Isebe lowiso-mthetho lorhulumente wase-United States yi-injini yedemokhrasi yaseMerika, ejongene nokuyila, nokumisela imithetho ebumba uhlanga. Ityunjwe liQumrhu leMigaqo I, iKhomishini lilungiselelo eliyiBhunga elibunjwa yiBhunga kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zabameli. Esi sakhiwo sasiyi-edemokhrasi ezimanyumnyezi phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu namancinane, siqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu nolawulo lorhulumente banelizwi ekwakheni kwemithetho karhulumente. Abafundi, abafundisi, nabaqululekisi bemi, baqonda inkqubo entsonkothileyo yendlela ekufuneka umthetho omele uqonde ngayo ukuhlolwa nemilinganiselo elawulayo. Eli nqaku lilungiselela indlela ebanzi yokuhamba ngomgaqo womthetho, ukusuka kwinkquluvo, ukulungiselela ingqweqwe, ukulungiselela imicimbi, ukulungiselela, ukuqwalasela, ukuqwalasela, ukusetyenziswa kwesebe.

Isiseko: Inqaku I Nenjongo Yengqungquthela

Abaphathi bomGaqo-siseko babeka isebe lowiso-mthetho kuqala, bebonakalisa inkolelo yabo yokuba ukwenza umthetho kulelona gunya lisisiseko lorhulumente ongummeli. IGatya Inika iKhomishini onke amagunya owiso-mthetho, kuquka igunya lokuhlawula irhafu ye-levy, ukuvakalisa imfazwe, ukulawula urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, nokubonelela ngezokhuseleko kunye nentlalo-ntle-ntle yabantu bonke. Ngaphaya koko, iBhunga lenza imisebenzi echaphazelekayo, ukuphanda kwesebe eliphetheyo nokuqinisekisa ukumiselwa komongameli. Isebe lowiso-mthetho nalo linamandla okungameli, kuquka umongameli, kunye nokucebisa ukuvota okuziinwa komGaqo-siseko ngamavoti amabini akwizi-3. Eli gunya lilungelelaniswe ngamasebe ahlukeneyo ngegunya eliphethe umongameli kunye nokucalulo lweNkubusa-mthetho.

Isakhiwo Sengqungquthela Esakhiwe Ngebhiya

IBhunga lahlulahlulwe laba ngamagumbi amabini ahlukeneyo, ngalinye elineempawu neembopheleleko ezingafaniyo. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uhlolisiswe ngenyameko ngokweembono ezininzi ngaphambi kokuba ube ngumthetho.

Indlu Yabameli

Indlu yabameli ligumbi elikhulu, enamalungu ovota angama-455 ahlulwe phakathi kwamazwe asekelwe kubalo-mali njengoko kumiselwe ngubalo-nyaka ohlaziyiweyo. Ummeli ngamnye usebenza ngegama elikwiminyaka emibini, ewenza iNdlu ibe yeyona isabelayo kuluvo lukawonke-wonke. Indlu inamandla okusungula iindleko zemali (umthetho werhafu) nokuzisa amanqaku okungaqeqeshwa. Indlu ilungelelaniswe ngakumbi kwaye ikho nemithetho elawulayo elawula imimiselo yemithetho yomthetho. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo, ingxoxo edla ngokuyimiqathango yendlu, kwaye iKomiti yeMimiselo ibeka imiqathango yexesha elipheleleyo kunye nemithetho yokuqwalalisa.

IBhunga

IBhunga leNtlanga yamalungu ali-100, amabini asuka kwiphondo ngalinye, asebenza ngokushukumayo iminyaka emithandathu. Le ndlela yayijolise ekukhuseleni abaququzeleli kwimimoya eguqukayo yoluvo lukawonke-wonke kwaye inikezele ngequmrhu elinamandla akhethekileyo, kuquka igunya lokuvumela izivumelwano (ngee-350 zovoti) nokuqinisekisa ukumiselwa komongameli njengamalungu ekhathebhathi, abagwebi borhulumente, kunye nee-arhentern (ngabaninzi abaqhelekileyo). Imithetho yendlu yendlu yendlu ivumela ukuphengulula impikiswano eyandisiweyo (i-finbster), efuna ukuvota ama-ama-equmrhu ama-60) ukuze iphele. Njengesiphumo, i-State isoloko ihamba kancinci kwaye ifuna ukuxhasa okulawula umthetho omkhulu.

Uhambo Lwencwadi: Ukusuka Kwingcamango Eya Kumthetho

Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho wesizwe intsonkothile ngabom, ngeengongoma ezininzi zohlolo, zokulungisa, kunye nengxoxo. Ngoxa la manyathelo alandelayo echaza indlela esesikweni, amatyala amaninzi awaze awenze ungaphaya kwemigangatho embalwa yokuqala, kwaye amanye alandela iinkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo.

Inyathelo 1: Isindululo kunye nodrafti

Umthetho uqala njengengcamango, enokuvela kwimithombo emininzi: ilungu leKhomishini, ikomiti, umongameli, umbutho karhulumente, amaqela olawulo, okanye abemi abaqhelekileyo. Le ngcamango iguqulwa ibe sisicelo esisemthethweni esibizwa ngokuba lityala. Isigqibo sokwenza ikopi sidla ngokwenziwa yiNdlu yeLegislative Congress, iKhomishini yeKhompyutha yoMgaqo-siseko, eqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uvakala ngokusemthethweni kwaye umiselwe ngokufanelekileyo. IiBhili zinokutshintshwa zibe sisigqibo esisemthethweni (ukwenza ulawulo lonke ilizwe) okanye (ukwenza izicelo ezikhethekileyo okanye izinhlangano). Babelwa inani (umz. H.R. 1 okanye S.1) elisekelwe kwigumbi lokuphuhlisa nokuzithoba.

Inyathelo lesi-2: Ukwazisa kunye nokubuya

Ityala liqatshelwa xa ilungu leBhunga lilinika ngokusemthethweni "intelekelelo" kwindlu okanye ngokwenza ingxelo kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu. Umxhasi wetyala ngumphathi walo oyintloko, kwaye abasebenzi bemali bangadibanisa ukubonisa inkxaso. Emva kwentshayelelo, ityala libhekiswa kwikomiti efanelekileyo okanye kwiikomiti zepalamente, ngokusekelwe kumbandela walo (umz., ukulima, i-judiary, amandla). Ngokufuthi, iindleko zibhekiswa kwiikomiti ezininzi (i-arekhothari) ukuba zigubungela imixholo emininzi, ezinokuqaqamba kwaye zicothe.

Inyathelo lesi-3: Ulwazelelelo lweKomiti

IiKomiti "amahashe asebenzayo" eMbutho, apho kukho uhlaziyo olukhulu lwemithetho-siseko. Ikomiti iya kuthumela ityala kwikomiti engaphantsi ukuze kuchongwe nokuchongwa. Ukuvakala kuvumela iingcaphephe, amagosa karhulumente, kunye noluntu ukuba banikele ubungqina ngeziphumo zemali. Emva kokuva, ikomiti encinci iphethe intlanganiso "yokubhalisa" intlanganiso apho amalungu aceba ukupheliswa, iinguqu, nokuvota ukuba ingabika na ityala kwikomiti epheleleyo. Ikomiti epheleleyo ngoko ifaka ityala layo. Ukuba i-oklonti iyawuvumela (ngevoti enkulu), i-"ikhutshelwa kwigumbi elipheleleyo kunye nengxelo ngeenjongo zayo. Ikomiti isenokukhetha nokuba ikhomba yesandla esithenjiweyo okanye ityala layo elingeso lingena tyala. Ukuba ikomiti i-gcuntrabhuthi yemithetho yendlu (i-odvote) ukuba ingumthetho omkhulu) ingumqondiso wendlu.

Inyathelo lesi-4: Isenzo Somgangatho Kwigumbi Lokuqala

Xa ithe yaxelwa, ityala libekwe kwikhalenda. Kwi House, iKomiti yeMimiselo idla ngokukhupha i "mthetho" emisela iingxoxo, kuquka imida yexesha elidlulileyo kwaye iziphumo zexesha zinokunikelwa (kuvulwa, okanye kulungiswe imithetho). Indlu epheleleyo ngoko ixambulisana nexesha elihlukeneyo phakathi kwabaxhasi nabachasi. Emva kokuphikisana, amalungu avota ukupheliswa (ukuba avunyelwe) kwaye emva koko kwinyathelo lokugqibela. Indlu isebenzisa i-electovota ye-elektroniki, kwaye inkoliso elula iyafuneka ukuze ihambe. KwiNsungulo yendlu, isenzo somgangatho asilungelelani. Inkoliso icwangcisa impikiswano, kodwa ii-sentersterstings iyakwazi ukuthetha ngobude ukuvota. Ukuphelisa ukubota okuyimfuneko, imfuno yokurhoxa i-okisa ama-60, i-ovelkswords, ifuna ukuvota, iin eethe (onke i-ethe , i-ethe ncam elula) i-ethe phinda i-ethe , i-ethe yaziwa

Inyathelo 5: Uqwalaselo Olunye Lwecandelo

Ukuba umlomo udlula kwigumbi lokuqala, uthunyelwa kwenye igumbi, apho idlula inkqubo enye esisiseko: i-operal kwikomiti, ukuva, ukunyusa, ingxoxo yomgangatho, kunye nevoti. Igumbi lesibini lingadlula kanye njengoko lamkelekile, kodwa ngokufuthi yenza utshintsho. Ukuba igumbi lesibini lidlula kuhlobo olwahlukileyo, umlomo kufuneka uxoxwe.

Inyathelo lesi-6: Ikomiti yeNgqungquthela okanye iPing-Pong

Ukusombulula umahluko phakathi kweNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu kunye neNtlanganiso, ikomiti yengqungquthela iveliswa ngokuqhelekileyo. Le yindawo yolawulo yexeshana emiselwe amalungu aphezulu avela kuwo omabini amagumbi amiselwe bunkokeli. Amalungu ekomiti yeNgqungquthela athethana ngesivumelwano esimele sivunywe ngobuninzi bendlu kunye neNtlanganiso. Ingxelo yengqungquthela ephumeyo ithunyelwa emva kwigumbi ngalinye kwigumbi ngalinye levote (akukho zisiphelo esithe nako kuvunyelwana okungakumbi). Ukuba omabini amagumbi ayakuvumela ingxelo yengqungquthela, imali ilungele umongameli. Okanye, amagumbi angasebenzisa "implong" apho athumela khona isibhengezo sombhulo kunye ne-a emva kwendlu de avume enye igumbi loguqulelo. Oku kusetyenziswa ukwenzela iindleko zoqhalo oluncinane.

Inyathelo lesi-7: Isenzo sobuMongameli

Xa umthetho ofanayo udlula kuzo zombini iigumbi, uyabhaliswa aze anikwe umongameli.

  • [[UMTL: 0] Uphawu lomthetho [[Umthetho: 1] - iba ngumthetho kawonke- wonke ngoko nangoko okanye kumhla ochaziweyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuyivosa kumthetho - umongameli uyibuyisela kwiKhomishini ngokuphikisa. Ingqungquthela ingayigqitha iveto ngevoti yoninzi oluziisithathu emagumbini omabini, emva kwayo loo mali iba ngumthetho ngaphandle kotyikityo lomongameli.
  • Ungathathi nyathelo iintsuku ezilishumi xa iBhunga likwintlanganiso – ityala liba ngumthetho ngaphandle kotyikityo lomongameli.
  • awuthathi nyathelo ngelixesha iingqungquthela zithe gqi ngezo ntsuku ezilishumi - le yingxowa yeveto; umlomo uyafa kwaye awukwazi ukubaleka.

    • Kwakhona umongameli unokusayina le ngxelo kodwa unikela ingxelo yokutyobela evakalisa amathandabuzo, nangona ezi zingenagunya elisemthethweni.

    Inyathelo 8: Ukusasaza nomanyano

    Emva kokuba ngumthetho, ummiselo omtsha wabelwe inani lomthetho kawonke-wonke (umz., L. L. 118.1) kwaye upapashwe kwi United States iMithetho ePhakamileyo [. Kamva ifakwe kwi Code yase United States [[FLT:] [FLT]], ecwangcisa yonke imithetho yequmrhu ngomxholo. I-Ofisi yeFederal Register ikhupha imithetho etyibilikayo neMimiselo ebanzi. Abafundisi kunye nabaphandi banokufumana iingxelo zemithetho epheleleyo [[FLT:].[FLT]

    Indima yeeKomiti namaBhunga

    IiKomiti zihlala zihleli okanye zikhetha iindawo ezisebenza kuzo zonke iinkqubo. Zine iindidi: ukuma (i-permanication, umz., i-Appropriation, iiNkonzo ze-Admin), ukukhetha (ixeshana lenjongo ethile, umzekelo, iKomiti yeSi 6), idityaniswe (namalungu akwizo zombini iigumbi, umzekelo, iKomiti edityanisiweyo kwiNgqungquthela), kunye nengqungquthela. Iqela elingaphantsi lekomiti lenza uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha. Isitulo seqela, iqela elikhulu, lilawula izicwangciso zokuphulaphula, kwaye liyakwazi ukuvala izibheno. Abasebenzi bekomiti bavavanyaniswa kwimisho yemibutho elungisa imicimbi kunye nemisebenzi yokwakha. Le nkqubo ivumela amalungu ekwakhelo-ocensenti ukuba aphuhlise nempembelelo kwimimandla ethile.

    IiNkcukacha zeKomiti

    Ukuvakala kusenokuba ngumthetho (ukuqokelela ulwazi malunga nomthetho), ukuvelela (ukuhlola izenzo zesebe eliphetheyo), okanye ukuqinisekisa (kubantu abasemagunyeni). AmaNgqina asenokuquka amagosa aphezulu, iingcali, kunye nabameli. Iintlanganiso zemali zilapho i-ckup zihlaziywa khona ngokusemthethweni; iziHlaziyo zingaba "ukugqibelela" (ukuqulunqa ulwimi), "ukwenza okubhaliweyo okupheleleyo), okanye "germane" (ukwamkeleka kwimali). EHome, i-gnene i-iphene inya elisebenza ngokungqongqo; kwiNxawa, engangeni-Gene-antement (abagwebi) ziqhelekile.

    Iingqikelelo nolungelelwano kwinkqubo yoMthetho

    Isebe lowiso-mthetho linyanzelwa yi-veto yomongameli, uhlolo lwezahlulelo, kunye nemfuneko yezenzo ezithile eziphezulu (iinkcazelo, ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko, ukukhutshwa kwamalungu, ukugxothwa kwamalungu. Ngaphezu koko, icebiso leNdlu yeNdlu yezomthetho kunye nendima yokuvuma kulungelelanisa ukumiselwa kwamandla omongameli kunye nezivumelwano. Amandla endlu emali (enkqumrhu) ahlola isigqeba-ntloko. Inkqubo yemithetho ngokwayo, kunye neemfuno zayo ezininzi kunye ne-bimeral, iqinisekisa ukuba akukho ngqini enye enokuthi ikwazi ukuyenza lula ukuthanda kwayo.

    Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa

    Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, ngeli xesha ijongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo. Ukubekwa kwethafa kunyuke, kunamatyala ambalwa okudlula nokuthembela kakhulu kumavota eqela. Indlu yendlu ye-Ndlubuster iye yagxekwa ngokufuna amavota ama-60 omthetho omkhulu, ngokunempumelelo ukwenza imfuneko enkulu. Ukuqhatha kunye nempembelelo yemali yezemali yesehlo inokuthi ukuntsonkotha kwenkqubo kuthethe ukuba iimfanelo ezininzi ezifanelekileyo azize zibe ngumthetho, ngelixa "i-a kufuneka" iimali zemali (njengokusetyenziswa kweminxeba) zisoloko zisetyenziswa njengezithuthi eziphezulu. Impembelelo yemali yemali yezemali ephambili isenokutyhafikisa abakhweli abangembi.

    Imigudu Yotshintsho

    Izindululo zotshintsho ziquka ukuphelisa okanye ukulungisa igalelo le-filibuster, ukuqinisa isicelo sokukhulula, ukulinganisela imiqondiso, kunye nokwanda kokubonakala kwinkqubo yekomiti yengqungquthela. Abanye baphikisa inkqubo yokungangeni mganyana okanye yokungena komsinga, nangona ezi zinto zibonakala zingenakunikwa isiseko somgaqo-siseko. Umyalelo othe rhoqo (ukuvumela igalelo elinentsingiselo) usoloko udlula ngenkokeli usebenzisa "ii-omnibus" iindleko zemali okanye "imithetho evaliweyo" ukudlula ngesantya.

    Ukubaluleka Kokubandakanyeka Kwisityalo Secapuca

    Ukuqonda indlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo inika abemi amandla okuba bathathe inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo. Abameli abanxibelelana nabo, abangqina ekuchotshelweni, abanikela amagqabaza kawonke-wonke ngemigaqo ecetyisiweyo, kunye nokuvota zizindlela zonke zokuphembelela inkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ubuchule obufana USUSA.gov kunye nezibonelelo zeSizwe izibonelelo zomthetho nokuqonda inkqubo.

    Isiphelo

    Isebe lowiso-mthetho lisengumthetho osisiseko wequmrhu lomthetho eUnited States, isakhiwo salo se-baobal sikhusela ekukhawulezeni okanye kwisenzo esiphosakeleyo. Uhambo lwetyala ngekomiti, iingxoxo zomgangatho, iikomiti zenkomfa, kunye nohlolo lomongameli lunzima ngabom ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-demokhrasi exhaphakileyo, ixhaswa ngokubanziswa ngumthetho. Ngoxa inkqubo ingeyifezeki kwaye icotha, ibonakalisa umbono wabalawuli borhulumente ofuna ukuququzelela, ukulalanisa, nokuhlola. Kubafundisi-bafundisi-ma kunye nabafundi, ukufundisisa inkqubo yomthetho kunika iwindow kwizinto ezinokutshintsha kwabameli bolawulo-melo kunye noxanduva oluqhubekayo lobuhlanga.