Ukungahambelani kwesivumelwano sikarhulumente yimfundiso esemthethweni eneengcambu zamandulo kunye nezintsonkothe zale mihla. Xa iqela lobuqu lingena kwisivumelwano norhulumente wesizwe ("sokuba kunokwenzeka ukuba ukwakhiwa, iinkonzo, okanye inkxaso---"a" kuphakama umbuzo osisiseko): ingamangalelwa ukuba urhulumente uyasophula isivumelwano? Impendulo ixhomekeke kwi-sokukhusela urhulumente ekukhuseleni urhulumente ekumangalelweni ngaphandle kokuba uyavuma ukumangalelwa. Eli nqaku lihlola umgangatho wokhuseleko lwe-omkhulu kwiimpikiswano zikarhulumente, lihlola indlela abaxhamli-mali nabasebenzi abangekho mthethweni abasebenza ngayo, linika ukhokelo olusebenzayo kwizindlu kunye namashishini aqhubana nemicimbi yezo zikarhulumente.

Yintoni Umanyano Olungalawulekiyo?

Ingcamango esungulwe ngumthetho wokukhusela urhulumente ekumangalelweni ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe. Le ngcamango ivela kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, apho ukumkani wayengenakumangalelwa kwiinkundla zakhe ngenxa yokuba umlawuli wayethathwa njengomthombo wokusesikweni. Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, lo mgaqo wamkelwa eUnited States, apho ngoku usebenza kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente kwaye, esebenzisa iSindululo seshumi elinesithoba, urhulumente. Emongweni wakhe, ulawulo lwezikhundla lubonakalisa ingcamango yokuba urhulumente ufanele akwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yakhe ngaphandle kwesisongelo esingapheliyo, kwaye ukuvumela ukumangalelwa okungenasiphelo kungayikhupha imicimbi kawonke wonke kwaye kungene kwinkqubo kawonke wonke.

EUnited States, uMgaqo-siseko weshumi elinesi-11 unika amatyala okukhusela iisuti eziziswa ngamaqela azimeleyo enkundleni. Noko ke, le mfundiso ikwaya kudlulela kwiinkundla zikarhulumente phantsi komthetho oqhelekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, iqela lobuqu elinqwenela ukumangalela urhulumente ukuba aphule isivumelwano libonise ukuba urhulumente uluyekile ukhuseleko lwalo okanye uluchasile. Ukuqonda le ngxaki kuba ibalulekile ukuba ukhuseleko lukho kwaye alwaphulwanga, ukumangalelwa kuya kupheliswa ekuqaleni kwesivumelwano.

" ukhuseleko lwezolawulo asilogama elifileyo; luyaqhubeka lubumba umhlaba osisigxina nabani na odibana nento ekhoyo karhulumente."

Indlela Amacebo Alawulayo Asebenza Ngayo Kwingxabano Enxulumeneyo

Xa umbutho okanye isebe likarhulumente lingena kwisivumelwano, lisebenza njengommeli womlawuli. Phantsi kwemigaqo yesithethe yokuzikhusela, urhulumente akanakuba netyala lokwaphuka kwesivumelwano ngaphandle kokuba uvume ukuba sifanelekile. Oku kuthetha ukuba nokuba urhulumente waphula isivumelwano esisemthethweni, iqela lobuqu lisenokungabi nayo ikhambi elisemthethweni ukuba urhulumente akakhange akhuselekile. Amazwe amaninzi aye akuqonda ukungalungisi kwesi siphumo, ingakumbi kwimo yezorhwebo, kwaye aye amisela imithetho ekhusela izivumelwano ezithile.

I-Express vs. Isebenzisa iiWaivers

Umthetho olawulayo wokuzikhusela unokuzichaza okanye uboniswe. Ummeli ocacileyo uyenzeka xa indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe idlulisa umthetho ovumela iisuti ngokukhethekileyo ukuba zaphulwe ulwahlulo lwesivumelwano. Umzekelo, amaphondo amaninzi anemeko "Iziko elichasene noRhulumente" edala unobangela wesenzo sesivumelwano, ngokufuthi kwinkundla emiselweyo njengenkundla yezothetho. Umxhasi ocetyiswayo unokwenzeka xa urhulumente ngokuzithandela ethabatha inxaxheba ekudibaniseni imvume okanye xa isivumelwano siquka idityaniswe ityala elivumayo ngokukhethekileyo ukupheliswa ngokwentelekiso ethile. Noko ke, iinkundla zidla ngokungafuni ukufumana imvume echaphazelekayo, ecacileyo, nengenayo.

Imilinganiselo Ephathekayo

Kwanaxa ukhuseleko lwezokhuseleko lwentsebenziswano lungabeka imida kwimiqathango yomonakalo ohlaziywayo. Imiqathango eqhelekileyo iquka iikepu kumonakalo (umz. R550 000 okanye R1,50 000), imiqathango yomonomo wokohlwaya, nemiqathango yeemali zamagqwetha. Amanye amatyala afuna ukuba inkampani ikhuphe amayeza okulawula ngaphambi kokufaka ityala. Ngaphezu koko, ukukhusela ulawulo kusenokukhusela abasebenzi bamazwe abasebenza ngokuhambelana nomlinganiselo wengqesho, ngoko inkampani ayinakukwazi ukukhusela ukukhusela ukukhusela ityala lamagosa athile.

ISindululo seshumi elinesine nokufumaneka kweNkundla yoManyano

UMthetho-siseko weshumi nanye onikezela ngolawulo lweNkundla ye-U.S. unikela ngomgaqo-nkqubo wokukhuselwa kweesuti kwinkundla yenkundla yequmrhu. Oku kuthetha ukuba nokuba urhulumente uphendulwe ukhuseleko kwinkundla yakhe, kusenokungakhuseleki kwilungelo likarhulumente ngaphandle kokuba inkundla ye-ouner ibandakanya igunya lenkundla yephondo. College Savits Bank v. Florida Prefereary Education Confection Board [1999], iNkumbuso oPhakamileyo umele uvume ukuba urhulumente akaluhlawuli bokuLawulwa kweNtsimkelo lweProme ngokusebenza kwezenteko yezoshishino. Ngoko ke, iintkowayamange ngokucothayo ukuba imeko yesizwe ivume oko kuvumelana nako. Ngokufunyaniselele iinkundla zetyala, kufuneka zidityaniswe kwiinkundla zetyala.

Izahlula Kumanyano Olulawulayo Kwizidida Eziphethu

Ngapha koko, kukho umahluko onokuthi uvumele isivumelwano siqhubeke ngokuchasene norhulumente nangaphandle komenzi ocacileyo. Ezi zimbo zimxinwa kwaye zingqale.

Imisebenzi Yobulungiseleli

Amatyala amaninzi afumana umahluko phakathi kwezenzo zobuchule (imigaqo elawulayo yokugweba) kunye nezenzo zolungiselelo (ezijikelezayo inkqubo, imisebenzi emiselwe). Ukukhusela ulawulo jikelele kuyawakhusela amaphondo ngezenzo zobuchule, kodwa kusenokungasebenzi kwizenzo zobulungiseleli. Kwizivumelwano, imbambano engundoqo kukuba ngaba uqhawulo lubangelwa sisigqibo somthetho olawulayo okanye ukungaphumeleli ukwenza umsebenzi wolungiselelo. Umzekelo, ukuba umbutho worhulumente ugqibele ukuphelisa iprojekthi yokwakha ngenxa yotshintsho kwinkqubo, eso sigqibo sesigqibo sobulumko sisenokuthintelwa kwilungelo. Kodwa ukuba isibonelelo singaphumeleli ekuhlawuleni isigqibo sokuba sinyanze isivumelwano sokwenza, oko kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuphumeza umsebenzi wolungiselelo.

I "Indlela yokugqibela" Enxaxhileyo

Amanye amatyala aqaphela umahluko apho urhulumente ngokuyintloko esebenza njengeqela lobuqu kumsebenzi worhwebo. Ngamanye amaxesha oku kubizwa ngokuba "ngumsebenzi wepropiteria" onxaxhi. Ukuba urhulumente unikela inkonzo okanye ubandakanyeka kumsebenzi onokuthi uqhutywe lishishini labucala, iinkundla zisenokukulungela ngakumbi ukufumana ukuba ukhuseleko lolawulo alusebenzi. Noko ke, oku kukhetha akugqalwa ngokubanzi kwaye kuyahluka ngokwahlukeneyo ngokolawulo.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Ngeli xesha eli nqaku libhekisa kwintelekelelo karhulumente, kuluncedo ukuphawula i-alog karhulumente (28 U.S.C. 761) iphazamisa ukhuseleko lolawulo lukarhulumente lwaseluntwini ukwenzela izivumelwano ezithile, ivumela iisuti kwiNkundla ye-Federal. Amaphondo amaninzi aneenkqubo ezifanayo. Ukuqonda indlela inkqubo yengingqi esebenza ngayo kurhulumente kunika isiseko esiluncedo kwimibandela yomgangatho karhulumente.

Imithetho Karhulumente Nemizekelo Yomthetho Wamatyala

Ilizwe ngalinye linemithetho yalo elawula ukugonyelwa kwemibutho elawula ukunqongophala kwesivumelwano. Imizekelo embalwa yemizekeliso ibalaselisa umahluko:

  • ICalifornia: Ikhowudi kaRhulumente waseKhalifoniya ivumela iisuti nxamnye nombuso kwizivumelwano ezicacileyo. Umbuso unokuba netyala kumlinganiselo ofanayo neqela labucala, kodwa imposiso yesohlwayo ayivumelekanga.
  • INew York:[FLT: 1] INkundla yaseNew York yeeNgxelo inegunya kwizivumelwano ezichaphazelekayo kurhulumente. Noko ke, kukho imfuneko zesaziso nommiselo olinganiselweyo wemiqathango (oknaye iinyanga ezintandathu kwimiqathango yetort, kodwa intengo zesivumelwano zilandela umthetho owahlukileyo).
  • [[NTL:0] : ITort Athis Acts Developtions somgamphi wokhuseleko lwezikhephe ezithile, kodwa izivumelwano zilawulwa yiKhowudi kaRhulumente weTexas, efuna i-odoli ethile yemithetho ekhethekileyo okanye ilungiselelo lesivumelwano elibonisa ukukhusela ukunqanda ukunqanda ukudleka.
  • [ Florida: iFlorida inendawo ebanzi yokukhusela ulawulo lwezikhuseli kwisivumelwano esifunekayo phantsi kwecandelo 768.28, iMithetho yaseFlorida, kodwa umonakalo ufakwa kwiidola ezingama-200,000 (R240 000) kumntu ngamnye kunye nee-$300,000) ngesiganeko ngasinye.

Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba izalathisi kufuneka ziphande imithetho ethile yesizwe ezifumana kuyo isokukhusela umzimba. Ubukho okanye ukungabikho komntu ongakwaziyo ukubuyisa ityala kunye nokugxothwa.

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo Kwabasebenzi

Kubantu bamashishini nabantu abangena ezivumelwaneni noorhulumente belizwe, ukukwazi ukukhusela ukuma komzimba womntu akuyonto iphambili efundiswayo, kwaye kungumbandela obalulekileyo wokulawula umngcipheko. Oku kulandelayo kubalulekile:

Ukujongwa kwamaxhoba kunye nabahlaseli

Enye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokukhusela amalungelo akho kukuquka nayiphi na into ecacileyo yokukhusela ulawulo lwezikhuseli kwisivumelwano ngokwaso. Amazwana amaninzi anenkqubo apho umbutho unokuvuma ukumangalelwa kwinkundla ethile. Isivumelwano esifakelwe kakuhle singaquka igalelo elifana neli: "URhulumente uluyekele nayiphi na into efunwayo ngolawulo lwezikhuseli-zikhuseli okanye isiHlaziselo seSiphendu seshumi Elipheleleyo esijongene nesenzo esivela kule sivumelwano. ” Noko ke, ibinzana elinjalo liyasebenza kuphela ukuba iqumrhu eligunya elisemthethweni lingavuma umxhasi. Amanye amarelathi afuna ukuba nayiphi na into engenziwa ngokusemthethweni igunyazwe. Ngoko, ibalulekile ukubuzana isiluleko esisemthethweni nemithetho esetyenziswa ngurhulumente esetyenziswayo.

Iimfuno zokwemvelo

Kwanaxa ukhuseleko lungasetyenziswa, kusoloko kukho iimfuno ezingqongqo. Iimeko ezininzi zifuna ukuba ikontraka ibhale isaziso sayo ngexesha elifutshane (umz., iintsuku ezingama-90 okanye iinyanga ezintandathu) emva kokuphikisana. Ukungathobeli kusenokuphumela ekulahlekelweni kwemali. Ngaphezu koko, ikompathiswa isenokufuna ukukhupha amayeza okulawula, njengokuqhuba inkqubo yesivumelwano sokuphikisana nombutho, ngaphambi kokunikezela ityala.

Ukukhetha Ifoloma Efanelekileyo

Ukuba urhulumente akakhange alwenze ukhuseleko kwinkundla ethile, ikontraka isenokungabi nakhetho ngaphandle kokumangalelwa kwinkundla yelizwe enegunya. Kwezinye iimeko, ukurhoxiswa kusenokufumaneka ukuba isivumelwano siquka igalelo lokwahlulwa komgaqo-nkqubo kwaye ukuba urhulumente uvume ukuba uyakwazi ukuhlaziywa. Noko ke, izivakalisi zokwahlukana-mthetho kufuneka ziphindwe ngenyameko kuba iimeko zingagcina ukhuseleko oluphezulu kwimicimbi enxulumene nokutshintsha. Ukhetho lwe-oyilem ingachaphazela hayi ukuba imeko iyahamba okanye iyaphumelela kodwa kwanezonyango ezikhoyo.

I-inshorensi Nokwandisa

Abaququzeleli kufuneka baqwalasele ukuba ngaba umbutho wesizwe uza kuzenza zifakelwe izibhengezo eziziswa ngamaqela amathathu. Izivumelwano ezininzi zikarhulumente ziquka iingxelo ezidityanisiweyo, kodwa ezi zingasikelwe umda ngemigaqo yokuzikhusela kwezobungangamsha. Umzekelo, ukuba iqela lesithathu limangalela ikompathi yento enxulumene nesivumelwano, urhulumente unokuthi ayinakunyanzeleka ukuba ifake intengiso ngaphandle kokuba iluthintele ukhuseleko lohlobo lwentengiso.

Ukubhabhaxa Kwabantwana Xa Bekhuliswa

Ukuba urhulumente ukhusela isivumelwano ngezizathu zokuzikhusela, ikontraka kufuneka ikulungele ukuphikisa into yokuba ukukhusela ukudleka kuye kwathintelwa okanye isetyenziswa ngokuchasene noko. Ezi ndlela zilandelayo ziyasetyenziswa:

  1. Inyathelo lokuqala kukufumana ummiselo okanye umGaqo-siseko obeka ukhuseleko lohlobo lwento ethethwayo. Oku kusoloko kufuna uhlalutyo lwemithetho.
  2. [[UMKHL. 0] Ingqokelela yemiqathango neemeko: Ukuba i-raver inemiqathango (umz., efuna isaziso ngexesha elithile), ikompathi mayibonise ukuba zonke iimeko zahlangatyezwana.
  3. [[FLT: 0] I-Argue Ethi iNqanda Iyazidibanisela: Ukuba isivumelwano siqulathe igalelo le-waver, gxininisa ulwimi lwaso olucacileyo.
  4. I-Aspect Act yolungiselelo Ekwahlulwayo: Ukuba ulwaphuko luvela kwimposiso engeyoyoyoyonjongo, iphikisa ngelithi ukunqanda akusebenzi kwimisebenzi yolungiselelo.
  5. Funa Uncedo lokwenziwa: Kwamanye amazwe, ikontrakthi ingayila inyathelo lomgwebo ohlaziyiweyo ukuze ifumane umthetho wokukhusela ukukhusela ukudleka phambi kokuba iqhubeke nomonakalo.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba amanye amazwe amisele iinkundla ezikhethekileyo okanye iikhomishini zokusingatha izibhengezo ezichasene norhulumente. Umzekelo, iNkundla yaseNew York yeeNkundla yamatyala kunye neNkundla yama-Illinois yamatyala inikezelwe ngokungqinelana. Ezi nkundla zisoloko zinemigaqo equkunjelweyo kwaye zisenokuvuma kakhulu kwizivumelwano kuneenkundla jikelele zasekuhlaleni.

Isiphelo

Ukungahambelani kwizivumelwano zikarhulumente kungummandla ocacileyo womthetho odibanisa inkqubo yoluntu kunye namalungelo obuqu. Ngoxa ukhuseleko lobungangamsha lungakhusela amazwe kwilixa elingenasiphelo, lungadala iziphumo ezingalunganga kwizindlu ezixhomekeke kwizithembiso zikarhulumente. Ngesivumelwano sobuchule, ukuqonda iziphakamiso zesizwe, kunye nokuzichaza okuququzelelayo, amashishini anganciphisa iingozi ezinxulumene noorhulumente. Noko ke, ukhuseleko olungcono lulwazi: phambi kokuba angene kwisivumelwano soburhulumente esixhomekeke kwizithembiso, ajongenegqeba elinamava ekufumaneni imvume nemithetho esemthethweni elawulayo. Ukuqonda imithetho yemidlalo evumela ukuba udlale ngokunempumelelo.