Uphando olufuna ulungelelwano olululo phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho nokunyotywa komthetho kunye nokukhuselwa komgaqo-siseko. Abanqophisi balucwangciso oluphambili lomthetho olugunyazisa ukuphengulula, ukuxhwithwa, nokubanjwa kwezi meko zibuthathaka, nokuqonda iimfuno ezikhethekileyo ziyimfuneko kubatshutshisi, abaphengululi, kunye noochwepheshe bezomthetho. UMthetho-Sihlalo owesine kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States umisela umgangatho: akukho gunyaziso oluya kubandakanya ngaphandle kwesizathu esilindelekileyo, ukuxhasa okanye ukuqinisekisa, kwaye ngokukodwa ukuchaza indawo efuna ukuphengululwa nokuphangwa nokunganyaniswa kwabantu okanye izinto ezimele zibanjiswe. Kwimibango yorhwebeko, ezisetyenziswa ngokuhloli obungakumbi ngenxa yezikhundla ezibandayo kunye nobuchule obuqhelekileyo, njengoko kufunwa rhoqo iingxelo zemali, ezonxibelelwano, kunye namaxwebhu asemthethweni.

Isiseko Esisemthethweni Sabo Bayimibutho

ISinyuso sesine somthetho ogunyazisayo. Ukukhusela kwayo ekuphandeni okungaqiqiyo nokuxhuzula kusebenza ngokupheleleyo kuphando lorhwaphilizo lukawonke-wonke. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yachaza ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho-nkqubo ukuba kufumaneke ngaphandle kokuba imvume isetyenziswe, imbono ecacileyo, iziganeko ezicacileyo, okanye isiganeko sokufumana ukubanjwa okusemthethweni. Kwimeko ezikhoyo zenkohlakalo, iimeko ezinqabileyo zisoloko zisebenza ngenxa yokuba ubungqina (amaxesha amaninzi amaxwebhu emali okanye iirekhodi ze-elektroniki-elektroniki) azinakali. Ngoko ke, ukufumana isiqinisekiso sifumaneka kwindawo ekumele ukuba kusetyenziswe kuyo imvume esesikweni. Imfunomo ecacileyo imele ukuba iqine kakhulu: imele ibe yeyona nto ifanele ibekwe icace kakhulu kunento ekhoyo kwaye imele isekelwe kwiingxelo ezikhoyo phantsi kweemeko zemali okanye iikhefuthenjiso. Iimeko ezikhoyo zemali ezikhoyo zenkqulukezo zemali, ezikhoyo ezikhoyo ezikhoyo ezikhoyo ezikhoyo, ezithenjiweyo, zimele zivunywe ngokunjalo zimele zifumane

Iimfuneko Zokohlwaya Kubantu Abangenalurhwebe-bhedu Nakumatyala Okunyoba

Xa ufuna isiqinisekiso sokunganyaniseki okanye sokunyoba, iimfuno ezintathu ezingundoqo kufuneka zihlangatyezwane: unobangela olindelekileyo, ingqalelo, kunye nemvume yokugweba. Ilungu ngalinye linetyala kwaye liphantsi kocelomngeni olungqongqo ngamagqwetha akhuselayo aza kuhlolisisa iinkcukacha zonke ze-affidavit kunye nesiqinisekiso.

Unobangela Ofanelekileyo

Umba ofanelekileyo kumatyala orhwaphilizo usoloko uvela kubungqina obungangqalanga. Ubungqina obucacileyo bokunyoba ngokubhaliweyo okanye ukubhatala okucacileyo (ukunqabile. Endaweni yoko, abaphengululi baxhomekeke kubungqina obucacileyo: iindlela zokukrokrela, ubutyebi obungachazwanga, ulwalamano phakathi kwamagosa oluntu namaqela azimeleyo, ixesha lokuhlawula ngokwezenzo ezisemthethweni, kunye nokungangqinelani. Umcebisi wesinyobo kufuneka anike isiseko esicacileyo. Abarhwebi bemali abanokuyihlalutya iingxelo. Ityala eliphakamileyo likholelwa ukuba isizathu esinokuba sisekelwe kulwazi oluthembekileyo, ukuba i-'i-'i-'i-'i-"i-'i-'i-'i-'erthroot' i-trans' i-get', ngoko kuqinisekiswe ukuhea ukuhendwa kwemeko oluqhelekileyo, kubagwetyelwa kwetyala elingu-onkene. Ngokokunga kwetyala elingumthetho, ngoko kuboniswe ngokusetyenziswa kwetyala elingumthetho-onke, ngokokunganyanisekunga, ngoko kusoloko kuboniswa kusetyenziswa

Intsingiselo

Imfuneko ekhethekileyo yamaxwebhu ikhusela "ekuphengululeni ii-ofisi zomgunyathi." Xa kuphengululweni, isiqinisekiso kufuneka sichaze ngesiqinisekiso esithile sobuqhophololo obukhoyo. Oku kulucelomngeni kuba uphando lwezibonelelo lusoloko lubandakanya ukuthengiselana okuninzi, izakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo zemali, kunye nemiqulu emikhulu yamaxwebhu. Abangenisi-mali kufuneka bachaze ngenyameko umkhamo: ukuphengululwa kwe-ofisi yegosa-mikhosi yoluntu, isiqinisekiso singadwelisa iikhabophelo zefayile ezithile, iikhompyutha, okanye iirekhodi ezinxulumene nesivumelwano esithile. Ukuphendla kwamanani, kufuneka ukukhankanya uhlobo lobungqina obufunwa (umz., iirekhodi, iirekhodi zemali) kwaye kungafuna ukuphengulula iproto ekufuneka kwiimeko ezithile ze-elektroji ezithe kakhulu. [FLT:] R.[FY] RY] okanye iziphumo ezithenjiweyo ezithenjiweyo zinokusetyenziswa ngoncedo loncedo lombane.

Ukuvunywa

Imvume kufuneka ikhutshwe ngumantyi ongathathi-nxaxheba emva kokuhlola i-affidavit. Le jaji kufuneka ifumane ukuba kukho isizathu esilindelekileyo nokuba imvume ihlangabezane nemfuneko ekhethekileyo yetyala lenkohlakalo. Kwimeko ezintsonkothileyo, oomantswana bangafuna ukwenziwa mfutshane okanye ukuvalwa kwetyala phambi kokusayina isiqinisekiso. Inkqubo yesicelo isuka ingabi yenye indawo ephambili ekhoyo. I-arhentea aymiswanga. (ukuphepha ukutshatyalaliswa kwento enokwenzeka.) Noko ke, ezinye izithuba zifuna ukuba ezinye izinto zesicelo zenziwe ngokubanziwa elubala lakuba liqeqeqeshiwe, ingakumbi xa ixhoba lingumphathi-gosaseburhulumente. Ubundishophu obubandakanyekileyo kwinkundla yokuhlola okanye ingquzukisa inzala yolwano.

Uphando Olukhethekileyo Lwenkohlakalo

Amatyala orhwaphilizo lukawonke-wonke abangela ucelomngeni olukhethekileyo oluchaphazela iimfuno nokubulawa. Imfuneko yokukhusela imithombo efihlakeleyo, ukuchana kwenkcazelo yezobupolitika, nokuntsonkotha kobungqina bemali konke kufuna ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo.

Imfihlo Kwinkqubo Yenkqubo

Izicelo zemvume kwityala lorhwaphilizo zisoloko ziqulathe ulwazi oluvela kubalathisi abayimfihlo okanye abavuli-mlozi. Ukuba i-affidavit iba ye-oksijini, ingabeka engozini imvelaphi okanye ixokelele uphando. Ngoko ke, izicelo ezininzi ziquka isicelo sokutywina i-affidavit de uphengululo lugqitywe. Ezinye iinkundla zivumela izicelo ezishicilelweyo zemvume, kodwa ukuqhubekeka kokukhanyisa kobuveleli borhulumente kungangqubana nokufihla imfihlo. Isebe lemigaqo yeJaji lifuna abatshutshisi ukuba balungele ukunyaniswa kwemfuno yoluntu, ingakumbi xa ixhoba lingumgunyaziso. Kwezinye iimeko, isiqinisekiso singatywinwa, kodwa isithulelo kufuneka sinikwe ukhuphelo emva kokusetyenziswa kokwenziwa. Imicimbi ngolwazi olufihlakeleyo kufuneka sinyuswe nangezinzo oluneyo.

Ukusikelwa Umda Nenkxalabo Yasese

Ngenxa yokuba uphando lorhwaphilizo lubandakanya imicimbi yabucala yamagosa orhulumente kunye neentsapho zawo, iinkundla zibeka imiqathango engqongqo kubungakanani bemvume. Umzekelo, imvume yokuphengulula ikhaya likarhulumente akanakukuvumela ukuphangwa kwezinto zobuqu ezingahambelaniyo nokonakala okuthelekelelwayo. Ii-projekthi kufuneka ziphephe "ukuxina" kumaxwebhu. Andressen v. Maryland[[[FLT]] ityala] livumela ukuphangwa kweengxelo ezibubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa isiqinisekiso kumele sicace. Xa kusenziwa uphengululo lwamanani, "ittie" iinkqubo zokuhlola zisoloko zisetyenziswa: ukuphengulula kobucala obukhoyo, ngoko ilungelo lokubukelisa (okanye ne-eentneccclcl,) phambi kwesigqibo esiphezulu seNkuquluko [Foctive] [2] ukusetyenziswa kwemeko yophando oluqhelekileyo lolwazi oluqhelekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwemeko olusetyenziswa kwezo lweziko.

Izinto Ezinenkcukacha Nezinto Ezixhasayo

Izakhono ezithe kratya kwimicimbi yezentengiso zisoloko zinde, zisebenzisa amaphepha amaninzi. Kufuneka ziquke: isiqalo sophendlo, indima yexhoba, imigaqo yezolwaphulo-mthetho etyholwa ngokuchasene, ubungqina obuqokelelwe kude kube, ulwazi olusuka kwimithombo, uhlalutyo lwentengiso yemali, kunye ne ne ne ne-ixus phakathi kobungqina obufunwayo kunye nendawo yokuphendwa. Abaxhasi banokudibanisa imiboniso enjelelwayo njengeengxelo zebhanki, ii-oglasi, okanye uhlolo-ndlebe. I-affidavit luxwebhu olunzima kakhulu; naluphi na ubalo oluphosakeleyo okanye ukutyeshelwa kwemali lungakhokelela ekucinezeleni ukuba lufuna ukuzimisela okulindelekileyo. [[FLD:] Fictress. vFFFF1], uxando oluphezulu luba umbalo oluno olunonelwayo ukuba luluthe umba ityala oluninzi ukuba lungamele luzisongelo oluchanelwe okanye oluchaneyo oluchanekileyo, ngoko ke lungaluthise.

Iindidi Zabaxhamli Ezisetyenziswayo Ekunyaniseni Nakumatyala Okunyoba

Iindidi eziliqela zemvume zixhaphakile kuphando lorhwaphilizo loluntu: imvume yokuphendla, imvume yokubamba, kunye neemvume zokuhlola nge-elektroniki (kuquka imiyalelo yentambo yocingo). Nganye ineemfuno ezahlukileyo.

Imisebenzi Yokufuna

Imvume yokukhangela zizinto eziqhelekileyo. Bagunyazisa ukuphengulula indawo (isikhundla, ikhaya, isithuthi) ukuze kufumane ubungqina obukhethekileyo obufana namaxwebhu, iikhompyutha, iifowuni, okanye imali. Kwimeko zenkohlakalo, ukuphengulula imvume zidla ngokuphunyezwa kwii-ofisi zikarhulumente, iindawo zoshishino, kunye neendawo zokuhlala zangasese ngaxeshanye ukunqanda ukutshatyalaliswa okanye ukushukuma kobungqina. Ukubulawa kufuneka kulandele imithetho engqongqo: ukubetha-futha-futha, ukuvala ungengeni komngxube-mngxuma we-ntshononkca), ukuphendla ngomlinganiselo wesiqinisekiso, nokunikezela ngerisithi yento ebanjiweyo. Ukubuyiselwa kwesiqinisekiso kwinkundla kuquke uludwe. Ukuba imvume ayinikelwangachaziwenga, ubungqina bungaphindwangacekiswanga.

Ababanjwayo

Imvume yokubanjwa igunyazisa ukuthatha umntu ukuba angene kwityala elinxulumene nesizathu esilindelekileyo sokuba enze ulwaphulo-mthetho. Kwimeko zokonakala, imvume yokubanjwa ikhutshwa emva kokumangalelwa okanye ukutywinwa. I-affidavit exhasa isiqinisekiso sokubanjwa mayibonise ukuba nokwenzeka kwesizathu ngasinye setyala. Ukubanjwa kwamagosa kawonke-wonke kusoloko kuphezulu, kwaye iSebe leJaji lifuna ukuvunywa kwamagosa amakhulu phambi kokuba afune ukubanjwa kwesiqinisekiso samagosa anyuliweyo. Ixesha lokubanjwa linokuba cwangciswe ukunqanda ukuphazamisana nokupheliswa kophandolo oluqhubekayo okanye ukunqanda ukubhabhadula. Umntu obanjiweyo phantsi kwemvume kufuneka asiwe phambi komgwebi ngetyala elifanelekileyo lokuviwa ngeyure ezingama-48.

Izixhobo zombane

Ukuphanda ngonxibelelwano lorhwaphilizo olungenakonakala kufuna iSihloko III sogunyaziso esiphantsi komthetho karhulumente okanye izinto ezilinganayo. Ezi zizathu zifuna umgangatho ophezulu: kunokwenzeka ukuba kubangele ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho oluthile (njengoko kunyotywa okanye ukuphehlwa) luye lwenziwe, ukuba unxibelelwano luza kuthintelwa, kwaye iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zophengululo zivavanywe kwaye zingaphumeleli okanye ziyingozi kakhulu. ISihlomelo III simiselwe ixesha elilinganiselwe (kumalunga neentsuku ezingama-30) kwaye kufuneka kuncitshiswe i-(hnjstyhinimagn-(* kufuneka incoko imele iyeke xa inganxulumene nolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngenxa yokuba urhwaphiqo lusoloko lubandakanya iingxoxo ezintsonkothile, kodwa lunamandla kwaye lufuna ulawulo olungqongqo.

Iingxaki Kwizinto Ezisetyenziswa Kurhwaphilizo Loluntu

Abaphandi bajongana nemiqobo emininzi xa befuna imvume esemthethweni kwiimeko zorhwaphilizo. Okokuqala, ukwenziwa kobungqina bobuqhetseba kusoloko kudida: umnikelo omkhulu wephulo okanye isidlo esininzi, ngokwaso, kusenokungabonisi imo edibeneyo. Abatshutshisi kufuneka bakhe indlela yokuziphatha. Okwesibini, amagosa kawonke-wonke anokufumana ugcino-mali olusemthethweni kwaye asenokufuna ukuba kwenziwe isiqinisekiso esingqongqo. Umzekelo, ukuphengulula iingxelo zemali kufuna ukuba uhlalutyo lobuchule obucacileyo, obufanele bunikezelwe kwimo yemajiji. Okwesine, iinjongo ezinokwenzeka (i-athone-cclientry, ilungelo eliphezulu, i-gcontive) zinokulibazisa okanye zibangele ukunikezelwa kwemvume. Umzekelo, ukuphekwa kweofisi yomthetho kungabandakanya ilungelo elikhethekileyo lokulungisa iprojective, ukulungiselela iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo ezikhoyo ezikhoyo ezikhoyo ezikhoyo. Upwitiselwa ngoncedo lwe-R.[10]

Ukusetyenziswa kwesixhobo esiphezulu sabachopheli-tyala kurhulumente sisinye isixhobo esinokusebenza njengenye indlela yokukhangela isiqinisekiso. Umphetho osezantsi kuxwebhu awufuni sizathu esilindelekileyo kodwa kufuneka ube nolwazelelelo kwaye ungabi banzi kakhulu. Noko ke, ii-subpoenas azinakusetyenziswa ukunyanzela ukuveliswa kobungqina obunokuthi ixhoba litshabalalise; kwezi meko, isiqinisekiso sokukhangela siyimfuneko. Ngaphezu koko, uMphengululo wesine ufuna ukuba ii-pane zengxelo zibe "ziqikelelo ezilinganiselwe ngokugqithisileyo" njengoko kumiselwe ku . R. Enterpurise, Inc.[FLT].

Izenzo ezilunge kakhulu zoMthetho onyanzeliswayo kunye nabatshutshisi

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba imvume iyakwazi ukumelana nocelomngeni olusemthethweni, abaphengululi kufuneka balandele ezi ndlela zilungileyo:

  • Ukuphengulula ngokucokisekileyo uphando lwangaphambi konyaka ukwenza umba onokuba luncedo oquka i-affidavit engqinelanayo, imithombo emininzi, kunye nohlalutyo lwemilinganiso yemali. Kuphephe ukuthembela kumnini wesazisi omnye ngaphandle kokuzimela okuzimeleyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Sebenzisa izinto ezikhethekileyo [ njengeengcali zemali zeFBI okanye abakhandi bemali abanyikele ukulungiselela ileta yobungqina bemali.
  • Imposiso yesiqinisekiso ngentelekiso: iquka uluhlu lomhla, uhlobo lweerekhodi, kunye nemithetho yokusebenza yokukhangela ukwenzela ubungqina bamanani. Cinga ukusebenzisa iqela "letanki" ukubukeza izinto ezixabisekileyo.
  • Funa igalelo letyala kwangoko ngokunika isicelo kumagwebi oqheleke ngamatyala anzima. Zilungiselele ukuphendula imibuzo malunga nesizathu kunye nobungakanani.
  • [[FLT: 0] Gcina itsheyina elicacileyo lelungelo lokugcina kubo bonke ubungqina obubanjiweyo kwaye bhala inkqubo yokubulawa ngokucokisekileyo ukuphikisa iintshukumo zonyanzelo zexesha elizayo.
  • ilungelelaniswa nesiluleko sesebe kunye neSebe lecandelo loLuntu loLuntu loLuntu lokuLungiselelo lweCandelo loLuntu ukwenzela ukuvunywa kwemithetho ephezulu yeprofile. Ngokusebenzisana nayo nayiphi na imigaqo yangaphakathi, njengaleyo ifuna amanqanaba amaninzi okuphuma kophawu phambi kokukhangela iofisi yegosa elinyuliweyo.
  • Ukukhangela ezinye iindlela zokukhangela, njengee- subpoenas, ukuba umngcipheko wotshabalo usezantsi. Kodwa xa ixhoba lisenokutshintsha okanye litshabalalise iirekhodi, isiqinisekiso sokukhangela siyimfuneko. Kwakhona, qwalasela imisebenzi engaphantsi kogqumo okanye amangqina asebenzisanayo njengendlela ezincinane zokufaka ingxengxezo phambi kokuba usebenzise isiqinisekiso.

Isiphelo

Iimfuno ezicacileyo zokunganyaniseki kwabantu nokunyotywa koorhulumente nokuphengululwa kokunyotywa kwentlawulo zisekelwe kuMphetho-siseko wesine kwaye zisetyenziswa ngokungqongqo ngenxa yemeko yetyala namalungelo karhulumente. Ngokunamathela kwezi migaqo-mthetho kufuneka zibonise ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kubangelwe ngokweenkcukacha, zikhankanye ubungqina obufunwa ngokuchanekileyo, kwaye zifumane inkxaso-manani engoorhulumente. Ukuqwalaselwa okukhethekileyo okuquka imfihlelo, imiqathango yelungelo, kunye nokugcinwa kwemiqathango yelungelo. Ngokubambelela kule migaqo-migaqo-siseko, amagosa anokuqinisekisa ukuba ubungqina obuqokelelweyo buyinto engenakuthe ngqo nemigaqo-siseko iya kuhlonelwa. Kukho ukuqwalaselwa ngokuqhubekayo.

Ukuze ufundeke ngakumbi, bona [[FLT: 0] ulwahlulo lwesine loMphetho-mda kwi Cornell LII, igalelo leJaji yeSahlulo soLuntu , kunye ne [[FLT:] Imithetho yeProjekthi yeCurrement Procedure edwelisa izibophelelo zesiqinisekiso [.