseki ukuba angakanani na, iqinisekisa ukuba amaphondo amancinci anelizwi elilinganayo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Lo mgaqo usisiseko uyile idemokhrasi yaseMelika kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini kwaye uyaqhubeka uphembelela indlela enziwe ngayo imithetho nendlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente worhulumente olawulayo namhlanje.

Iimbopheleleko ezingundoqo zoMthetho weBhunga

Embilinini wayo, iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi zikho ukuze zenze, ingxoxo, i-antente, kunye nokudlulisela umthetho olawula i-United States. Lo msebenzi wowiso-mthetho umela eyona nkalo ibonakalayo kwaye mhlawumbi ebaluleke kakhulu yomsebenzi weNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi. Nyakathi nganye, abaququzeleli bangenisa amakhulu eendleko ezigquma imixholo equka ukuvalwa kwempilo nemfundo, ukuya kukhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nesiseko semfundo. Inkqubo yomthetho kwiBhunga yeBhunga yesizwe yenzelwe ngabomzenzi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ecetyiselwayo ifumana uhlolo olucokisekileyo phambi kokuba ichaphazele ubomi bezigidi zamaMerika.

Indlela Iibhiliyo Eziba Ngayo Imithetho KwiBhanile

Uhambo lwetyala ngeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso lubandakanya amaqondo amaninzi, enzelwe ukulungiselela amathuba okubukeza, ingxoxo, kunye nokucocwa. Xa inkampani yetyala ichaza ityala, yabelwe ikomiti enye okanye ezininzi ezisekelwe kumbandela wayo. Ezi komiti, eziyilwe ngabaququzeleli abanezobuchule okanye umdla kwimimandla ethile ekhethekileyo, ziqhuba uhlolo lokuqala lomthetho ocetyisiweyo. Amalungu ekomiti abamba iindlebe apho iingcali, abagcini-mathingi, kunye namalungu kawonke-wonke anganikela ubungqina ngempembelelo yemali.

Emva kohlolo lwekomiti, iityala ezifumana imvume yokufuduselwa kumgangatho weNdlu yeQela ukuze ziqwalaselwe ngegumbi elipheleleyo. Oku kulapho iKhathene iqala khona ukubonakala kakhulu. Ngokungafaniyo neNdlu yeeNdlu zabameli, esebenza phantsi kwemida engqongqo yexesha lokuphikisana, iNdlu yeeNtsimi ivumela ukuba incoko ebanzi yomthetho. Abaququzeleli bangathetha ngobude malunga neendleko, bacebisa ukulungisa, kwaye babandakanyeke kwiingxoxo zenkqubo ezineenkcukacha ezinokuhlala iintsuku okanye iiveki.

Imithetho yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi ivumela abaququzeleli ngabanye ukuba basebenzise impembelelo engakumbi kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngenkqubo efana ne-nfillbuster, evumela abaququzeleli ukuba bandise ingxoxo ngokungenasiphelo ngaphandle kokuba i-ontatheli ephezulu yama-60 evota ukuqukumbela ingxoxo. Oku kufunekayo kuvumela uphakamiso olubanzi kumthetho ophikiswayo kuthetha ukuba imali ephumelelayo ifuna inkxaso ye-bipartisn, ikhuthaza ulala kunye nengxoxo phakathi kwabaquququzeleli beqela lezobupolitika elohlukeneyo.

Iintlobo Zomthetho IBhunga

IBhunga leNdlu yeeNdlela zowiso-mthetho liqwalasela ukwahluka-hlukene okuninzi komlinganiselo wowiso-mthetho, ngamnye ulungiselela iinjongo ezahlukeneyo kurhulumente worhulumente wezwe. iintlawulo zemali zichaphazela uwonke-wonke kwaye zibumba uninzi lomthetho ofumana ingqalelo ye-media. La matyala athetha ngemiba emikhulu efana nohlahlo-mthetho, umgaqo-siseko, ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu, kunye neenkqubo zentlalo-ntlalo. PRIvate iindleko zemali [[[, ngokomahluko, ichaphazela abantu abathile okanye imibutho ethile, ngokufuthi ethetha ngeemeko zokufuduka okanye ngokuchasene norhulumente.

IBhunga leNtlanganiso likwadlula [ izisombululo ezingqukuva, ezinamandla omthetho xa zityikitywa nguMongameli, kunye nezigqibo ezikhoyo [ ezibonisa iimvakalelo zeBhunga kodwa ezingafuni ukuvunyelwa ngumongameli kwaye azinawo amandla omthetho. Ngokubhekele phaya, iCantenete iqwalasela izisombululo ezilula [[ ezichaphazela kuphela imisebenzi yangaphakathi yeBharhasi, efana nokuseka iikomiti ezikhethekileyo okanye ukuvakalisa isikhundla sendlu yemibatho ethile.

Amatyala oqingqo-mali kunye neenkqubo zemigaqo-nkqubo amele udidi olubalulekileyo lomthetho weNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. La manyathelo abonisa indlela urhulumente wesizwe achitha ngayo imali ehlawulwayo yerhafu, ukunikezela ngemali kumasebe, amasebe, neenkqubo. IBhunga kufuneka lidlulisele iindleko zocalulo nyaka ngamnye ukuze ligcine urhulumente esebenza, lenze lo msebenzi womthetho ube yimfuneko. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukuxoxwa okukhulu phakathi kweNdlukwano, iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu, kunye nesebe eliphetheyo ukulinganisela izinto eziphambili ezifunekayo kunye nee-fini.

Amandla Ecebiso Nemvume

Ngapha koko imisebenzi yayo yowiso-mthetho, iNdlu yeNdlu yeNkulumbuso isebenzisa amandla omgaqo-siseko aziwa ngokuba "yimvume nemvume," ayinika igunya lokuhlola nokuvumela ukumiswa komongameli ongundoqo kunye nezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe. Eli gunya limela enye yeengqino ezibalulekileyo zokuba isebe lemithetho libambe isebe elilawulayo, iqinisekisa ukuba uMongameli akanakukwazi nanganye ukuzalisa iindawo ezibalulekileyo zikarhulumente okanye abeke ilizwe kwizivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ngaphandle kokuvelela kwemithetho.

Iqinisekisa izindululo zoMongameli

UMongameli ubeka abantu abaza kuzalisekisa amawaka ezithuba kulo lonke urhulumente wesizwe, kodwa uninzi lwezibonelelo ezibalulekileyo lufuna ukuqinisekiswa kweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Oku kuquka bonke abagwebi bephondo, kuquka iiJaji zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, oonobhala-mthetho abakhokela amasebe alawulayo, abameli be-United States kwelinye ilizwe, neenkokeli zamasebe aphambili. Le nkqubo yokuqinisekiswa ivumela iBhunga ukuba livavanye enoba abakho banezimfaneleko, amava, kunye nobuntu babo obufunekayo kwizikhundla zabo.

Iikomiti zeState ziqhuba ingqinisekiso apho iikomiti ziphendula khona iingxelo zezifundo zenkcubeko ngemvelaphi, iimfaneleko, neembono ngemibandela yezomgaqo-nkqubo enxulumene nezikhundla zazo ezingaphambili. Ezi ngxelo zingaba ziimicimbi eziqhelekileyo zokungachongi okanye iziganeko ezinzulu, ezipapashwa kakhulu kwimicimbi yokumiswa kweentlanganiso zengxubusho. Amalungu eKomiti ahlola iingxelo zobugcisa zoomatshini, ukutyhilwa kwemali, kunye neengxelo zexesha elidlulileyo ukuvavanya ukuba bafanelekile kwesikhundla sabo. Emva kokuhlola, ikomiti epheleleyo yeBhatele ivota-ntela yokuba ingaqinisekisa ukuba ngabameli bafanele bagunyaziswe, ngoninzi oluqhelekileyo olufunekayo ukuze bavume.

Ukunconywa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kubangela uphando olunzulu kuba abagwebi basebenza ngokumisela izindululo zobomi bonke kwaye izigqibo zabo zibumba umthetho waseMelika kwizizukulwana. Indima yeNdlu yeeNkundla yeQeqeba ithathe ingxabano engakumbi kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ngokuqinisekisa iimfazwe ezibonisa ukwahlulwa okubanzi kwezobupolitika neengcamango zelizwe. Ngokufanayo, ukuqinisekiswa kwekhathethalo kusenokuba ziindawo eziphambili kwingxoxo ngomgaqo wenkqubo kaMongameli kunye nolwalathiso lwamaziko athile karhulumente.

Ukwenziwa kweNgxelo yoMthendeleko

UMgaqo-siseko unika iNdlu yeeNkulumbuso igunya elipheleleyo lezivumelwano ezigunyazisiweyo ezixoxwe nguMongameli namazwe asemzini. Eli gunya liqinisekisa ukuba izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe zifumana uhlolo lowiso-mthetho olucokisekileyo ngaphambi kokubopha i-United States. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho oqhelekileyo, izivumelwano zifuna imvume yabameli abaphezulu abakhoyo nabavoti, ukwenza ukusetyenziswa kwebhatyi ephezulu efuna inkxaso ebanzi ye-bipartisan.

Isivumelwano sokuphelisa ulawulo siqala xa uMongameli enikezela isivumelwano esityikitywe kwiNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. IKomiti yeNtlanganiso yeeNtlanganiso zaMasipala iqhuba imigaqo yokuchonga amalungiselelo, iimfuno, kunye nempembelelo enokwenzeka kwiinjongo zamaMerika. Amalungu eKomiti angasiva ubungqina kumagosa olawulo, iingcali zemigaqo-nkqubo yamanye amazwe, nabanye abaxhasi betyala ngaphambi kokuba benze imvume kwiBhunga elipheleleyo. IBhunga linokusivumela isivumelwano njengoko sigunyazisiwe, sivunywa ngokuphikisana okanye ngokuzinziswa kwemiqathango, okanye ukusigatya ngokupheleleyo.

Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi iye yagatya okanye yasilela ukuxhasa okanye ukukhupha izivumelwano eziliqela ezibalulekileyo, ibonisa ukuvuma kwegumbi ukusebenzisa igunya layo lomgaqo-siseko. Amandla esivumelwano eNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeeNkulumbuso aye aphembelela indlela abaya ngayo ooMongameli ekuthetheni nezizwe ngezizwe, akhuthaza ulawulo ukuba badibane nabaququzeleli ngexesha lengxoxo yokwakha inkxaso ekukhutshweni kwemiqathango. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, abalawuli baye baxhomekeka kwizivumelwano zegunya elilawulayo ezingafuni iBhunga, nangona ezi zivumelwano zidla ngokuba nobunzima obungebo basemthethweni obungephi nakusetyenziswayo.

Indima yeBhunga ekujongweni nasekulungelelaniseni

Inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko waseMerika ixhomekeke kulungelelwaniso olululo lwamandla phakathi kwamasebe amathathu karhulumente(-). IBhunga lidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni olu lungelelwano ngokusebenzisa ulawulo lwesebe elilawulayo nangokusebenza njengobunzima obungalinganiyo kuMongameli nakwiNdlu yabameli. Le nkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelanisa ithintela naliphi na ilungiselelo elinye ekufumaneni amandla agqithisileyo nokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye ngokufuna intsebenziswano nokuvumelana phakathi kwabadlali bakarhulumente abahlukeneyo.

Ukulawula kwesebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu

Iikomiti zeState ziqhuba ulawulo oluphangaleleyo lwamasebe aphetheyo neenkqubo, ziphethe amatyala ukuze zihlole indlela amasebe akwisebe akwisebe akwisebe elilawulayo aphumeze ngayo imithetho kwaye asebenzise nemali efanelekileyo. Lo msebenzi wobuveleli unceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba kumele kwenziwe imicimbi karhulumente kwaye uyakwazi ukubhenca iingxaki ngokuphunyezwa kwemigaqo, ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya. Abaphathi-mikhosi basebenzisa amandla abo aphengululayo ukuhlolisisa yonke into ukususela kwimisebenzi yomkhosi nemisebenzi yobulumko ukuya kulawulo lwezobume bokusimo semeko-ntlalo kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo yezonyango.

Ngenkqubo yobuveleli, iNdlu yeeNkulumbuso isenokunyanzela amagosa aphetheyo esebe ukuba anikele ubungqina phambi kweekomiti, avelise amaxwebhu, aze aphendule imibuzo ephathelele imisebenzi yabo. Eli gunya lokuphanda lisebenza njengelihlola igunya elilawulayo, livumela isebe lemithetho ukuba lijonge enoba uMongameli namasebe karhulumente aphumeza ngokuthembeka kusini na imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga. Xa ulawulo lutyhila iingxaki, iBhunga lingaphendula ngokukhupha umthetho omtsha, ngokulungisa uqingqo-mali, okanye ukwandisa ingcinezelo kawonke-wonke yotshintsho.

Ukulungelelanisa Indlu Yabameli

KwiBhunga leNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, isebenza njengovavanyo kwiNdlu yabameli, iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ufumana ulwazelelelo kumagumbi amabini ahlukeneyo anezakhiwo neembono ezahlukeneyo. Indlu, enamalungu ayo angama-435 asebenza iminyaka emibini, idla ngokusabela ngakumbi kwiingcinezelo zexesha elifutshane zezobupolitika kunye nokutshintsha koluvo lukawonke-wonke. IBhunga, enamalungu akhonza amabinzana aneminyaka emithandathu kuphela, yenzelwe ukuba ingabi nazimiselo nazinzileyo, inike iziphumo ezipholisayo kwimithetho yempatho engxamisekileyo.

Esi sakhiwo se-bicameral sithetha ukuba ukuze umthetho ube ngumthetho, kufuneka udlulise amagumbi omabini ngendlela efanayo. Xa iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeQela zidlula kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho omnye, amagumbi kufuneka alungelelanise ukungavisisani kwawo ngengxoxo, ngokufuthi kwiikomiti zengqungquthela apho amalungu asuka kuzo zombini iigumbi asebenza ukunikezela umthetho. Oku kufunekayo kwisivumelwano se-bimear kufuneka kukhuthaza ubungcathu kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ibonakalisa ukuvumelana okubanzi kunokuba kuyimfuneko ukuba igumbi ngalinye linokusebenza lilodwa.

Umelo olulinganayo lweBhunga, kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi na abemi, lukwanika umlinganiselo olinganayo kumelo lwabemi beNdlu. Oku kuthetha ukuba amaphondo angenazintlu-nkulu anempembelelo elinganayo kwiNdlu yeQela kunaseNdlu, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinjongo zawo zifumana ulwamkelo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Olu phawu lwesakhiwo luneziphumo ezibalulekileyo kwiingxoxo zenkqubo kwimimandla yasedolophini nasemaphandleni, okanye kumazwe amakhulu nakumancinane, luye lunyuse izilangazelelo eziphezulu.

Ukuqhuba Iimvavanyo Ezifanelekileyo

Enye yeembopheleleko ezinzulu zomGaqo-siseko ziqhuba iimvavanyo eziqatha zamagosa karhulumente atyholwe ngokuziphatha okubi okunzulu. Ngelixesha iNdlu yabameli inamandla okuzisela ityala elisesikweni, ngokunjalo iBhunga linamandla okuzama ukugunyazisa nokususa amagosa eofisini. Eli candelo lokusebenza liqinisekisa ukuba ukunyanzeleka kufuna inyathelo ngamagumbi amabini eBhunga, lithintela ukuba lingawenzi ngokutsha okanye lisuse amagosa amiselweyo.

UmGaqo-siseko uchaza ukuba amagosa aseburhulumenteni, kuquka uMongameli, uMongameli, kunye namagosa asekuhlaleni, angacetyiswa ukuba "acinge, anyotywe, okanye aweminye imiba emikhulu kunye neminye ephosakeleyo." Xa iNdlu ivota ukuchola igosa, lo mbandela usiya kwiBhunga lenkundla ukuze lichotshelwe icala. Ngexesha lokungaquququzeli, iBhunga lihlala njengenkundla, kunye nezicaka-jaji. Amalungu endlu amiselwe njengabameli abagwebi abagwebi abagwebi anikela ityala, ngoxa iqela elisemthethweni linikela ikhusi.

Ukuvavanywa komongameli, iJaji ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States ilawula imicimbi. Emva kokuva ubungqina neempikiswano, amaqumrhu avota ukuba arhoxise igosa eliqeshiweyo kusini na. Ukuqiniseka kufuna ukuba ii-"3-3 zezikhulu ezikhoyo, zisuswe eofisini ibar ephezulu efuna inkxaso ebanzi ye-bipartisn. Ukuba igosa ligwetyelwe ngoko nangoko lisuswe eofisini, kwaye iNdlundlwane yeNtsimbi yeNkulu ingavo ifuna ukwamkeleka umntu ekubambeni isikhundla sikarhulumente sexesha elizayo.

Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi iye yaqhuba amatyala okuvavanya abagwebi abaliqela besizwe, unobhala omnye wekhabhathi, i-senate, kunye nooMongameli abathathu. Ukungaququzeli kweziphumo ezichaphazelekayo kubonakalisa ubunzulu bomxhino womhlaba kunye nomnyango ophakamileyo wokususa amagosa ngale nkqubo yomgaqo-siseko. Ezi zimvavanyo zimela ixesha xa iBhunga lisenza uhlolo lwalo olunzulu kwamanye amasebe karhulumente, ligqiba ukuba ngabasemasebeni baye baphule phantsi na izifungo zabo zesikhundla ngendlela efuna ukususwa.

Ukhokelo nokulungelelaniswa kweBhunga

Umsebenzi weNdlu yeeNtsimi ulungelelaniswe ngesakhiwo sokhokelo kunye nenkqubo yeekomiti enceda uwiso-mthetho kunye nemisebenzi yegumbi lolawulo. Ukuqonda esi sakhiwo sentlangano kunceda kucacise indlela iNdlu yeeNyanga esebenza ngayo ngesiseko semini nendlela abaququzeleli ngabanye abasebenzisa ngayo impembelelo kwisakhiwo.

Isikhundla Sokhokelo

Umongameli onguMongameli ongumongameli waseUnited States usebenza njengoMongameli woMgaqo-siseko weNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, nangona le ndima idla ngokuba yeyona nto iphambili. UMongameli onguMongameli osisigxina wongamela iNdlu yeNtlanganiso kuphela kwizihlandlo ezibalulekileyo okanye xa kufuneka ivoti yabo ukwaphula iqhina. Xa umongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli osisiGawulayo, uMongameli Pro Tempore [1] ngokwesithethe umongameli oyena lungu liphambili kwiqela leqela leNtsimini, nangona lo msebenzi usoloko unikwa abaquququzeleli abancinane ukuze bafumane amava.

Amandla okwenene kwiNdlu yeeNtsimla-ntle axhomekeke kwiNkokeli yeMajority neNkokeli eMncinci, enyulwa liqela labo. INkokeli yeMajorty ilawula ucwangciso lwemithetho yeNdlu yeNdlu yeSigqeba, igqiba ukuba zeziphi iindleko ezizayo kumgangatho ukuze ziqwalaselwe kwaye xa kuveliswa. Le ndawo ifuna ubuchule obuninzi bezobupolitika, njengoko iMajojoni Mphathi kufuneka yakhe iminqongo, ixokelele, ilawule ulwalamano kunye nabaququzeleli bomthetho abasuka kuwo omabini amaqela ukuqhubela phambili umthetho.

Inkokeli yeMinority isebenza njengomlawuli oyintloko nonobuchule beqela elincinane, isebenzela ukuhambisela phambili izinto eziza kuqala zeqela layo kwaye ichasa umthetho ewufumanisa ungamkeleki. Zombini iinkokeli zincedwa zisatyushwa ngamaqela ancedisa ukwandisa iivoti, ukunxibelelana namalungu eqela, kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuba khona kwivoti ezibalulekileyo. Olu lungiselelo lokhokelo lunika ulungelelwaniso kunye nolungelelwaniso ngaphakathi kweCathe yengi nganye ngelixa ilondoloza inkululeko nempembelelo ebanzi yomntu ngamnye.

Inkqubo yeKomiti

Uninzi lomsebenzi weBhunga leNdlu yeeNtsimbi yeMikhosi yeNtlanganiso uyenzeka kwiikomiti, apho amaqela amancinane eequmrhu ekhula ubuchule kwimimandla ethile yenkqubo ethile kunye nehambo ecacisa ngokunenkcukacha imisebenzi yemithetho kunye nemisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo. IBhunga liqhuba iindidi eziliqela zeekomiti, kuquka iikomiti ezimileyo ezikhoyo ngokusisigxina kwaye zijolise kwimimandla ethile ekwimibandela ethile, zikhethe iikomiti ezenziwe ngenjongo ezithile okanye iikomiti ezidityaniselwe iikomiti ezidibanisa amalungu azo zombini iNdluko neNdlu, kunye neekomiti eziqulungela iingxoxo ezithile.

Iikomiti ezimileyo zigubungela iindawo ezifana nezolimo, iinkonzo zezixhobo, iinkonzo zezorhwebo, amandla, ukulondolozwa kwemali, ukumanyana kwemali, ukuhlaliswa kwemibutho yangaphandle, impilo, ijaji, nezinye ezininzi. Ilungu ngalinye lisebenza kwiikomiti ezininzi, livumela ukuba liphembelele inkqubo kwimimandla emininzi ngoxa liphuhlisa ulwazi olukhethekileyo. Izihlalo zekomiti, ezingamalungu eqela elikhulu, zisebenzisa amandla abalulekileyo ngokulawula imicimbi yeekomiti, ngokucwangcisa ukuva, nokulawula ukuqululeka komthetho ngeekomiti zazo.

Izabelo zeKomiti zifunwa kakhulu emva kokuba zinikwe abaququzeleli ngeeplatfomu ukuze balungise inkqubo, banikele izilangazelelo zequmrhu, baqinise iinkalo zesizwe. Abaququzeleli abavela kumazwe ajongene nezolimo bafuna izikhundla kwiKomiti yezolimo, ngelixa abo banomdla kwimigaqo-nkqubo yamanye amazwe bekhuphisana ngezihlalo kwiKomiti yeMasigqeba. Inkqubo yekomiti ivumela iNdlu yeeNtsimbi ukuba iphathe umthamo omkhulu womthetho ontsonkothileyo ngokwahlula umsebenzi phakathi kwabasebenzi abakwizikontibane noolwazi olufanelekileyo.

Imigaqo Nezithethe Ezikhethekileyo

IBhunga leNdlela isebenza ngokwemithetho nezithethe ezahlulayo kwezinye iziqu zowiso-mthetho kunye nendlela eliqhuba ngayo ishishini. Ezi nkqubo zibonakalisa uphawu lwegumbi njengelungu elinobuchule elinoxabiso elinwebekileyo elinwebela ingxoxo, imvume yomntu ngamnye, kunye nolwakhiwo lomanyano.

IFilibuster Nesinyithi

Mhlawumbi eyona nkqubo yahlukileyo yiNdlu yeeNtsimbi yeNdlu yeNtsimbi yeMida yeMidlalo, evumela abaququzeleli ukuba bandise ingxoxo ngokungapheliyo ngaphandle kokuba amavoti amakhulu aqukumbela ukuphelisa ingxoxo. Oku kuqhelisa kwavela kwisithethe seBhunga lengxoxo engenasiphelo kwaye kuguqukele kwixesha eliya kuba sisixhobo esinamandla esisetyenziswa ngabaquququzeleli-zimrhu okanye iminqonqola emincinane enokuyisebenzisa ukuvala okanye ukulibazisa umthetho. Ngelixesha eli gama "lister" lisoloko liyila imifanekiso yabachongi abathetha iiyure ezininzi bethetha kwindlu yeNtsimbi, i-finbuster ngokuqhelekileyo ibandakanya ukswwnalo olude kunokuyiqhuba ngokwenene.

Ukuphelisa i-finbuster, iNdlu yeQela kufuneka inike imvume yokukhutshwa kwamaza, inkqubo efuna ama-60 ee-senet ukuvota ukuze kumiselwe impikiswano. Le mfuneko iphezulu ithetha ukuba umthetho odida impikiswano ufune inkxaso ephambili ye-bipartisan ukuphelisa i-partisster, ingxubusho nokulalanisa. I-Preciobuster ibinconywa njengenkuselo yamalungelo amancinane kwaye igxekwa njengesithintelo kumthetho omninzi, nto leyo ekhokelela kwingxoxo eqhubekayo ngemithetho yeBharharn nokuba imele ihlaziswe okanye ingapheli.

IBhunga leNdlu yeNdlela yokuHlanganisa leMicimbi yeNkcubeko liye layikhulula iNdlu yeNtlanganiso yeeNkcubeko yeentlobo ezithile zoshishino. Uqingqo-mali lwemali, oluthi luhlawulwe ngemali, ingeniso, kunye nomlinganiselo wamatyala, lungadlula ngobuninzi obuqhelekileyo kwaye lungakwazi ukukhutshwa, nangona kufuneka zifikelele iimfuno ezikhethekileyo. IBhunga likwashenke inzala yemiqathango yoomongameli abaninzi, livumela abatyunjwa abalawuli abaphezulu kunye nabagwebi bephondo ukuba baqinisekiswe ngomvoti-volo-ninzi olulula emva kokuba imithetho yangaphambili itshintshile.

Ukuvunywa Kwamagumbi

IBhunga leNtsimbi lisebenza rhoqo ngezivumelwano ezivumela igumbi ukuba lishenxise ishishini ngokubeka ecaleni imithetho eqhelekileyo ukuba akukho nto ikhoyo. Ezi zivumelwano zingamisela imida yexesha lengxoxo, ukuvota, okanye ukugqiba indlela ekuza kuqwalaselwa ngayo izivumelwano. Imfuneko yemvume engqinelanayo inika abaququzeleli ababalulekileyo, njengoko nabani na ongumlinganiswa wendlu yendlu yendlu enokuyimisela intelekelelo nokunyanzela ukuba ilandele iinkqubo zayo ezithe rhoqo, ezithe zanexesha elininzi.

Unxulumene noku kuqheliselo lokubeka umthetho okanye ukutyunjwa, apho iqumrhu labaphathi-majoni lazisa ukhokelo lwalo ukuba bathanda ukuqhuba ngombandela othile. Ngoxa bebambekile bengeyomithetho yeBhunga elisesikweni, bayahlonelwa njengentlonipho evumela abaququzeleli ngabanye ukuba balibazise kwisenzo kwizinto abazichasayo okanye izinto abazixhalabisayo. I-ofisi inokusetyenziswa ukukhupha imvume, ukutsala ingqalelo kwimiba, okanye ukuvala nje izinto ezifunyanwa ngumququzeleli wendlu.

Iinkokeli Nezithethe Zendlu Yezikolo

IBhunga ligcina izithethe zokuziphatha nokubonisa imbeko ngendlela abaququzeleli abasebenzisana ngayo. Abaququzeleli bathethana kumntu wesithathu kumphathi-mikhosi owongamelayo kunokuba bathethe ngqo omnye komnye, bebhekisela kumsebenzi osebenza kunye nabo njenge "i-inqununu yokwahlulwa [kwesizwe]" kunokuba baqanjwe ngegama. Lo mthetho wenzelwe ukugcina ubupolisa kunye nokunciphisa iingxabano zobuqu ngexesha lengxoxo eshushu.

Ezinye izithethe zeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlela zeNdlu yeeNqanawa ziquka ukuvalela abatsha abaphulaphuli kunokuba bathethe kwiinyanga zabo zokuqala eofisini, isiko labaququzeleli abangagxeki amanye amazwe okanye imikhosi yengingqi, kunye nezithethe ezahlukeneyo eziphawula imbali yegumbi kunye nenkcubeko. Ngelixesha ezi zithethe zisenokubonakala ziqhelekile, zisebenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni uphawu lweBhunga njengelungu elimeleyo lobuqu apho ulwalamano kunye nentlonelo zinceda ukulalanisa okuyimfuneko ekulawuleni okusebenzayo.

Indima yeBhunga kumgaqo-nkqubo waMazwe angaphandle noKhuseleko lweSizwe

Ngaphandle kweembopheleleko zayo zowiso-mthetho, iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulolongeni inkqubo yamanye amazwe aseMerika nokhuseleko lohlanga. UmGaqo-siseko unika iNdlu yeeNtsimbi ekhethekileyo kwezi ndawo, uqinisekisa ukuba isebe lowiso-mthetho linelizwi kwindlela iUnited States eqhubana ngayo nehlabathi.

Ngegunya layo lokuqinisekisa izivumelwano ze-randence nokuqinisekisa ii-arhente, iNdlu yeeNkulumbuso iphembelela ulwalamano lwezentlalo kunye nezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe. IKomiti yeNtlanganiso yeeNdlela zoLawulo zaMasipala isebenza njengendawo yokuqala yokuhlola imicimbi yezomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, ukuva imicimbi yehlabathi, nokuhlola imisebenzi yeSebe leRhulumente. Abaphathi bekomiti basoloko behamba beze kudibana neinkokeli zamazwe angaphandle, bavavanye iimeko zezizwe ngezizwe, baze baqokelele ulwazi oluzisa umsebenzi wabo wezomthetho.

IBhunga leeNkonzo zeNtlanganiso zeZixhobiso ziqhelisela ukuvelela kweSebe loKhuselo kunye neenkonzo zomkhosi, ukuqwalasela uqingqo-mali lwezokhuselo, iinkqubo zezixhobo, kunye nemisebenzi yomkhosi. Le komiti ithetha ngeenkqubo ezisisisongelo zokhuseleko lwesizwe, ukulungelelanisa umkhosi, kunye nenkqubo yokuzikhusela, ilungiselela ukuhlolisisa indlela isebe eliphethe ngayo imicimbi yasemkhosini. Ngenkqubo yezophakamiso, iBhunga linokuphembelela ezona zibalulekileyo ngokuxhasa okanye ngokuphelisa iinkqubo ezithile zokhuseleko

INdlu yeNdlu Yokukhetha iKomiti ePhawula ubuntlola yongamela uluntu olunobuntlola, kuquka amaqumrhu anjengeCIA, iNSA, kunye nemisebenzi yobukrelekrele yeFBI. Le komiti ifumana ulwahlulo olufutshane lwemisebenzi yobukrelekrele nesoyikiso sokhuseleko lwesizwe, ivumela abaququzeleli ukuba balawule iinkqubo ezichuliweyo ezinganyanzelekanga ekuhlolweni kwabantu. Umsebenzi wekomiti ulungelelanisa imfuneko yokuba ubuchule bokuhlanganisana nenkxalabo elungileyo ngenkululeko yoluntu kunye nemidanga efanelekileyo yokuchonga kukarhulumente.

Ngeli xesha uMongameli esebenza njengoMlawuli kwiNtloko kwaye ekhokela inkqubo yamanye amazwe, amandla omgaqo-siseko weNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanga aqinisekisa ukuba ukuzinikela kwezizwe ngezizwe kunye nezenzo zomkhosi zamkele igalelo lowiso-mthetho. Oku kwabelana ngoxanduva phakathi kwamasebe alawulayo kunye nowiso-mthetho kubonakalisa injongo yabaseki yokukhusela nasiphi na isiko ekungaluphathisi uhlanga ngelinye ixesha kwimfazwe okanye iimbopheleleko zezizwe ngezizwe. Ungafunda okungakumbi ngolwahlulo lwamandla ugcino-Malikeshela mazwe.

Indlela Abaququzeleli Abawamela Ngayo Amazwe Abo

Ilungu ngalinye lisebenza indima ephindiweyo njengendoda yesizwe yommisi-mthetho esebenza kwimicimbi echaphazela lonke ilizwe nommeli wemiba ekhethekileyo yelizwe. Le mbopheleleko idityanisiweyo ibumba indlela abaququzeleli abawujonga ngayo umsebenzi wabo nendlela abalungelelanisa ngayo iimfuno zexesha nenkathalo yabo.

Iinkonzo ezi-Ofisi

Abaququzeleli bagcina iiofisi eWashington, D.C., nakwiindawo ezininzi kuwo onke amaphondo abo, abasebenzi abancedisa abasebenzi abalawula urhulumente nokucombulula iingxaki nabameli bakarhulumente. Ezi nkonzo zisenokubandakanya ukunceda amagqala ancedwayo ukuba afumane inkxaso, ukunceda kwimicimbi yezokhuseleko lweNtlalo-ntle okanye yeMedicare, ukuxhasa amashishini aqhubana nemigaqo karhulumente, okanye ukungenelela xa abasebenzi bejamelene neengxaki nabameli besizwe.

Lo msebenzi umele inkalo ebalulekileyo kodwa esoloko ingahoywanga yomsebenzi weNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, njengoko iqumrhu leeofisi lisingatha amawaka ezicelo zombutho nyaka ngamnye. Ngoxa ezi nkonzo zingavelisi mixholo ephambili yemidlalo, zinika uncedo olubonakalayo kubantu ngabanye neentsapho ngeli xesha zinika abaququzeleli bengqiqo ngendlela imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente echaphazela abantu bokwenene. Ingxelo ecacileyo ikwakwazisa iinkcubeko zemithetho yabaququzeli kwaye zibanceda baqonde ukuba yeyiphi imibandela kuluntu abameleyo.

Ukukhuthaza Iinjongo Zelizwe

Abaququzeleli basebenza ukuhambisela phambili izilangazelelo zezoqoqosho kunye nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Oku kungabandakanya ukukhusela inkxaso yemali yemiqathango yemibutho yezentlalo, ukuxhasa ushishino olubalulekileyo kwizoqoqosho lwelizwe, ukukhusela iziseko zezomkhosi okanye amaziko asekuhlaleni akwisizwe akwizwe, okanye ukuxhasa iinkqubo ezinceda abemi belizwe. Abaququzeleli basebenzisa izikhundla zabo kwiikomiti ukujolisa ubuncwane kunye nengqalelo kwimibandela echaphazela amazwe abo.

Uqheliselo lokukhokelwa kokuchitha imali kumthetho othile wendlu karhulumente, maxa wambi obizwa ngokuba "iphawu" okanye "indleko yemigqomo yepork" ithandabuza. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ikhokelela ekulahleni kwiiprojekthi ezikhethelwe izizathu zezobupolitika kunokuba zilandele inkqubo, ngelixesha abaxhasi bemilo yokuba abalinganisi bakwindawo engcono yokuqonda iimfuno zelizwe labo kwaye ukuba iziphawuli zimela ukusetyenziswa okusemthethweni kwamandla embuthweni we-athorapropria. Indlu yeBhunga iye yathimbana kwaye yazimisela ngokudityaniswayo ngezizathu zeminyaka emininzi njengoko ezi ziguqukile.

Ukulungelelanisa Imeko

Abaququzeleli maxa wambi kufuneka balawule ungquzulwano phakathi kwezilangazelelo zikarhulumente kunye nenkxalabo ebanzi yesizwe. Ilungu lelizwe elinobungozi lisenokujamelana nengcinezelo yokuchasa imimiselo yemekobume enokuthi yonakalise uqoqosho lwasekuhlaleni, nokuba loo mithetho isebenza kwinjongo ebalulekileyo yemekobume yesizwe. Ngokufanayo, abaququzeleli abasuka kumazwe anezifakelo ezinkulu zomkhosi mabalungelelanise izilangazelelo zabo zezoqoqosho ekukhuseleni iimbono zabo kwinkcitho yoqingqo-mali yezomkhosi kunye nemithetho yangaphandle.

Olu xinezeleko lubonakalisa ucelomngeni olusisiseko lwedemokhrasi yabameli: indlela yokulungelelanisa izilangazelelo zobugxwayiba nento eqhelekileyo. Isakhiwo seNdlu yeeNtsimi, kunye nemithetho yayo eyiminyaka emithandathu kunye nemithetho yephondo, yenzelwe ukunika abaququzeleli abathile abangenelelayo kwiingcinezelo zezobupolitika zexesha elifutshane, ebavumela ukuba bathathe iimbono ezithe xhaphake kakhulu kwimicimbi yezomthetho. Kodwa ke, abaququzeleli basajongene noxanduva lokhetho lwetyala kwaye kufuneka balondoloze inkxaso kwivotisi yabo yelizwe ukuze bafumane kwakhona unyulo.

Indima eNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso kuLawulo-melo lwaseMelika

IBhunga leNtlanganiso liye laguquka ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ekudalweni kwalo ngo1787, ukuqhelanisa neenguqu kwibutho lamaMelika, kwezobupolitika, kunye nokulawula ngeli xesha ligcina imisebenzi yalo engundoqo yezomGaqo-siseko. Ukuqonda le ndaleko kunika umongo wengxoxo yale mihla ngendima nempumelelo yeNdlu yeeNtsimi zeNtsimbi.

Ukusuka Kwindawo Emiselwe Ukuya Kwizibonelelo

Ekuqaleni, umGaqo-siseko wanika izicaka zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ukumisela abaqulunqi, ubonakalisa umbono woMseki weNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi njengemela oorhulumente kunokuba bamele abantu ngqo. Oku kwatshintsha ngokudityaniswa koMgaqo-siseko weSeventeenth Amendment, owaseka unyulo olungqalileyo lwabaphathi-sinyuko ngevoti ethandwayo. Olu tshintsho lwasabela kwinkxalabo yokonakala ekumiselweni kwemithetho-mthetho yesizwe kwaye lwabonakalisa ukugxininiswa kweNkathi yeNyaka ekunyuseni ukuthatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi.

Unyulo oluthe ngqo lwatshintsha ngokusisiseko uphawu lweNdlu yeeNtsimi, lusenza abaququzeleli bathathe inxaxheba engakumbi kuluvo lukawonke-wonke kwaye bajongene noomatshini bezobupolitika. Lwakwaguqula ulwalamano phakathi kwee-sentenent noorhulumente, njengabaphathi-ndlu ngoku ngoku ngokuyintloko kubavoti kunezindlu zowiso-mthetho. Olu tshintsho luye lwanentsingiselo ehlala ixesha elide ngendlela abaquququzeli abasondela ngayo emsebenzini wabo nendlela abalungelelanisa ngayo imeko neminqweno yesizwe.

Isandisa umelo

Ukwenziwa kweBhunga leNtsimbi yeNdlu yeMimandla kwayahluka kakhulu ngexesha, nangona lingayibonisi ngokupheleleyo indlela abemi baseMelika abathatyathwe ngayo. Kwimbali enkulu yaseMelika, iBhathene yakhiwa kuphela ngamadoda amhlophe, kunye nendlu yokuqala yama-Istate yaseAfrika engazange isebenze de kube ngo1870 ngexesha lovuselelwa kwakhona, kwaye ibhinqa lokuqala elisisihlanganisi esingasebenzi de kube ngo19222. Inkqubela phambili kulwando oluphezulu lwamanani amabhinqa kunye neenkokeli ezincinane eziye zenzeka kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje.

Oku kutyibilika okuthe ngcembe kuzise iimbono ezintsha nezinto eziza kuqala kwiBhunga leNdlu yeeNtlanga, iphembelela ukuba yeyiphi imibandela efumana ingqalelo nendlela imigaqo ephikiswa ngayo. Noko ke, ukwahluka okuqhubekayo ekumeleni kuyaqhubeka kubangela ingxubusho yokuba iBhunga libonisa ngokufanelekileyo na iiyantlukwano zabantu baseMelika nokuba ngaba isakhiwo siyimfuneko kusini na ukuqinisekisa ukuba umelo oluthe tyeleleka ngakumbi.

Debates About Senate Reform

Impikiswano yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNgwevu emalunga neNdlu yeQela isoloko igxininisa kusini na ukuba isakhiwo sayo kunye nemithetho yayo ihlala ifanelekile kulawulo lwangoku. Abagxeki babonisa umelo olulinganayo lwamazwe angaphandle kwedemokhrasi, bephawula ukuba abameli abamele iqela labemi baseMelika bangawuvala umthetho oxhaswe luninzi. I-Reciousbuster ikwaye yafumana ukugxekwa njengesixhobo esichasene nedemokhrasi esivumela amaqela amancinane ukuba athintele ukuthanda koninzi.

Abameli besakhiwo seBhunga leNtsimbi baphikisa ngokuthi isebenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yomgaqo-siseko waseMelika, ikhusela amalungelo amancinci, ikhuthaza ucwangciso kunye nolalaniso, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba amazwe angenazintlu-mali zininzi anelizwi elinentsingiselo kulawulo lwesizwe. Baphikisa ngelithi iimpawu zeBhunga eziphikisanayo ziimpawu zoyilo lweqhinga ezithintela umthetho ongxamayo kwaye zikhusele ekuxhathiseni kobuninzi.

Ezi mpikiswano zibonakalisa imibuzo ebanzi ngedemokhrasi yaseMelika nendlela yokulungelelanisa amaxabiso akhuphisanayo njengomthetho omninzi, amalungelo amancinane, ulawulo, kunye nolawulo olunempumelelo. Ngelixesha utshintsho olungundoqo lwesakhiwo kwiNdlu yeeNgwevu lufuna ulungiso-mthetho-siseko, --a ibambo ephezulu enikwe imfuneko yokwahlulwa kwee-radiokramenti ezintathu-sine zamazwe . IBhunga linokuyiguqula kwaye liyiguqulele kwimithetho yalo yangaphakathi, ikhokelela kwingxoxo eqhubekayo malunga notshintsho lweprocestion zomthetho-procestion.

Imisebenzi yeCan Cate Engundoqo: Isishwankathelo Esinenkcukacha

Ukuqinisa ulwazi olubanzi olucatshulwe kwesi sikhokelo, nantsi inkcazo ebanzi yemisebenzi ephambili yeBhunga leMisebenzi kunye neembopheleleko:

Imisebenzi Yomthetho

  • Ukudibanisa nokungenisa iindleko nakuwuphi na umbandela ongaphakathi kwigunya lezwe, ukusuka kukhuseleko lonyango nemfundo ukuya kukhuseleko nerhafu
  • [[Umthetho:0] ukuqinisekisa umthetho ocetyisiweyo ngeentetho zomgangatho, iindlebe zeekomiti, neengxubusho ezingacwangciswanga phakathi kwamaqumrhu
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukucoca amatyala ukucoca amalungiselelo awo, idilesi yenkxalabo, okanye ukwakha inkxaso ebanzi yokudlula
  • Ukubhenela kumthetho ukumisela ukuba amatyala afanele abe ngumthetho na, kunye nomthetho omninzi ofuna uninzi olulula ukudlula
  • Ukuhlanganisa umahluko neNdlu yabameli xa amagumbi amabini edlula iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho omnye
  • Ukuphakamisa umongameli wevetoes ngesibini sesithathu sovoti yematoyithingi, inika ukhangelo kumandla olawulo
  • [[NTLALA:0] Ukumisa izisombululo zohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali kunye neendleko zokunika ingcebiso ezimisela imigangatho yenkcitho kunye nezinto eziza kuqala kumthetho

Amacebiso Namandla Amkelekileyo

  • Ukuqinisekisa abagwebi besizwe , kuquka amatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo, iijaji zenkundla yesiphaluka, kunye neejaji zenkundla yesithili ezitolika zize zisebenzise umthetho wesizwe
  • Ukungqina oonobhala bekhabhinethi abakhokela amasebe aphetheyo anjengeLizwe, Ukhuselo, uTshayina, neJaji
  • Ukuqinisekisa oonozakuzaku abamela iUnited States kumazwe asemzini kunye nemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe
  • Ukuvavanya iintloko zamaqumrhu karhulumente njengeFBI, CIA, EPA, kunye namanye amaqumrhu amaninzi karhulumente
  • Izivumelwano ezinika imvume ezixoxwa nguMongameli namazwe asemzini, ezifuna isibini-3-3 ze-ethematika ukuze zivunyelwe
  • Ukujongwa kwezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba zikhonza izilangazelelo zaseMerika kwaye zihambelana neemfuno zomgaqo-siseko

Imisebenzi Yokulawula noHlola

  • Ukunika iindlebe ukuhlolisisa imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo, uzalisekiso lwenkqubo, kunye nemisebenzi karhulumente
  • Ukukhupha ububi obunokwenzeka ngamagosa karhulumente, abameli, okanye iinkqubo ngemibuzo yekomiti
  • Ubungqina obunika ingxelo obuvela kumagosa esebe alawulayo, iingcali, namanye amangqina kumandla angaphantsi kwepoena
  • Ukujongwa kwemimiselo yecandelo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyavumelana neenjongo zombutho kunye negunya lomthetho
  • Inkcitho yemali yesizwe ukuchonga inkunkuma, ubuqhophololo, okanye ukuxhatshazwa kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente
  • uhlolo lwenkqubo esebenzayo ukufumanisa ukuba amanyathelo karhulumente aphumeza iinjongo zawo

Iimbopheleleko zomGaqo-siseko okhethekileyo

  • Inikezela iimvavanyo zokunganikezeli kumagosa karhulumente akhutshiwe yiNdlu yabameli
  • Ukufumana ukunyanzeliswa kwiimeko zokungagqibeki, kunye nesibini sesithathu se-injini efuna ukususa amagosa eofisini
  • Ukubonakalisa uMongameli onguMongameli oyiMongameli ukuba akukho mvotelwa ufumana uninzi lwevoti ezikhethiweyo, ngesalathisi ngasinye sivota kunye
  • Ukuqinisekisa isekela le-endibini lokumiselwa komongameli xa izindululo zenzeka phantsi koMthetho oLayishwayo wamashumi amabini anesihlanu
  • Ukuchaza ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko ngesibini sesithathu somphezulu ophezulu we-major, exhomekeke ekuhlawulweni kwamazwe

Indlela Abahlali Abanokuba Nayo NeBhunga

Ukuqonda oko kwenziwa yiBhunga leNtlanganiso kuphela inyathelo lokuqala lokuthembisana ngentsingiselo yequmrhu. Abahlali banamathuba amaninzi okuba nenxaxheba kumsebenzi weBhunga nokuphembelela indlela abaququzeleli babo abajonga ngayo imicimbi.

Ukunxibelelana Nezandisi

Ingingqi nganye yaseMerika imelwe zii-senetars ezimbini, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zihlala phi. Ingingqi zingaqhagamshelana nabameli bazo ukuze bavakalise izimvo ngomthetho, bacele uncedo kumaqumrhu karhulumente, okanye babelane ngenkxalabo ngemibandela yezomthetho.

Xa kudityaniswa i-senentams, unxibelelwano olunempumelelo luquka ukuchaza ngokucacileyo imo yakho kwimbambano, ukuchaza indlela ekuchaphazela ngayo wena okanye uluntu lwakho, nokucela isenzo esithile esikhethekileyo. Ngoxa abaququzeleli befumana imiqulu emininzi yonxibelelwano, balandela imibandela evelisa olona nxibelelwano luninzi kwaye baqwalasele iimbono ezizizo xa besenza izigqibo. Imiyalezo yobuqu ebonisa inkxalabo yokwenene nolwazi malunga nenkupho idla ngokusebenza ngakumbi kunokwenza oonobumba okanye ii-imeyili ezithile.

Ukulandela Imisebenzi Yendlu Yoorhulumente

IBhunga leNdlu liqhuba inkoliso yeshishini layo kuwonke-wonke, livumela abemi ukuba baqwalasele imicimbi yomgangatho, ukuchotshelwa kweekomiti, neminye imisebenzi. IC-SPAN ibonelela ngoomabonwakude nangenkqubo ye-intanethi yeentlanganiso zomgangatho weNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, ngoxa iikomiti nganye ziqokelela iindlebe zazo kwi-intanethi. Iwebhsayithi yeNdlu yeeNdlu ye-Symbi inikela inkcazelo emalunga nomthetho ohleliyo, ucwangciso lwekomiti, neengxelo zokuvota zabachongi.

Abahlali bangafumana amatyala athile kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, bafunde iingxelo zekomiti, baze baphinde bahlole iingxelo zezokuva neengxoxo ezisemgangathweni. Oku kuvumela abemi abanomdla bahlale benolwazi ngemibandela abayifunayo nokugcina abaququzeleli babo benoxanduva lwezikhundla zabo kunye neevoti. Imibutho emininzi yezemfundo yomthetho kunye neerejista zokusasaza iindaba ikwanikela uhlalutyo kunye nenkcazo yemisebenzi yeBhunga, nto leyo eyenza kube lula kubemi ukuqonda impikiswano entlukwano yemithetho.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwinkqubo Eqhelekileyo

Eyona ndlela ithe ngqo abemi basekuhlaleni baphembelela ngayo iNdlu yeeNdlu zeeNdlu zeeNtlanga. Abaququzeleli basebenzisa amabinzana onyulo aneminyaka emithandathu, amalunga nesinye sesithathu seNdlu yeNdlu yeeNdawo ukwenzela unyulo rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini. Olu nyulo lunika abemi amathuba okuvavanya umsebenzi wabaququzeleli babo kwaye bagqibe ukuba banikwe elinye igama okanye bakhethwe umelo olutsha.

Ngaphandle kokuvota, abemi banokuba nenxaxheba kunyulo lweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso ngokusebenza ngokuzithandela ngamaphulo, benikela kwimibutho yamaphulo, besiya kwiiholo zedolophu nakwii-ofisi zomtshato, yaye bekhuthaza abanye ukuba bavote. Unyulo oluphambili, apho amalungu eqela akhetha khona oosomashishini bawo bonyulo jikelele, anika abemi amathuba awongezelelekileyo okubakhe abamele kwiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Ngolwazi nangoncedo lwabavoti abacela uncedo luqinisekisa ukuba iNdlu lweNtlanga ihlalelo iyaqhubeka isabela kubantu abakhonza kuyo.

Impembelelo Yendlu Yezigwebo Kubomi Bemihla Ngemihla

Ngoxa umsebenzi weBhunga ungathi uqhelekile kwizinto ezixhalabisayo zemihla ngemihla, izigqibo zalo zichaphazela kakhulu ubomi bamaMelika. Imithetho edluliselwa yiBhunga iphembelela yonke into ukusuka kwirhafu ehlawulwa ngabantu nakwinkxalabo yempilo abayifumanayo kwimveliso yabathengi kunye nomgangatho wemekobume. Abagwebi abaxhaswa yiNdlu yeNtlanga benza izigqibo ezibumba amalungelo abantu, ulwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nomthetho wezoshishino. Izivumelwano ezigunyaziswa yiNdlundlwane yeNtsibe zimisela ulwalamano lwaseMelika namanye amazwe kunye nezivumelwano zayo zentsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe.

Ukuqonda indima yeBhunga kunceda abemi balapho baqonde indlela eyenziwa ngayo izigqibo zikarhulumente nendlela abanokuba nenxaxheba ngayo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Umsebenzi weNdlu yeQesho, inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela, kunye nokumela kwayo izilangazelelo zikarhulumente konke kufak ’ isandla kwinkqubo entsonkothileyo kodwa elungiselelwe ngenyameko. Ngelixesha le nkqubo inokuba buhlungu ekubambezeleni kwayo nasekufuneni kwayo ukuvumelana okubanzi, ezi mpawu zibonisa ukhetho lweqhinga malunga nendlela yokulinganisela izilangazelelo eziphikisanayo nokuthintela ukugxininiswa kwamandla.

Abo bafuna ukufunda okungakumbi ngeBhunga leNtlanganiso nendlela elisebenza ngayo, inika i-website ye-ethematiliyo ye- ulwazi olubanzi malunga nee-senamente, iikomiti, umthetho, kunye neenkqubo. inika iinkcukacha zomthetho kunye nezibonelelo zembali. Amaqela emfundo kunye nezoshishino anika izinto zokunceda abemi basekuhlaleni baqonde baze babandakanye nomsebenzi weNdlu.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kwindlu Yezigwebo

IBhunga leNtlanganiso laseUnited States liselulungiselelo olubalulekileyo kulawulo-mgaqo-siseko lwaseMerika, ukusebenzisa amandla abumba inkqubo yasekhaya, ulwalamano lwamanye amazwe, kunye nokuqanjwa korhulumente worhulumente welizwe. Iimbopheleleko zalo zowiso-mthetho, icebiso namandla okuvuma, imisebenzi yolawulo, kunye nendima kwinkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulungelelanisa izinto, kuyenza ibe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko. Ngoxa iBhunga liye lavela ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, umsebenzi walo ongundoqo wokunikela ingxubuliso ngocoselelo, umela izilangazelelo zikarhulumente, kunye nokuhlola amandla olawulo luyaqhubeka luchaza iimpawu zalo.

Ukuqonda oko iBhunga leMimandla likwenza kunika abemi amandla okuba babe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi norhulumente wabo, ukuba bagcine abameli babo benyulwe benobunewunewu, nokuba babe nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Umsebenzi weNdlu yeeNtsimbi uchaphazela wonke umntu waseMelika, nokuba udlula ngemithetho, amagosa aqinisekisa, okanye abaphathi abaqhubayo. Ngokufunda ngemisebenzi yeBhunga nokulandela imisebenzi yalo, abemi bangayiqonda kakuhle indlela urhulumente wabo asebenza ngayo nendlela abanokuziphembelela ngayo izigqibo ezibumba ubomi babo nekamva lelizwe labo.

Njengokuba idemokhrasi yaseMelika iqhubeka iguquka kwaye ijongene nocelomngeni olutsha, indima yeNdlu yeNdlu yamaCandelo ekukhuthazeni uphando, ukuvumelana, nokulungelelanisa izilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo ihlala ibalulekile kunanini na ngaphambili. Nokuba iNdlu yeenkqubo zayo zilungelelanisa iimfuno zeli xesha okanye zigcine imisebenzi yayo yesithethe, injongo yayo esisiseko .(ukusebenza njengequmrhu elinolwaluvo, elimele amaphondo kunye namandla olawulo oluphezulu) liza kuqhubeka lichaza indawo yalo kurhulumente waseMelika. Kubantu abazinikele ekuqondeni nasekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi, ulwazi lweNtsibe yempala kunye nemisebenzi yayo ibalulekile.