Ukuphuhliswa kokhuseleko olusemthethweni kumaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho lwentiyo kumela isahluko esinetyala kumzabalazo onzulu wamalungelo abantu kunye nokusesikweni okulinganayo phantsi komthetho. Kwinkulungwane edluleyo, ukudityaniswa kweengca eziphulukileyo ezingqukuvayo, iintlekele eziphezulu, kunye nokutshintsha kolwazi lukawonke-wonke kuye kwaqhubela phambili ukumiswa kwemimiselo evumayo neyokuchaphazeleka okubangelwa lulwaphulo-mthetho olunekhethelo. Le mithetho ayibohlwayeli nje kuphela abangenisi bezenzo eziqatha kodwa ikwanika amaxhoba ulwazelelelo olucacileyo lokuxhasa iinkonzo, kunye nendlela yokufumana isigwebo. Ukuqonda indlela ezikhuselwa ngayo zivela ngqalelo ezikhoyo zinika ukuqonda kwimigudu eqhubekayo yokukhusela ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphembeleleyo kugonyamelo.

Imvelaphi Yembali

Kwimbali enkulu yaseMerika, ulwaphulo-mthetho oluqhutywa yintiyo okanye ikhethe lwaluphathwa njengezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziqhelekileyo. Inkqubo yomthetho ayizange ivume unobangela obangela wekhethe okanye inikele ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kwingozi ebangelwa lulwaphulo-mthetho elwenziwa kulo lonke uluntu. Xa umntu wahlaselwa ngenxa yohlanga lwakhe, unqulo, imbonakalo yesondo, okanye esinye isizizo, ukutshutshiswa kwajoliswe kuphela kwisenzo esiphantsi solwaphulo-mthetho, ubundlobongela, ubundlobongela, ukubulala ngokungekho mthethweni okanye ngokubhekiselele kwintlupheko. Le ndlela ilula ijongelanisa umonakalo omkhulu okhoyo: ukuthiyile nje ixhoba eliqhelekileyo kodwa wonke umntu obandayo, ubangela umoya woloyiko nolwaphulo-mthetho.

Umbutho wale mihla wokukhusela ulwaphulo-mthetho lwentiyo wafumana ukhutshelo lokhuseleko lolwaphulo-mthetho olusekelwe kwixesha lamaLungelo angaphakathi oo-1950 kunye noweminyaka yee-1960. Ukubulawa ngogonyamelo okunobundlobongela kwabahlaseleyo njenge-Emmett Till, Medgar Evers, kunye nabasebenzi abathathu abalwela amalungelo abantu eMissississippi babhenca ukungakwazi ukuqinisekisa nokuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho umthetho usemthethweni wasekuhlaleni ukhuselekile kwaye ubeke ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho olusekelwe kwimilo. Umkhosi woLuntu lwaqalisa ukusungula izixhobo ezisemthethweni ezinokufikelela ngaphaya kwemiqathango zikarhulumente. Umthetho we-Owona mkhosi wasemthethweni wangowe-1970, nowe-1980, ukuqwalal-Allet nxamnye noluntu lwamaYuda, uluntu lwe-LGBTT, noluntu olunolwamshobo lwezo lwezomthetho lwawodwa oluthi lwawokuyintiyo. Imithetho yokuqala yokuqala yokuqala yemithetho yokuqala yeminyaka e-1979649, yalandelwa ngokulandela i-19964

IMithetho ePhambili yoMthetho

Iintsebenziswano Zokuqala

Ngaphambi kwexesha lale mihla lomthetho wentiyo, ukubandakanywa kwemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho kurhulumente kwakulinganiselwe kwimimiselo ekhethekileyo eyayikhusela amalungelo athile karhulumente. UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1968, umzekelo, wakwenza kwaba lulwaphulo-mthetho ukwenza amatyala ngabom, ukoyikisa, okanye ukuphazamisana naye nabani na ngenxa yohlanga, ibala, unqulo, okanye ubuzwe ngoxa wayebandakanyeka kumsebenzi okhuselwe ngurhulumente (njengokuvota, ukuya esikolweni, okanye ukusebenzisa iindawo zokuhlala zikawonke wonke). Lo mthetho wavumela urhulumente ukuba avume amatyala apho amagunya asekuhlaleni ayesilela ukuthatha inyathelo, kodwa ayemxinzelela ekudibanisweni yaye ayenqabile ukusetyenziswa.

Izindululo zomgangatho karhulumente

Njengoko umthetho karhulumente ubekwe, amajelo aba yimizila yeencwadi yezolwaphulo-mthetho. Ekuqaleni koo1990, amazwe angaphezu kwama-40 ayenohlobo oluthile lolwaphulo-mthetho lwentiyo, olusuka kwimiqathango ekhuthaza ukuma kwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho elinye. Le mithetho yahluka ngokubanzi. Eminye yafuna ukuba intshukumisa yocalulo ibe sesona sizathu solwaphulo-mthetho okanye esona siphambili; eminye ifuna kuphela ukuba ucalucalucalulo lube yintlulo olufakyo. Izigwebo zahlukeneyo ezinye izigwebo ezimiselwe amabanjwa amade, iintengo ezinyanzelo, okanye iziluleko ezinyanzelo ezinyanzeliswayo zezo. Imithetho karhulumente yaseka umsebenzi ozinziweyo wokuzinziswa kwesohlwayo, ngoxa ingafezekanga, inika ukunconywa kokuqala kwetyala nokunikwa kwamaxhoba ngokusemthethweni ukuze abonise ukuphendula koxanduva.

Umthetho Wowe - 1990 Wolwaphulo - mthetho Olunentiyo

Inyathelo elibalulekileyo lokuziphendulela lafika kumthetho we-Hate Crime Statistics Act, owatyikitywa ngo-1990. Esi senzo sagunyazisa uNjengele-mikhosi ukuba aqokelele aze apapashe inkcazelo yolwaphulo-mthetho olubonisa ikhethe elisekelwe kwisizwe, unqulo, imbonakalo yesondo, okanye ubuhlanga. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, kwafuneka ukuba amaziko omthetho afake iziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezithe tyala le-FBI, ukwenza isiseko sogcino-lwazi lwesizwe. Nangona i-Attroverney-nteney inikwe ngokuzithandela ngamasebe amaninzi, iye yaba yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni umlinganiselo wengxaki, ukuchaza isimilo, nokuthethelela ezinye izenzo zomthetho. Lo Mgaqo-siseko uye waphinda-phinda-phinda-phinda-phinda iqukiswe izihlandlo eziliqela njengemiqobo (ngengo1999), ubufana nesifana nesini (ngonyaka wama-19966).

IGamathew Shepard noJames Byrd Jr. Thetha Umthetho wokuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho (2009)

Umthetho obalulekileyo karhulumente obalulekileyo wokuthiya ulwaphulo-mthetho nguMatthew Shepard noJames Byrd Jr. Site Crimes Act, owadluliselwa ngo-2009 kwaye watyikitywa umthetho nguMongameli Barack Obama. Ubizwa ngamaxhoba amabini abulawayo othusa uhlanga ngezantsi, umfundi wasekholejini ofana namafanasini obulawe eWyoming, noJames Byrd Jr., indoda yase-Merika ephethubelezelwe ukufa ngumthetho omhlophe suprematics eTexas. Umthetho wandisa ulawulo lwesizwe lokugquma ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo oluxhokontiweyo ngenxa yekhethe lexhoba okanye ibala, imvelaphi, ubufana, ubufana, ubufana, ubufana, ubufana, ubufana, okanye ubufana neentlobano, okanye ubugovuvu, ngokubalulekileyo, ishenxila ityala lokuzingela ityala lomthetho ombiweyo, ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho ogunyaziwe, ukuvumela ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho olwe ulwaphulo-mthetho olwembutho lolwaphulo-mthetho, noluthiso lomthetho, u

Imithetho Nemigaqo Eyintloko Esetyenziswayo

Imithetho yetyala enyusiweyo

Iindlela ezimbini ezingundoqo zikho kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ongundoqo. Eyokuqala, esetyenziswa ngamaphondo amaninzi, ngummiselo wesohlwayo owenziwe ngowona mgaqo-siseko. Ngaphantsi kwalo mzekelo, ulwaphulo-mthetho olusisiseko (umz., ukuhlasela, i-arson, uloyiko) lungabekwa ityala njengesiqhelo, kodwa umtshutshisi usenokufuna isigwebo eside sentolongo okanye intlawulo engaphezulu ukuba ityala liphenjelelwe lucalucalulo. Indlela yesibini, esetyenziswa ngurhulumente kunye namanye amazwe, ichaza ulwaphulo-mthetho olusisiseko njengetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho olwahlukileyo. Umthetho wesigqeba, unokwenza ukuba kungabi namthetho osemthethweni ukubangela umonakalo owenziwe ngabomkhohlolo olukhuselweyo. Zombi zinokungena kwisiphumo esifanayo sesohlwayo esandileyo, kodwa imodeli-o-o-osekhodio-o-ose-yonke inokuba lula ngenxa yokuqonda ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Amalungiselelo enkxaso

Imithetho emininzi yale mihla yentiyo yolwaphulo-mthetho ibandakanya ukubuyiselwa kwamaxhoba kunye nenkxaso. Umthetho weSebe loManyano wase-U.Umthetho ufuna ukuba iSebe loMgwebi lase-U.S. lazise amaxhoba amalungelo awo, kuquka ilungelo lokufaka isicelo sokuhlawulelwa intlawulo yiNgxowa-mali yamaxhoba eCrime. Le mithetho kaRhulumente isoloko igunyazisa ukuba kuthiye amaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho anikwe inkcazelo ngeenkonzo zokucebisa, uncedo olungokwasemthethweni, kunye nemithombo esekelwe ekuhlaleni. Amanye amaphondo avumela amaxhoba ukuba amangalelwe amaxhoba ngokuchasene nomonakalo ngokweemvakalelo, kuquka uxinezeleko kunye nelahleko. La malungiselelo abonisa ukuqwalasela ingxhwanguqunge okuthiso okuthiswa kwezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho okubangelwa yimpilo.

Ingxelo noqokelelo logcino-lwazi

Ubuchule bolwazi lwentiyo yolwaphulo-mthetho buhlala bulucelomngeni. Ingxelo yonyaka ye-FBI ethi Chate Crime Statistics, esekelwe kwingxelo yokuzithandela evela kumasebe agunyazisa umthetho amalunga ne-15 000, iye yagxekwa ngokungabikho ngokwengxelo. Amasebe amaninzi awathathi nxaxheba, kwaye phakathi kwezo zinto, ukuguquguquka kokuqeqeshwa kokuchaza iimbonakaliso zolwaphulo-mthetho kukhokelela ekubeni amanani angaphantsi. Ngo-2021, i-FBI yanikela ingxelo yeziganeko zolwaphulo-mthetho zentiyo, kodwa amaqela e-oklitiki athelekelela inani lokwenyaniso liphakame kaninzi ngenxa yokungaxeli kwamaxhoba namapolisa. Ngokunjalo iKhalifoni neNew York iye yawisa imithetho efuna amasebe ayo ukuba anikele ingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho wentiyo, kwaye amanye asungula iikomiti ezizimeleyo zokuthobela.

Impembelelo Kumaxhoba Nakumabutho

Ukusetyenziswa Kwamandla Kwamaxhoba

Enye yezona mpembelelo zinzulu zemithetho yentiyo yentiyo kukuqinisekiswa kwemithetho enikwa amaxhoba. Xa inkqubo yokugweba ivuma ukuba uhlaselo luqhutywa lubuntamo lukhuni, ithumela umyalezo onamandla wokuba amaxhoba akangonobangela wogonyamelo, `rather', ucalucalulo lomenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho yingxaki. Olu phawu lwasemthethweni lunganceda amaxhoba oyise ukuzihlasela nokuhlazeka, kwaye luwanika amandla okufuna uncedo. Uhlolisiso lubonise ukuba amaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho ajonge ityala lawo elichaswe phantsi kwemimiselo yokuthiywa yintiyo imigaqo yolwaphulo-mthetho lunikela ingxelo yolwaneliseko ngenkqubo yokusesikweni kunalawo aphathwa njengezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziqhelekileyo.

Ukhuseleko loluntu nokhuseleko

Izigwebo ezandisiweyo zolwaphulo-mthetho lwentiyo ezithi ibutho labantu aliyi kulunyamezela ugonyamelo oluqhutywa likhethe. Ngelinye ixesha ubungqina bokunqanda budibene ngezantsi, olunye uphando lucebisa ukuba kuphela umlinganiselo omncinci wabenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho abakwaziyo ukuqaphela imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho oluthiyileyo ``````''''') isiphumo sokomfuziselo sibalulekile. Ukwazi ukuba ugonyamelo olubangelwa lucalucalucalulo luneze ludimaze abanye abaphuli-mthetho, ingakumbi kuluntu apho umsebenzi wentiyo ukhuthalo luphezulu khona. Ngaphezu koko, ubukho bemithetho ekhuthaza ukuthatha ezo ngxelo zinzulu nokunyusa iziphumo zokuphanda nokukhusela ezi ziganeko, ngaloo ndlela ukwanda kokhuseleko loluntu lonke.

Uphando lwezobugcisa

Inkqubo yokumisela nokumisa umthetho wentiyo nowokuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho wezomthetho unegalelo ekungeneleni incoko yoluntu malunga nocalucalulo kunye nekhethe. Iimeko eziphezulu ezifana nokubulawa koMatthew Shepard noJames Byrd Jr. zavuselela uluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwabemi ukuba bajongene nokuzingisa kogonyamelo lwentiyo. Ukuphendula kwemithetho //ukuphendula kwamaxhoba ngezomthetho //ukuwaphatha ngenkohlakalo/ukunganyanisi nto kwaye ukuyigcina iliso likawonke-wonke. Ngaphezu koko, ukuqokelelwa kolwazi lolwaphulo-mthetho kuye kwavumela abaphengululi nabaxhasi bemi, ukuchaza izikhundla, nokukhuthaza ukungenelela kwemfundo. Ukungenelwa kwale mithetho kuqinisa isithethe sokuba ucalucalucalulo nentiyo nje engokwasese kodwa ityala abantu bonke urhulumente.

Iingxaki Nemigaqo Yexesha Elizayo

Unyanzeliso Lonyanzeliso Ngaphaya Kwamagwebo

Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela ebalulekileyo, ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho ebekelwe intiyo akuzange kuxelwe phantsi. Amanye amagqwetha esithili ayamathidala ukutyhola ulwaphulo-mthetho lwentiyo ngenxa yobunzima bokubonakalisa intshukumisa yobuhlanga, okanye ngenxa yokuba esoyika ukuphazanyiswa kwemithetho ejongwa ngabantu abajongene nezo zinto njengesohlwayo esigqithisileyo. Kwamanye amazwe, amagosa amapolisa awaqeqeshwa ngendlela yokufanisa iimbonakanyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungacaciselwani kakuhle kwezehlolo. Ingxelo yeBrejinia yamatyala eMibaliso esesikweni ifumaniswe ukuba bangaphantsi kwesi-1 kwabali-10 benonezolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye isiqingatha sazo, bamangalelwa njengezolwaphulo-mthetho zentiyo. Ukuthetha ngezi zicalulo-mthetho kufuna ukuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo ekuqeqesheni umqeqeshi, abagqeqeshi, nabagwebi, kunye nabagwebi, kwanekwa, kwaneedelwa ngokokulungiselela ukuqinisekisa ukuba baphendulekelelwa.

IMiba yoNyaka yeNkcubeko neNkcubeko

I-data ethembekileyo yisiseko somgaqo-nkqubo osebenzayo, kodwa amanani olwaphulo-mthetho ahlala esaziwa njengengaphelelanga. Amaxhoba amaninzi awabikeli ingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho oluthiyileyo ngenxa yokoyika ukuphindehlisa ityala, ukungathemba amapolisa, okanye akholelwa ukuba akukho nto eza kwenziwa. Abemi abathathi-nxaxheba nabathathi-nxaxheba, abajoliswe ngokungenakuthelekiswa, basengozini kakhulu ukuphepha ukunxibelelana nomthetho. Imigudu yomanyano yokuphucula ukuqokelelwa kwee-data iquka izihlomelo zoorhulumente ukunikela ingxelo epheleleyo, kodwa ukunika ingxelo ngokuzithandela kuye kwabonakala kungenamfanele. Abanye abameli bamemezele ukuchaza ulwaphulo-mthetho njengemeko yemeko yemali elungiselelwe abameli bomthetho, intshukumo ebalaseleyo ephucula ukuqokelelwa kwenkqubo yayo, ukuguqula ukuqokelelwa kwengxelo ebanzi yengxelo echaza ngempumelelo (BS) emele inike onke amasebe oovimba afumana iingxelo zemali.

Imfuneko Yokwandisa Iindidi Ezikhuselweyo

Uluhlu lweempawu ezikhuselweyo phantsi kwemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho entiweyo luyehluka-hlukene kakhulu ngokolawulo. Ngoxa uhlanga, unqulo, kunye nobuzwe zigqunywe jikelele, iindidi ezininzi azikhuselekanga okanye zikhuselwe ngokungaguquguqukiyo. Umzekelo, umthetho wesizwe awulugungqi ngokucacileyo ulwaphulo-mthetho oluqhutywa yimeko yokufuduka kwamaxhoba, imeko yezentlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho, okanye ukudityaniswa kwezobupolitika. Imithetho yezopolitiko iyahluka ekubeni ziquka ubufana nabufana nabufana, ukukhubazeka, ukukhubazeka, kunye nobudala. Njengoko ugonyamelo luvela ngokuhlaselwa ngekhompyutha kunye nokuhlaselwa kwe-ne-nethiyo kunye nokuhlaselwa kwe-reversel-trativestyy nge-mentialssss, kodwa i-202020% i-An-Anvictives, kodwa isenokuqhubeka i-provinignotions.

Imfundo nokhuseleko: Isicombululo sexesha elide

Ekugqibeleni, eyona ndlela isebenzayo yokunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho lwentiyo kukuthintelwa, hayi nje isohlwayo. Ukhuseleko olusemthethweni lulungisa umonakalo //Iimeko ezikhoyo emva kokuba luvele. Utshintsho lokwenyaniso lufuna imfundo elawula imvelaphi yocalucalulo. Amazwe amaninzi agunyazise ukuzonda ulwaphulo-mthetho kwizikolo ze K-12, afundisa abafundi ngembali yocalulo kunye nokubaluleka kolwahluka-hluka-tshintsha-tshintshane. Iinkqubo ezifana ne- [iiindawo] yesiZwe lobuGawula, i-Anti-Diafam'', kunye noncedo lwe-maqumrhu olutheneyo olutheneyo olumele ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nolwando oluthelela ukusetyenziswa kwezono oludala ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Isiphelo

Ukuphuhliswa kwemithetho yokukhusela amaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho lwentiyo kuye kwaba yinkqubo eqhutywa ngokuthe ngcembe, enzima, eqhutywa ngamandla amaxhoba, ukuzingisa kwabaxhasi, nokuvuma kwezindlu zowiso-mthetho ukusabela ekuguqukeni kwesivumelwano sokuziphatha. Ukusuka kwimithetho encinane yamalungelo abantu yee-1960 ukuya kwisenzo esibanzi sikarhulumente sowe-2009, umthetho ngoku uyaqonda ukuba ugonyamelo olubangelwa lucalucalulo lubangela umonakalo okhethekileyo, okubangelwa sisenzo sokuzifaka kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuxhasa intluvolo-mthetho, ukuxhasa iinkonzo zamaxhoba, nokuzixhobisa ngemfundo. Kodwa umsebenzi uninzi umgama, imiqobo, iintlawulo, kunye nentlobo ezintsha zezolwazi ezikhoyo ezikhoyo, zixhomekeke kwizixhobo ezifanelekileyo zezomthetho ezilawula iinkokeli-mthetho, ukukhuthaza ukuxhasa iinkonzo zamaxhoba, nokuxhasa imfundo kuzo zonke izisulu ezikhoyo kwimeko ezifanelekileyo. Kodwa impumelelo yendlela ezikhoyo, kodwa ingumthetho ezilawula impumelelo, kwaye ingumthetho, isetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye ikhonziwayo, ingulowo, isebenza ngokufanelekileyo,

Kulwazi olungakumbi ngolwamanani olwaphulo-mthetho akhoyo kunye neenyathelo zorhulumente, tyelela [[FGL:0] iFBI's Suave Crimes [iphepha leFFFLT:1] kunye ne-Bureau of Justice Statistics ukuthiya isikhululo solwaphulo-mthetho.