Abenzi bomthetho basisiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi, abasebenza njengabayili bezakhiwo ezibunjwe yimigaqo-siseko elawula ibutho lethu. Aba bantu banembopheleleko yokudala, yokulungisa, nokuhlaziya imithetho echaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi bethu bemihla ngemihla. Ukuqonda ukuba ngoobani abamisi-mthetho, indlela abasebenza ngayo, nendima ebalulekileyo abayenzayo kurhulumente inceda abemi bayiqonde bhetele inkqubo yedemokhrasi kunye nendima yabo kuyo.

Ngoobani Abaenzi Bemithetho?

Ummisi-mthetho, okanye umenzi-mthetho, ngumntu obhalayo nodlulisela imithetho, ingakumbi umntu olilungu lendlu yowiso-mthetho. Aba bantu bakhonza kwiiqumrhu ezahlukeneyo zowiso-mthetho ehlabathini lonke, ngamnye onezibizo neembopheleleko ezahlukeneyo kuxhomekeke kwinkqubo yezobupolitika asebenza kuyo.

Iintlobo zeziBonakaliso zoMqathango

Indlu yowiso-mthetho yingqungquthela enegunya elisemthethweni lokwenza umthetho nokuphatha ezopolitiko kwiqumrhu lezobupolitika elinjengelizwe, ilizwe, okanye isixeko. Amaqumrhu asemthethweni akhoyo kwimigangatho emininzi yolawulo, ukusuka koomasipala basekuhlaleni ukuya koorhulumente besizwe kwanakwiintlangano zezizwe ngezizwe.

Ezona ziqhelekileyo yipalamente nengqungquthela, nangona la magama ekwaneentsingiselo ezizizo. Indlu yowiso-mthetho kwinkqubo yepalamente yipalamente; indlu yowiso-mthetho kwinkqubo yomongameli yingqungquthela. Lo mahluko ubonisa umahluko osisiseko kwindlela ezi ziqumrhu ezisebenzisana ngayo namandla aphakamileyo zize zilungelelanise umsebenzi wazo.

Ngapha koko, amanye amagama aqhelekileyo aquka iNdibano yeSizwe (ngokufuthi iNdibano yesiZwe kwaye inxulumene nemfuneko yokuqinisekisa ulawulo lwesizwe sabantu), iKhonklane (ngokuqhelekileyo equka igumbi elisezantsi neliphezulu), iCamelo (iCandelo labameli, iCandelo leeDeputies, njl, iquka isalatha esicacileyo sendima efezwe yigumbi lePlenum), iBritan (iCamp, iBhunga, iNdream neCampta (igama eliqhelekileyo lamagumbi aphezulu). Kodwa iipalamente ezininzi zinamagama akhethekileyo esizwe sazo, njenge-Althingini (iphondo loMjalane), i-Brefagno (inja), uDity (uay), uMajlis (udiawe-Arabia namanye amazwe obuSulumane).

Izibizo Ezahlukileyo Zabenzi Bomthetho

Abenzi bomthetho baziwa ngeziqu ezahlukeneyo ezixhomekeke kwiqumrhu lowiso-mthetho abasebenza kulo. Ipalamente: ilungu lepalamente ·Gagislature: ilungu lendlu yowiso-mthetho · Congress: ilungu lengqungquthela · Centre of Deputies: isekela le-ssenter · House of Deaders: ummeli · iGenear of the The Direators: ibinzana eliqhelekileyo "depuny" lingasetyenziswa, lisuka kwingcamango yokuba ummisi-mthetho ngu "deputing" kubanyuli besithisi-votisi.

EUnited States, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi yamalungu ali-100 , ,2 ukusuka kwilizwe ngalinye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba linani labantu okanye indawo() ekhethwe ngabantu ngokuhambelana noMthetho-siseko we-17 Wonyaka-waka. Okwangoku, iNdlu yabameli ibunjwa ngamalungu angama-435 anyulwa kwiminyaka emibini yonke kumazwe angama-50, ahlulwa abantu bonke.

Iimbopheleleko Zabenzi Bomthetho

Abenzi bomthetho benza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo engaphaya kokuvota nje kuphela ekwabiweni komthetho. Iimbopheleleko zabo ziquka ukumela, ukubeka imithetho, ukuvelela, nokunika izibonelelo.

Ukwenziwa Nokudlula Komthetho

Umsebenzi oyintloko womenzi-mthetho kukuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Umthetho sisicelo somthetho omtsha okanye ukutshintshela kumthetho okhoyo. Naliphi na ilungu leKhonkxa - elisuka kwiNdlu yeNdlu okanye kwiNdlu okanye kwiNdlu yooMameli – ocinga ukuba ngumthetho angayila ityala. Ezi ngcamango zivela kumalungu eBhunga-mthetho ngokwawo okanye kubemi bemihla ngemihla nakumaqela olawulo lwamaqumrhu.

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ibandakanya amaqondo amaninzi. Okokuqala, ummeli uxhasa ityala. Ngoko ityala linikwa ikomiti ukuba ifunde. Ukuba ikhululwe yikomiti, ityala libekwa kwikhalenda eza kuvotelwa, impikiswano okanye ilungiswe. Ukuba ityala lidlula ngomninzi (218 ku 435), ityala lisiwa kwiBhunga leNtlanganiso.

Mhlawumbi eyona nxalenye ibalulekileyo yenkqubo yowiso-mthetho yisenzo seekomiti. Iikomiti zinikela ubuchule obukhethekileyo kunye nohlolo olunenkcukacha lomthetho ocetyisiweyo phambi kokuba ufike kwigumbi elipheleleyo ukuze uqwalaselwe.

UMthetho weSizwe

Indlu neNdlu yeeNdlu yeekomiti ezahlukahlukeneyo ezibunjwe ngamaqela amalungu eNgqungquthela anomdla ngokukhethekileyo kwimibandela efana nemicimbi yempilo okanye yehlabathi. Indlu yabameli yahlulahlula umsebenzi wayo phakathi kweekomiti ezisisigxina ezingamashumi amabini.

Inkqubo yekomiti ibandakanya ukuvavanywa ngokucokisekileyo komthetho ocetyiswayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, inyathelo lokuqala kule nkqubo kukuchotshelwa kwasesidlangalaleni apho ikomiti okanye amalungu ekomiti encinci eva amangqina amela iimbono ezahlukeneyo ngomlinganiselo. Emva kokuba kugqitywe ukuva, ityala liqwalaselwa kwintlanganiso eyaziwa ngokuba yintlanganiso "yokuphawula". Kweli nqaku, ukubuyiselwa kokungaqulukwa kwetyala, kwaye ikomiti okanye amalungu angaphantsi kwekomiti avotayo ukuba avote okanye alahle ezi nguqulelo.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Uphawu lokuqala noluphambili lwendlu yowiso-mthetho lunxulumano lwayo olusisiseko nabemi bohlanga okanye ulawulo. Abenzi bomthetho basebenza njengelizwi lezabelo zabo, bezisa inkxalabo zoluntu kwiqonga lesizwe okanye lengingqi kwaye beqinisekisa ukuba iimbono ezahlukeneyo ziyaviwa kwiingxoxo zenkqubo.

Indlu yowiso-mthetho ikwasebenza njengendlela ephambili yokukhupha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika nokuchaza intetho kwaye njengomqondiso wokumela okungaguquguqukiyo. Nangona abameli besoloko bengakwazi ukuphembelela iziphumo zenkqubo karhulumente, banika abo bameleyo ukuba bangenele inkqubo kunye nelizwi kwinkqubo, nokuba lixhasa okanye liyaphikisana.

Ukulawula nokuphendula

Amandla abo asenokuquka ukudlulisa imithetho, ukumisela uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente, ukuqinisekisa amagunya alawulayo, ukuqinisekisa izivumelwano, ukuphengulula isebe eliphetheyo, ukubuza nokususa amalungu eofisi esebe eliphetheyo kunye nelokugweba, kunye nokubuyisela izikhalo zesebe. Lo msebenzi wobuveleli uqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo lisebenza ngaphakathi kwemida esemthethweni kwaye lihlala linetyala kubantu.

Ukuhlaliswa kohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali noMacebo

Ukongeza ekumiseleni imithetho, izindlu zowiso-mthetho zidla ngokuba negunya elipheleleyo kumazwe athile lokunyusa irhafu nokusebenzisa uqingqo-mali. Eli gunya lemali limela enye yezona zixhobo zibalulekileyo abenzi bezixhobo abanazo ukubumba izinto eziphambili kurhulumente nokuqinisekisa ukuba uxanduva lwemali lunetyala.

Indlela Abakhethwa Ngayo Abenzi Bemithetho

Indlela abakhethwa ngayo abenzi bomthetho iyahluka ngokwahlukileyo kwiinkqubo zobupolitika ezahlukeneyo, nangona unyulo lwedemokhrasi lusasetyenziswa kakhulu kwidemokhrasi yanamhlanje.

Ukhetho Lwedemokhrasi

Abaqulunqi basoloko benyulwa ngabantu, kodwa bangamiselwa, okanye bamiselwe njengefa. Ukwanda kokunyuswa kwemali-mvume ngenkulungwane ye-19 neye-20 kwakhokelela kwiipalamente ezininzi ehlabathini lonke ukuba zinyulwe ngokwedemokhrasi. Kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, abaza kufumana isikhundla, banikela izikhundla zabo zemigaqo-nkqubo neemfaneleko zabo kubavoti abakhetha abameli babo ngonyulo olukhululekileyo nolufanelekileyo.

Inkqubo yokhetho iyahluka ngokwelizwe nangamandla. Ezinye iinkqubo zisebenzisa uvoto lokuqala oludlulileyo, apho umvotelwa ofumana olona khetho luninzi, ngelinye ixesha abanye basebenzisa umelo lolwahlulo, olunikezela ngezihlalo ezisekelwe kwipesenti yamavoti afunyanwa liqela ngalinye. Ezi nkqubo zonyulo ezahlukeneyo zingakuchaphazela ngokuphawulekayo ukuqanjwa nokusebenza kwamaqumrhu owiso-mthetho.

Ixesha lenkonzo

Imali yemali inikwe inani elikhethekileyo lokwahlula, elithi ligcinwe kuzo zombini iintlanganiso zeKhonkxale yangoku. Intlanganiso nganye ngunyaka omnye, yaye iKhomishini nganye yiminyaka emibini. Amaqumrhu owiso-mthetho ahlukeneyo anobude begama elahlukileyo kumalungu awo, elichaphazela ukuqhubekeka nokuziphendulela.

KwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi zaseUnited States, ii-senate zisebenzisa amabinzana eminyaka emithandathu, amalunga nesinye sesithathu seNdlu yeNtlanganiso ephezulu ukwenzela unyulo rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini. Le nkqubo ishukumayo iqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka kombutho ngeli xesha igcina ukuphendula rhoqo kubavoti. Ngokwahlukileyo, amalungu endlu, akhonza amabinzana eminyaka emibini, efuna ukuba bajongane novoti rhoqo.

Idinga kunye neenkqubo zokucwangcisa

Ngeli xesha unyulo lwedemokhrasi luyindlela ebalaseleyo yokukhetha kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho zanamhlanje, ezinye iinkqubo zisaquka ukutyunjwa okanye ukulifa. Amalungu angatyunjwa okanye anyulwe ngqo okanye ngokungangqalanga; asenokumela bonke abantu, amaqela athile, okanye amacandelo angaphantsi kwengingqi. Umzekelo, iNdlu yooDishophu yaseBritani ngokwembali iquka inzala yoontanga, nangona iinguqu zinciphisa ngokuphawulekayo inani labo ukuze kuxhaswe oontanga babo abamiselweyo bobomi.

Inkqubo yoMthetho kwinkcukacha

Ukuqonda indlela ityala eliba ngumthetho kusenza siqonde umsebenzi owenziwa ngabenzi bomthetho kunye noxilongo nolungelelwano olwakhelwe kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Ukwazisa nokugqithisa

Ilungu eliyintloko leBhunga elixhasa eli tyala libizwa ngokuba yi "sponsor". Amanye amalungu axhasa eli tyala abizwa ngokuba yi-"co-sponsers". Ukusetyenziswa komthetho kubonisa ukuzimisela komenzi womthetho othile kwaye amaxesha amaninzi abonakalisa imfuno yawo yenkqubo kunye nezilangazelelo zawo.

Xa isibham sibhaliwe kufuneka siqaliswe. Ukuba uMmeli ngumxhasi, ityala liziswa kwi Home. Ukuba iSenator ngumxhasi, ityala liqaliswe kwiBhunga leNtlanganiso. Eli nyathelo lokuqala liqalisa ngokusesikweni uhambo lomthetho.

Ingcebiso yeKomiti nokuHlakulelwa

Xa ityala lisezandleni zekomiti, lihlolisiswa ngenyameko kwaye amathuba ayo okudlula yiBhunga liphela agqitywa. Ikomiti ingade ikhethe ukuba nokuchongwa ukuze iqonde iziphumo zetyala. Eli candelo lekomiti livumela ubungqina obungoonongcali, igalelo lomntu ofaka isigqeba, kunye nohlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lomthetho ocetyiweyo.

Ngexesha lonke lenkqubo kudityaniswe kwaye kwenziwa utshintsho kwimithetho yekomiti nakwindlu yomgangatho weBhunga neNdlu. Ngalo ndlela ngevoti yokugqibela ityala lisenokuba lidlule kwiimpinda eziliqela zokuzihlaziya kwaye lijonge ngokwahlukileyo kwimali ehlawulwayo. Le nkqubo yokulungisa ivumela abenzi bomthetho ukuba bacoce umthetho, inkxalabo yedilesi, kwaye bakhe inkxaso ebanzi.

Ingxoxo yeNkcubeko noLuvo

Jikelele, imithetho nezenzo zendlu zivumela uninzi lwamanani ukuba luqhube umthetho ngokukhawuleza. Imithetho yeNdlu yeeNtlanga kunye neenkqubo, kwelinye icala, zixhasa ukucetyiswa kweqhinga elingaphaya kwesenzo esikhawulezileyo, njengoko zinika abaPhathi-mthetho ababalulekileyo abaxhamli. Oku kwahluka okungokwesithethe kubonisa iindima ezahlukeneyo zegumbi ngalinye kwinkqubo yemithetho-siseko somthetho.

Omnye wemisebenzi engundoqo yendlu yowiso-mthetho kukuxubusha nokuxoxa ngemibandela ebalulekileyo kwibutho labantu. Kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho eziqhuba ingxoxo, njengePalamente yoBukumkani baseUnited Kingdom, umgangatho wendlu yowiso-mthetho usoloko ubona impikiswano eshushu. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho ezisekelwe kwiikomiti njengeBhunga le-United States, ukuqwalaselwa kwezinto kwenzeka kwiikomiti ezivaliweyo.

Uxolo LwaseBicameral

Kuphela yiNdlu enokuthi ivelise umthetho wengeniso, kwaye kuphela yiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNkulumbuso eqinisekisa ukubhaliswa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano ezivunyiweyo, kodwa ukumiswa komthetho kusoloko kufuna ukuba omabini amagumbi avumelane ngokwahlukeneyo kwisivumelwano esifanayo phambi kokuba anikwe uMongameli. Xa la magumbi mabini egqithisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho omnye, kuyafuneka ukuba kuxolelwane.

Ukuba iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zeengxelo ezahlukeneyo zelo tyala, ikomiti yenkomfa eyakhiwe ngamalungu awo omabini amagumbi idityaniselwe ukuzama ukufikelela ukulalanisa. Ukuba ulalanisa kuya kufikelela, ikomiti yengqungquthela idla ngokuthumela ingxelo yenkomfa (ngokuqhelekileyo ebizwa njengengxelo yeNdluwa) kuwo omabini amagumbi). Le nkqubo yenkomfa ifuna ukuba abenzi bomthetho balapha bathethele baze balalane nabo.

Isenzo soMongameli

Xa la magumbi omabini edlulise iinguqulelo ezifanayo zemali, iqhubekela kumongameli ukwenzela isenzo sokugqibela. Ukuba uMongameli uyawuvumela umthetho, uyatyikitywa kwaye ube ngumthetho. Ukuba uMongameli akathathi nyathelo iintsuku ezilishumi xa iBhunga lisebuqulwini, ityala liba ngumthetho ngokuzenzekelayo.

Noko ke, ukuba uMongameli uphikisile, bangawukhupha umthetho. Ukuba uMongameli ukhupha umthetho, iBhunga lingazama ukuqhuba iveto. Ukuba zombini iCathenal neNdlu zidlulisa ityala ngenani eliziisithathu, iveto inikwe igunya, kwaye ityala liba ngumthetho. Oku kulawula igunya kuqinisekisa ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho igcine igunya elipheleleyo phezu kokwenza umthetho, nangona umqobo ophezulu ufunekayo usenza ishenxiso lunqabile.

Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo yomthetho

Amaqumrhu asemthethweni ehlabathini lonke asebenza phantsi kwemibutho eyahlukeneyo yomgaqo - siseko, nto leyo echaphazela ngokuphawulekayo indlela abalawuli bomthetho abasebenza ngayo nabasebenzisana ngayo namanye amasebe karhulumente.

Inkqubo yePalamente

Iipalamente zikho kumatyala abonisa ukudibanisa amagunya, lo gama iingqungquthela zikho kumatyala abonisa ukwahlula amagunya. Kwiinkqubo zepalamente, isebe elilawulayo liphuma kwaye lihlala linetyala kwindlu yowiso-mthetho.

Kwiinkqubo zepalamente, amalungu esebe eliphetheyo akhethwa kumalungu owiso-mthetho. Oku kudityaniswa kwamagunya kuthetha ukuba inkulumbuso kunye namagosa esebe ahleli kwipalamente, edala unxulumano oluthe ngqo phakathi kwegunya lowiso-mthetho nelolawulo.

Ukongezelela, nangona urhulumente engomnye welungu elizimeleyo, uya kuphendula kwipalamente. Ithetha ukuba, ngokwengcamango, indlu yowiso-mthetho ingasusa urhulumente njengoko ibona kufanelekile, kungakhathaliseki iziphumo ezivelayo. Eli lungiselelo lokuphendula, ngokufuthi elisetyenziswa ngokuvota okungenantembelo, liqinisekisa ukuba umphathi ophetheyo ulondoloza inkxaso yoninzi lwemithetho-siseko.

Inkqubo yobuMongameli

Imida ephakathi kwamasebe karhulumente iqwalaselwe ngokucacileyo ekuhlulekeni kwamagunya. Ngokwahlukileyo kwiinkqubo zamagunya epalamente, ekwahluleni kweenkqubo zamagunya, intloko yorhulumente nentloko karhulumente idityaniselwa kwisebe elinegunya kwiofisi kamongameli. Kwakhona, ukucacisa umda wesibonelelo ngokubhekele phaya, umongameli kunye nendlu yowiso-mthetho yekomkhulu zinyulwa kunyulwa kunyulo olwahlukeneyo.

Kwinkqubo yomongameli karhulumente, njenge-United States, indlu yowiso-mthetho ithathwa njengesebe likarhulumente elilingana negunya elilawulayo, nelizimeleyo. Oku kwahlula kudala inkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelanisa apho isebe ngalinye linokuwamisela imiqathango amagunya amanye.

Ngeli xesha injini yeengcamango zowiso-mthetho nezenzo ziseziNgqungquthela, uMongameli uphembelela inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, kwakhona. UMongameli uncomela uqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le kumasebe karhulumente yaye ngokufuthi ucebisa umthetho. Mhlawumbi okubaluleke ngakumbi, amandla okulawula umthetho anokuchaphazela iindleko ezidluliswa yiBhunga.

Iinkqubo ze-Semi-Presidenties

Amanye amaphondo, anjengeFransi, anenkqubo encinci ewela phakathi kweenkqubo zepalamente kunye nezombutho, edibanisa intloko enamandla karhulumente (umongameli) nentloko karhulumente, umphathi-mikhosi, ojongene nepalamente. Ezi nkqubo zidibene zizama ukulungelelanisa iingenelo zamalungiselelo epalamente kunye namalungiselelo omongameli.

Imiqathango engekho mthethweni.

Imithetho ingaba yi-uncameral okanye i-bigameral (ukujonga inkqubo ye-bidamaral). Lo mahluko wesakhiwo uyichaphazela ngokuphawulekayo indlela umthetho olungelelaniswa ngayo nendlela iinguqu ezahlukileyo ezimelelwa ngayo.

Imithetho Yebhanka

Amagumbi amabini alingana ngokusisiseko kwiindima nemisebenzi yawo yowiso-mthetho. Iinkqubo ze-Bacameral zibonakalisa indlu ephezulu nesezantsi, nganye ineempawu ezahlukeneyo nezobutyala. Indlu esezantsi idla ngokumela abantu ngqo, ngelixa indlu ephezulu imele iiyunithi zengingqi, inika umelo lwengingqi, okanye isebenza njengegumbi lokuhlola.

EUnited States, isakhiwo se-baobaral sibonakalisa imelo elisekelwe kubemi bobabini kwiNdlu yeNdlu kunye nomelo olulinganayo lombuso kwiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Oku kulalanisa, okusungulwe kwiNdibano yomGaqo-siseko, kuqinisekisa ukuba amazwe amaninzi nangenabemi baninzi baninzi anezimvo ezivakalayo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe.

Imithetho Engekho Ngamanani

Ezinye imigaqo-siseko esebenza ngegumbi elinye lowiso-mthetho. Urhulumente wesizwe waseKhanada unepalamente ye-bamaral, kwaye iphondo ngalinye le-10 laseKhanada linayo ipalamente engenamadamare. Iinkqubo zokungasetyenziswa koorhulumente zinokuba luncedo kakhulu kwaye zingabi naxabiso lininzi lokusebenza, nangona zingenalo uhlolo olongezelelweyo nomelo lwengingqi olubonelelwa ziinkqubo ze-bidamaral.

Ukuphuhliswa Kwemithetho Ngokwembali

Ukuqonda indaleko yemibutho yezowiso - mthetho kunikela umongo wemisebenzi yayo nezakhiwo zale mihla.

Izinto Zamandulo

IAthene yamandulo yayiyisiqalo sedemokhrasi. Indibano yaseAthene (76שששששש, ekklesia) yayiyeyona ndawo ibalulekileyo, kwaye bonke abami bendoda abakhululekileyo babenokuba nenxaxheba kwiingxoxo. Noko ke, idemokhrasi yaseAthene yayingeyonta, kodwa yayithe ngqo, yaye ngenxa yoko iekklesia yayahlukile kwinkqubo yepalamente.

IRiphabliki yamaRoma yayineendibano zowiso-mthetho, ezazinentetho yokugqibela ngokuphathelele unyulo lwamajaji, ukumiswa kwemimiselo emitsha, ukuphunyezwa kwesohlwayo sentambo, ukubhengezwa kwemfazwe noxolo, kunye nokudalwa (okanye ukudilika) kwezivumelwano. IBhunga leNtlanganiso laseRoma lalilawula imali, ulawulo, kunye neenkcukacha zenkqubo yamanye amazwe. La maziko amandulo amisela imizekelo yegunya lowiso-mthetho kunye nenkcubeko eqhubeka iphembelela iinkqubo zale mihla.

Uphuhliso Lwamandulo

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zamandulo zaseYurophu ziquka iPalamente yamaNgesi kunye ne-Iceland Althing (esungulweyo c. 930). Igama lesiNgesi lisuka kwiAnglo-Norman kwaye lisuka kwinkulungwane ye-14, lisuka kwigama lesiFrentshi esidala 'i-parlement' discus, intetho', ukusuka kwiparler, 'ukuthetha'. Intsingiselo eguqulelwe phambili ibhekisa kuyo nayiphi na ingxoxo, incoko, okanye ukushwankathelana ngentlobo ezahlukeneyo zamaqela ekhuphi na ekwalathanga, isoloko ibizwa ngukumkani. Ngenkulungwane ye-15 ye-Gritane, yayisele ithetha i-yodwa i-yongconsor.

Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zokuqala zaziyimibutho yokuxoxa, apho abantu babeza kudibana ukuze baxubushe imibandela engundoqo yomhla. Amandla ahlalayo ezi ndawo zokulawula ukwenza izigqibo okanye ukumane zidibane kwaye zixubushe kwaye zixubushe ngokuphawulekayo, ukutyhubela iminyaka neemeko. Kwiminyaka emininzi, la maqela adibanayo afumana igunya lowiso-mthetho ngokuthe ngcembe aguqukela kwimibutho enamandla esiyiqondayo namhlanje.

Indima Yemibhiyozo Yezobupolitika

Amaqela ezobupolitika enza indima ebalulekileyo ekumisweni komsebenzi wowiso-mthetho nasekulungiseni inkqubo. Isenzo sombutho-mthetho sicetywa kwaye siququzelelwa ziinkokeli zeqela kwigumbi ngalinye, ezikhethwe ngamalungu enkomfa okanye engqungquthela yeqela lawo. Ezi nkokeli zinceda ekumiseleni imimiselo yemithetho, ukulungelelanisa, nokugcina ingqeqesho yeqela.

Iqela lisoloko limisela izabelo zekomiti, iindawo zokhokelo, kunye neenkqubo zokuvota. Kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi, iqela elininzi lilawula imimiselo yemithetho kunye neekomiti zezihlalo, linika amandla abalulekileyo okuphuhlisa inkqubo yalo. Noko ke, umlinganiselo wengqeqesho yeqela uyahluka kakhulu kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zowiso-mthetho.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Nabenzi Bemithetho Banamhlanje

Abaqulunqi bemithetho bajamelana nocelomngeni oluninzi oluchaphazela amandla abo okumela ngokunempumelelo inkqubo yesandi nenkqubo yezobugcisa.

Ukuntsonkotha Kolawulo Lwale Mihla

Umthetho wangoku usoloko uthetha ngobuchule obuphezulu kunye nemiba entsonkothileyo efuna ulwazi olukhethekileyo. Ukusuka kwinkqubo yonyango ukuya kumgaqo wemali ukuya kumgangatho wemekobume, abamisi-mthetho kufuneka baxabe ngemibandela entsonkothileyo esenokufuna uphando olunzulu nohlalutyo olunzulu.

Name

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi zedemokhrasi ziye zafumana ukwanda kokwahlulwa-hlukene okusuka kumacandelo ahlukeneyo amashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Oku kuthatyathwa kolawulo kunokwenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukuyekelela nokukhokelela kwi-projekthi yemithetho. Xa abenzi bomthetho bejonga imiba ephambili ngelens yokukhupha i-application, ukufumana indawo efanayo kwimibuzo ebalulekileyo yenkqubo kuba nzima ngakumbi.

Ukuthenjwa Kubantu Bonke Nokuziphendulela

Ukugcina intembelo kawonke-wonke kumela ucelomngeni oluqhubekayo kumaqumrhu owiso-mthetho. Abenzi bomthetho kufuneka balungelelanise izilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo, benze urhwebo olunzima, yaye maxa wambi baxhasa iinkqubo ezingezozo ezamkelekileyo kodwa eziyimfuneko. Ukubonisa gca, ihambo entle, kunye nonxibelelwano olunempumelelo kunye neziququ zowiso-mthetho kufuneka zigcinwe zisemthethweni.

Okusingqongileyo kolwazi lwezixhobo ze-media nezolwazi

Ijelo leendaba lale mihla, kuquka ijelo leendaba, liye laguqula indlela abachaphazeli bemithetho abanxibelelana ngayo nabantu abakhoyo nendlela umsebenzi wowiso-mthetho obonwa ngayo ngabantu.

Ukubaluleka Komqeshwa Olawulayo Nenkxaso

Abenzi bemithetho bale mihla baxhomekeke kakhulu kuomasipala abanolwazi kwimibandela yophando, kumthetho wezomthetho, kunxibelelwano nabantu abasebenza kunye nokusingatha iimfuno ezininzi zenkonzo yezowiso-mthetho. Abasebenzi beekomiti banikela ubuchule obukhethekileyo kwimimandla yezomthetho, ngoxa abaphathi-mthetho abancedisayo belawula iiofisi zabo neenkonzo zabo.

Amaziko enkxaso yomthetho, njengeKhomishini yoPhicotho-zincwadi, i-ofisi kaRhulumente yoManga ne-Ofisi yoHlahlo loHlahlo-mali eUnited States, anika uhlalutyo olungeyonxalenye yolu lwabiwo kunye nolwazi lokunceda abenzi bomthetho benze izigqibo zolwazi. La masebe anyusa amandla endlu yowiso-mthetho okusebenzisa inkqubo esebenzayo yokuphatha kunye nempumelelo yezobugcisa.

AbaLawuli beMithetho yeMbali neyoMmandla

Indlu yowiso-mthetho isoloko yenza imisebenzi karhulumente ngendlela efanayo neyoMbutho wesizwe osebenza ngayo imisebenzi yesizwe. Iimbopheleleko zendlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente ziyahluka ngokwemeko-bume, kuxhomekeka kumgaqo-siseko karhulumente. Umsebenzi oyintloko wayo nayiphi na indlu yowiso-mthetho kukwenza imithetho. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ziyaluvumela uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente.

Ngeli xesha inkoliso yendlu yowiso-mthetho ihlala ihleli icandelo lecandelo, imimandla embalwa iye yandisa eyayo ukudibana nonyaka jikelele. Olu tshintsho lubonisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokwenziwa komthetho kunye nemfuneko ezahlukahlukeneyo ezibekwe kubenzi bomthetho.

Abenzi bemithetho basekuhlaleni, abasebenza kumabhunga esixeko, kwiikomishini yephondo, nakwamanye amaqumrhu kamasipala, bathetha ngemibandela echaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla ngqo, ukusuka kwirhafu yezonga nasekuhlaleni ukuya kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke nezibonelelo. Ngoxa ezi zikhundla zingafumani ngqalelo ingakumbi kuneendlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe, badlala indima ebalulekileyo kulawulo-demokhrasi.

IMithetho yeZizwe ngezizwe neyoMkhosi

Imithetho isenokuba yi-sukra-sfra-sparmes (umzekelo, iPalamente yaseYurophu), yesizwe, enjengeyokuDio yaseJapan, engaphantsi kwesizwe njengakumaphondo, okanye kummandla. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zamazwe ngamazwe zimela inkqubela ekhoyo ekwakheni ulawulo, ithetha ngemibandela engaphaya kwemida yesizwe.

IPalamente yaseYurophu, ngokomzekelo, imela abemi bamazwe angamalungu e-European Union yaye banenxaxheba ekwenzeni umthetho we-EU ecaleni kweBhunga le-European Union. La maqumrhu abonisa indlela imigaqo yemithetho enokuthi ilungelelaniswe ngayo ukuhlangabezana neengxaki zengingqi nezomhlaba wonke ezifuna ukulungelelaniswa kwemida yesizwe.

Ikamva leZiko loMgaqo-siseko

Amaziko omthetho ayaqhubeka eguquka ngenxa yokutshintsha kweemeko zentlalo, ezobugcisa nezezobupolitika. Ubugcisa bamanani bunika amathuba amatsha okubonisa, ukuganana kwabantu, nokusebenza kakuhle kwemithetho. Ezinye iindlu zowiso-mthetho ziye zazama iinkqubo zokuphendula abantu nge-intanethi, ukuthontelana kwezenzo, kunye neenkqubo zokuvota.

Noko ke, ubugcisa bubangela iingxaki, kuquka ukuxhalatyiswa kokusebenzisa ikhompyutha, umahluko osenokuba ubangela ukuba abantu bangadibani kwi - Internet, nemibuzo ngendlela abanokuhlala ngayo bengenalo utyekelo lokuncokola ngokukhawuleza.

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, ukuphazamiseka kobugcisa, nezinye iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo ziza kufuna abenzi bomthetho ukuba baphuhlise iindlela ezintsha zokwenza inkqubo. Amaziko owiso-mthetho asebenzayo kufuneka alungelelanise imfuneko yesenzo esifike ngexesha elifanelekileyo ngokucingisisa ngenyameko, amela ii-asethi ezahlukeneyo ngexesha usukela okulungileyo okuqhelekileyo, kwaye agcine ukuphendula kwedemokhrasi ngoxa ethetha ngobuntlola bobugcisa.

Amanyathelo Abalulekileyo Ngabenzi Bemithetho

Ukuqonda abalawuli bemithetho nendima yabo ekulawuleni kwedemokhrasi kubalulekile kubemi abanolwazi.

  • Unikezelo: abenzi bomthetho basebenza njengelizwi lezixhobo zabo, bezisa iimbono ezahlukeneyo kunye nenkxalabo yasekuhlaleni kwinkqubo yokwenza inkqubo
  • Ukwenza umthetho: Umsebenzi ophambili wabamisi-mthetho kukuthatha idrafti, ingxoxo, i-ante, kunye nevoti kumthetho ojika ube ngumthetho welizwe
  • Ukugqithiselwa: abamisi-mthetho bajonga izenzo zesebe elilawulayo, baphanda imisebenzi karhulumente, kwaye baqinisekisa ukuba bamele baphendule kuluntu
  • Igunya eliphetheyo lomthetho elilawula urhulumente ochitha amandla akhe ukuvumela uqingqo-mali kunye nolwabelo lobuncwane
  • Committee ulwakhiwo olukhethekileyo: Umsebenzi omninzi wowiso-mthetho wenzeka kwiikomiti apho amalungu aphuhlisa ubuchule kwiindawo ezithile zenkqubo
  • Iinkqubo zeBHAYIBHIKA: Iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi zinamagumbi amabini anika uhlobo olwahlukileyo lomelo kwaye asebenza njengovavanyo kwelinye nelinye
  • Ukuphendula konobumba: unyulo lwedemokhrasi luqinisekisa ukuba abenzi bomthetho bahlala besabela kwiimfuno zabo kunye nezinto ezikhethwayo
  • IiChecks nomlinganiselo: Amaziko oMthetho asebenzisana namasebe alawulayo nagwebayo ukuthintela ukuxineneka kwamandla

Indlela Abemi Abanokunxulumana Ngayo Nabenzi Bomthetho

Ulawulo lwedemokhrasi lufuna ukuba nenxaxheba. Ukuqonda indlela yokuzibandakanya ngokunempumelelo nabaqulunqi bomthetho kunika abantu amandla okuphembelela inkqubo nokugcina abameli babo benoxanduva.

Abahlali bangaqhagamshelana nabamisi-mthetho babo ngemijelo eyahlukeneyo, kuquka iminxeba, ii-imeyili, iileta, neentlanganiso ezi-odolokhweni okanye kwiiholo zedolophu. Xa benxibelelana nabenzi bomthetho, bethetha ngokungqalileyo ngezikhundla zenkqubo, bebalisa amabali obuqu abonisa indlela abantu bokwenene ngayo, kwaye bebonakalisa ulwazi ngenkqubo yomthetho lungenza ukuba ubuchule buphumelele ngakumbi.

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba ekuchotshelweni kwabantu, ukunikela ubungqina obubhaliweyo, nokuthelela imibutho yobugqwirha kubangela ukuba abantu bavakalelwe ngendlela evakalayo.

Ukusebenza kunyulo kuseyeyona ndlela isisiseko abemi abagcina ngayo abamisi-mthetho benoxanduva. Uvotelo olunolwazi lufuna iindawo zabahlolo abaqondayo, iirekhodi zabo zemithetho ukuba ngaba bakwizikhundla zonyulo, nendlela amaxabiso abo ahambelana ngayo nezinto eziza kuqala.

Isiphelo

Abenzi bomthetho banesikhundla esiphambili kulawulo-demokhrasi, besebenza njengebhulorho phakathi kwabemi kunye nezenzo zikarhulumente. Ngomsebenzi wabo wokuyila umthetho, omela izilangazelelo eziququzelelweyo, ovelela imisebenzi yezolawulo, nokubeka iliso kwimicimbi karhulumente, babumba izicwangciso ezisemthethweni nemigaqo elawula ibutho labantu.

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, ngeli xesha maxa wambi ihamba kancinci, ibonisa imilinganiselo yedemokhrasi yokucinga, ukumela, nokuphendula. Amaqondo amaninzi okuhlola, amathuba okulungisa, kunye neemfuno zenkxaso ebanzi ziqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ibonakalisa ulwazelelelo olunengqiqo neembono ezahlukeneyo.

Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zowiso-mthetho .----paraliary, umongameli, kunye namalungiselelo entlalo-ntle . chaza iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuyila igunya kunye nolwalamano lwalo namandla aphezulu. Nokuba uni - kanamal okanye u-bimaddal, unyulwe okanye unyuliwe, la maziko ayabelana ngenjongo efanayo yokuguqulela uluntu ngokubanzi kumthetho ngoxa ekhusela amalungelo amancinane nokukhuthaza ukulunga okufana.

Njengoko imibutho ijongene nocelomngeni oluntsonkothileyo, indima yabamisi-mthetho iya isibaluleka ngakumbi. Amaziko asebenzayo owiso-mthetho kufuneka alungelelanise iimfuno ezikhuphiswano: ukwenza ngokungqongqo ngoxa ekhulula ngenyameko, ukumela imicimbi eyahlukeneyo ngexesha usukela izilangazelelo zobuzwe, nokugcina imilinganiselo yedemokhrasi yesithethe ngoxa eqhelanisa neenguqulelo zezobugcisa nezentlalo.

Kubemi, abanokuqonda abalawuli bomthetho neenkqubo zowiso-mthetho zibalulekile ukuze babe nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Ngokunxulumana nabameli babo, ngokuhlala benolwazi ngeengxoxo zemigaqo, nangokusebenzisa ilungelo labo lokuvota, abantu banokunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaziko owiso-mthetho ahlala esabela, enoxanduva, kwaye ephumelela.

Amandla olawulo lwedemokhrasi ekugqibeleni axhomekeke kubenzi bomthetho abafanelekileyo nakwabemi abasebenza kunye ukucombulula iingxaki ezahlukeneyo kunye nokwakha uluntu olungcono. Enoba kummandla, kumazwe, okanye kumgangatho wezizwe ngezizwe, amaziko owiso-mthetho anika isiseko sokwenza izigqibo ezimanyeneyo ezimanyane amalungelo omntu ngamnye ngoxa esukela okulungileyo okufanayo.

Ulwazi oluninzi malunga nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho, tyelela .gov's isikhokelo sendlela eyenziwe ngayo imithetho okanye uphando AUSAGV's izibonelelo kwinkqubo yokwenza umthetho[.