Isiseko Senkundla Ephakamileyo

INkundla ePhakamileyo ihleli kwincopho yenkqubo yokugweba, inikwe igama lokugqibela kwimibandela yomthetho-siseko kunye nomthetho wesizwe. Ulawulo lwayo luchazwa kakuhle ngumthetho nesithethe, igqiba ukuba liliphi ityala elinokuviwa nokugqitywa. Eli gunya alingomgqaliselo; iNkundla isebenzisa amandla akhethayo phezu kwezibuko layo, imkela kuphela inxalenye yamawaka ezicelo ezikhutshwayo nyaka ngamnye. Ukuqonda ukuba igunya lommandla liyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela inkundla ephakamileyo ewubumba ngayo umthetho nebutho labantu.

Ulawulo lweNkundla ePhakamileyo lwahlulwe lwangamacandelo amabini aphambili: ulawulo lwequare kunye ] nolawulo lombuso wetyala . Uninzi lwamatyala lufikelela kwiNkundla ukuya mva, kodwa owokuqala unika igunya leNkundla ukuba liphulaphule izinto ezithile ngqo. Ngaphezu koko, iNkundla yenza imithambo [[FLT:]] uhlolo lohlolo [ngendlela] oluthilwe yi-Writ ye , kodwa inika igunya leNkulungisa ukuba likhethe izinto ezithile.

UMgaqo-siseko (Article III, Icandelo 2) nemimiselo karhulumente, ingakumbi 28 U.S. qha qha qha qha qha tha 1251 seq. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yawachaza la malungiselelo, idala ingqokelela echaza imida yegunya layo. Esi siseko siqinisekisa ukuba iNkundla iqhubana nemibandela yokubaluleka okubanzi kwesizwe, ishiya umgaqo wenkqubo kwiinkundla eziphantsi.

Isiqinisekiso Soqobo: Ityala Eliqala Phezulu

Ulawulo lwantlandlolo luthetha ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo yeyokuqala nekuphela kwenkundla ephulaphula uhlobo oluthile lwetyala. Ngokungafaniyo nolawulo oluthile, apho iNkundla ihlola izigqibo ezivela kwiinkundla ezisezantsi, amatyala olawulo lokuqala abekwa ngqo phambi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo. Ulawulo lwantlalo lweNkundla lulinganiselwe ngomGaqo-siseko kwiindidi ezithile: amatyala achaphazela amanxusa, abanye abalungiseleli bakawonke-wonke kunye nalawo urhulumente akwiqela.

Noko ke, iNkundla ikwenze kwacaca ukuba ulawulo lwayo lokuqala aluphelelanga kuzo zonke iimeko. Kwimibandela emininzi yolawulo lokuqala, iBhunga linikezele elo gunya kunye nenkundla yorhulumente likwanolawulo oluhambelanayo. Oku kuphela okuchaseneyo. (ukuya kuthi kuphele) Inkundla ePhakamileyo inegunya loqobo elipheleleyo (ilokuqala) ku izichasi phakathi kolawulo ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu. La matyala asoloko ebandakanya imida, amalungelo amanzi, okanye ezinye iimfazwe ezingekho nkundla yelizwe enokwanelo mbambano.

Imizekelo yemeko eziphawulekayo zolawulo lwasekuqaleni iquka i-New Jersey v. New York (1998) malunga nobunikazi be-Ellis Island, kunye Kansas v. Nebraska] (2015) ngamanzi ahlulwe ukusuka kuMlambo weRiphabliki. Kwimeko ezinjalo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo imisela umlawuli okhethekileyo ukuqokelela nokuncomela iziphumo, igcina iJaji kwimithwalo yetyala elipheleleyo. Inkundla ngoko ihlola ingxelo ekhethekileyo yenkosi nexandumasi. Iimeko zolawulo zinqabile qhaqhaqhazeli elincinane kuphela ngelixa eliphakathi kombutho-ozwe kunye nobudlelwane.

UMgaqo-siseko ukwanika igunya lokuqala leNkundla ePhakamileyo “amaGaqo-siseko, abanye abaPhathiswa bakawonke-wonke kunye namaNkundla.” Eli lungiselelo liqinisekisa ukuba oomatiloshe bamanye amazwe bafumane ubundilele kwinkundla ephakamileyo kunokuba bathotyelwe kwiinkundla zikarhulumente ezisenokuba zibutshaba kumazwe abo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, la matyala awaqhelekanga, yaye xa evela, asoloko ebandakanya ukhuselo lwentlalo-ntle okanye utoliko lwesivumelwano.

Ukumangalelwa: Ikhoriti Yomsebenzi WeNkundla

Umsebenzi oyintloko weNkundla ePhakamileyo yinkundla echazayo, ihlola izigqibo ezivela kwiinkundla ezisezantsi zephondo kunye neenkundla eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente. Ulawulo lwayo oluphakamileyo lugubungela “onke amatyala” avela phantsi komGaqo-siseko, imithetho yorhulumente, kunye nezivumelwano, kwakunye nokusetyenziswa koomatiloshe namatyala aselwandle. Oku kubanzi kuvumela iNkundla ukuba iqinisekise ubufana bomthetho wesizwe nokucombulula iinkcazelo ezingqubanayo phakathi kweenkundla zesiphaluka-mthetho kunye neenkundla eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente.

Kukho iindlela ezimbini ezingundoqo zohlolo: ngokwembali, iimeko ezithile njengalezo zelifa lesizwe zabethwa phantsi [ (ngoku ngoku ziphelisiwe) kunye uhlolo olukhawulezileyo nge writ ye-cerebrarytari[. Iimeko ezithile ziquka izigqibo zenkundla yephondo ezintathu ezimalunga ne-ovectoriary collective profileeting. [iingqungquthela] ithathele indawo ephezulu ngeyona ndlela. Ngokuyintloko ifakelwe indawo yendlela ngenkqubo ye-gqweleetio yocala-mthetho ekhoyo, kodwa imiba embalwa ifuna ukuba iNkulungisa iphulaphule isibheno ukuba ibekwe kakuhle. Imizekelo iquka izigqibo zenkundla ezintathu zephondo ezikwindawo ezikwindawo ebomvu kunye neemeko ezithile zokuvota.

Izicelo ezininzi zifika ngesicelo sokucela i-certitoorari. Iqela elifuna uhlolo (umcebisi) kufuneka libonise ukuba isigqibo senkundla engaphantsi siphakamisa umbuzo obalulekileyo wokuvumela iNkundla inike ingqalelo. Imithetho yangaphakathi yeNkundla (Umthetho weNkundla ye-10) ichaza imiba eqwalaselwayo xa ligqiba enoba liya kusini na ukunika isibeleko:

  • Kwahlulwa phakathi kweenkundla zikarhulumente ezibhenele kwimbambano yomthetho karhulumente.
  • Isigqibo senkundla ephakamileyo esingqubana nomthetho karhulumente okanye esivela kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States.
  • Isigqibo senkundla karhulumente esigqiba ngombuzo obalulekileyo karhulumente ngendlela engqubanayo nezinye izigqibo zikarhulumente okanye zelinye ilizwe.
  • Inkundla yetyala lesibheno engqubana nenkundla yetyala lokugqibela ebhenela kumbandela obalulekileyo karhulumente.
  • Imbambano ebaluleke kakhulu, nangaphandle kokwahlulwa kwesiphaluka.

INkundla inika uhlolo malunga ne-1-2% kuphela yezibongozo ezigcinwe minyaka le. Oko kuqinisekisa ukuba amaJaji ajolise ingqalelo kumatyala ngeziphumo ezingokwasemthethweni neziphambili zoluntu, njengalawo abandakanya amalungelo omGaqo-siseko, ukutolikwa komthetho-mthetho karhulumente, kunye nokwahlulwa kwamagunya.

Inkqubo yeCertiorari

Xa idibanisela izicelo zesicelo se-certiorari, umxhasi unexesha elichaziweyo lokufaka intetho emfutshane echasayo. Umceli angafaka impendulo. Wonke amaphepha asasazwa kumaJaji nakubabhali bawo. INkundla isebenzisa “umthetho wesine”: ukuba ubuncinane bane abagwebi bavote ukuqinisekisa, ityala licwangciselwe ukuqulunqwa kwengxoxo edluliselwa ngomlomo nokushwankathela ngokupheleleyo imfanelo. Ukuba ngaba lingaphantsi kwamavoti amane akholekileyo, eso sicelo siyakhatywa, kwaye isigqibo senkundla esezantsi simi.

AmaJaji adibana kwinkomfa yabucala ukuze axubushe izibongozo ezilindeleyo. Ijaji enkulu ijikeleza “uludwe lwamatyala” athathwa njengafanelwe yingxoxo; naliphi na ityala kulolo luhlu alikhatywa ngokuzenzekelayo ngaphandle kokuba isiqinisekiso solwahlulo sicela ulwandiso lwalo. Le nkqubo yokuvavanya iNkundla ivumela icandelo ukuba lilawule izibuko ngokunempumelelo. Kwakhona iNkundla inika imvume, ivacate, kunye nee-remands (GVR) ityala ngaphandle kokuphinda liphindwe ngokupheleleyo xa inkundla esezantsi icebisa ukuba iinguqulo zomthetho ziphinde ziphinde zitshaye.

Kutshanje, iNkundla inike uhlolo kumatyala amalunga nama-60 ukuya kuma-80, ehla ukusuka kumatyala ali- 150 okanye ngaphezulu ewavile ekuqaleni koo- 2000.

Imida yokuKhetha iNkundla ePhakamileyo

INkundla Ephakamileyo ayithi nje “ukuva” naliphi na ityala eliza kwenzeka. Imigaqo yayo yokukhetha isekelwe kumsebenzi kawonke-wonke, imfuneko yomthetho ofanayo, nendima efanelekileyo yejaji. Nangona inkqubo yangaphakathi yeNkundla inzima, oothunywashe abaliqela abanempembelelo esoloko iphumelela.

  • Icandelo lesiphaluka: Esinye isizathu esiqhelekileyo sokunika isibeleko singumlo phakathi kweenkundla ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zesizwe zezibheno kumbuzo obalulekileyo womthetho. Indima yeNkundla ePhakamileyo kukusombulula ezi zahlukaniso, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho karhulumente usetyenziswa ngokungaguqukiyo kulo lonke ilizwe.
  • Imibuzo yeCult:0] yeNkqutyana: Ityala elifaka iBhili yamaLungelo okanye ezinye imigaqo-siseko phantse ngalo lonke ixesha liqwalaselwa ngenyameko. Ukutolikwa kweNkundla kweyokuQala, eyesibini, eyesine, Eyesihlanu, eyeSithandathu, neyeshumi elinesine ukumiliseka kwamalungelo asisiseko.
  • Utoliko lwemithetho esesikweni: Xa iinkundla ezisezantsi zingavumelani ngentsingiselo yomthetho wesizwe, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ithatha amanyathelo ukunikezela utoliko olubopheleleyo. Imizekelo iquka amatyala phantsi koMthetho weCangciso-mouni, umThetho we-Affordible Cance, kunye noMthetho weLanham.
  • Ityala lokubaluleka kwesizwe:[ Amanye amatyala atsala ingqalelo kawonke-wonke ngenxa yokuba athetha ngemibandela efana namandla obungameli, amalungelo okuvota, okanye ukhuseleko lwesizwe. INkundla ingakhetha ukuva amatyala anjalo ngaphandle kokwahlulwa kwesiphaluka ukunikezela ngokhokelo olunegunya.
  • Izalathiso ezibandakanya iimpikiswano zemeko: Iimeko zolawulo lwantlandlolo phakathi kwamazwe zivakala ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba zibekwe kakuhle.
  • Amatyala esizwe aphakamisa imibuzo kazwelonke: INkundla ingahlola isigqibo senkundla ephakamileyo ukuba ijika umngeni womGaqo-siseko okanye womthetho wesizwe. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba iinkundla zikarhulumente aziwutoliki okanye ziwujongeli phantsi umthetho wezwe.

Inkundla ayinamdla kumatyala aphethulela iimpikiswano ezigqugqisile, iimpazamo zesithethe ezikhoyo kwityala elinye, okanye iindawo apho umthetho sele ucacile. Isicelo esingawuchaziyo umbuzo onyanzelisayo womthetho okanye esinikela impazamo eqhelekileyo yomthetho ngokuqinisekileyo sisenokukhanyelwa.

Izinto Ezinciphisa Ukukhula KweCertiorari

  • [[UMTL:0] Iimpazamo ezicacileyo: INkundla idla ngokugatya ukuhlola izigqibo ezisekelwe kwizibakala zetyala elithile kunokuba ibe ngumgaqo obanzi womthetho. Ayisebenzi njengenkundla yolungiso lwempazamo kwintelekelelo ezininzi.
  • [[NTLA] Ubugoci kunye nokuvuthwa: INkundla ikhetha ukuqwalasela kuphela imigwebo yokugqibela evela kwiinkundla ezincinci. Izibheno zomngxuma zinqabile ukuvunywa ngaphandle kokuba zinikela imibuzo engxamisekileyo okanye ebalulekileyo.
  • Ukuma kunye nokulungisa imivalo: Ukuba umceli akami okanye ityala lingumothi, iNkundla izakukhanyela uhlolo nokuba kutheni kubuzwa ngomthetho.
  • Iingxelo ezingenacwethezeko okanye ezingakhuliyo: Ityala elinengxelo ecacileyo okanye ingqiqo yenkundla esezantsi engacacanga ayikhange itsaleleke kumalungisa, afuna isiseko esicacileyo ukugqiba iimbambano ezinkulu.
  • Imibuzo engobuqhophololo: INkundla isenokungaphulaphuli amatyala endalo eyijonga “yezobupolitika” kwaye ishiyelwa kumasebe aphetheyo okanye agunyazisa imithetho, ibhenela kwimfundiso yezopolitiko.

Uthelekiso Olusecaleni- Ngaphaya Kwayo

Feature Original Jurisdiction Appellate Jurisdiction
Starting point Case begins at the Supreme Court Case originates in lower courts
Types of cases State vs. state, ambassadors, consuls All cases arising under federal law
Frequency Very rare (a few per term) Overwhelming majority
Process Special master, then Court decision Petition for certiorari, briefs, oral argument
Discretion Mandatory for state disputes; otherwise concurrent Almost entirely discretionary (certiorari)

Umahluko ubalulekile kwii-ligi. Amaqela amaninzi awasoze acele ngqo kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo kulawulo lwantlandlolo; endaweni yoko, kufuneka aqale akhuphe izibheno kwiinkundla ezincinci. Kuphela kumazwe, oomatiloshe bamanye amazwe, kunye nabanye abambalwa abanokucela igunya lokuqala.

Indima YeNkundla Ephakamileyo Kwinkqubo Yezeejaji

Ulawulo lweNkundla Ephakamileyo lubonisa isikhundla sayo esikhethekileyo njengomgcini woMgaqo-siseko kunye nengcaciso epheleleyo yomthetho wesizwe. Ngokukhetha amatyala okuthethwa ngawo, iNkundla iguqula imfundiso engokwasemthethweni, icombulule iingxabano, inike ukhokelo kwiinkundla ezisezantsi, kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho, nakuluntu.

Umzekelo, Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (1954), iNkundla yasebenzisa igunya layo lokulawula i-uhlanga ukuvakalisa ukwahlukana kwezizwe kwizikolo zikawonke wonke ngexesha lengxaki, ibhukuqa amashumi eminyaka ekwakheniswniweyo. [[FLT:] United States v. [[FLT]][FLT][5] [12] [197]] [197] [4], yasombulula ukwahlukana kwamandla entla entlani nasentla ngexesha lengxakini, iqinisekisa umgaqo wokuba akukho mntu, hayi umongameli, umgangatho, ungaphezulu komthetho. [[3] [kunye umgaqo othe k] [unyaka olandelayo], [FFT].[3]

Ngapha koko, iNkundla isoloko ichaza imimiselo karhulumente ngeendlela ezichaphazela ishishini, imiqathango, namalungelo abantu. Izigqibo zayo kumthetho osemthethweni, ukulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho olusemthethweni, ukufuduka, kunye nezolwaphulo-mthetho zibumba imisebenzi yemini-mini yonke yeenkundla namaqumrhu. Ngaloo ndlela igunya leNkundla lineziphumo ezinzulu, ngaphezu kwenani elincinane lamatyala elamkelayo nyaka ngamnye.

Imiqathango Kwinkundla Ephakamileyo

Ngoxa igunya leNkundla Ephakamileyo likhulu, alingomlinganiselo ophakamileyo.

  • Amathuba afanelekileyo nazimeleyo karhulumente: INkundla ePhakamileyo ayizukuhlola isigqibo senkundla yenkundla yelizwe ukuba sisekelwe kwisiseko somthetho ozimeleyo karhulumente, nokuba ityala likwabandakanya uxanduva lwamaqumrhu. Oku kubhekiselele kulawulo kunye nolawulo lorhulumente.
  • [[FLT: 0] Inkundla ilahla amatyala angephi na nto iphilayo, ngaphandle kokuba iwela ngaphakathi (umz., ikwazi ukuphinda iphinde ibuye ibuye kwimpinda).
  • Ukuma: I-paltiff mayibonise ikonkrithi, ekhethekileyo, kwaye enyanisweni imodeli enokuthi iphinde ilungiswe yiNkundla. Ngaphandle kokuma, iNkundla ayinagunya.
  • Iimfanelo ezingezozikhaphelo: IBhunga lingamisela igunya leNkundla ePhakamileyo, njengoko liye lakwenza kwiintlobo ezithile zamatyala (umz., iinzuzo zamavavavalen zithethwa phantsi koMthetho we- Justice Resolution). UmGaqo-siseko unika iBhunga igunya lokwenza “iimithetho kunye nemimiselo” kulawulo lweNkundla.
  • Imibuzo ecacileyo: INkundla ayizukugqiba ngemibandela ebekwe kwelinye isebe okanye engenayo imilinganiselo yokugweba elawulekayo.

Le mida iqinisekisa ukuba iNkundla ihlala ikwindima yayo efanelekileyo, iphephe ukuphambana kwiimbambano zobupolitika kuphela yaye ihlonela imimandla eyahlukeneyo yegunya likarhulumente nelorhulumente.

Ukuqonda Okusebenzisekayo Koothile Abathethayo

Kumagqwetha nakumaqumrhu acinga ngohlalutyo lweNkundla Ephakamileyo, ukuqonda ukungalawuleki kwemithetho yezomthetho linyathelo lokuqala. Isicelo secertiorari kufuneka sichaze isizathu sokuba eli tyala lihlangabezane nemigaqo yeNkundla, lichonge ingxabano kwiinkundla eziphantsi, lichaze nokubaluleka okuphangaleleyo kombuzo ongokwasemthethweni. Amathuba okuphumelela mancinane, kodwa imivuzo ininzi.

Izicelo kufuneka zikhumbule ixesha: isicelo seCertiorari kufuneka sifakwe kwiintsuku ezingama-90 zomgwebo wokugqibela wenkundla esezantsi (okanye kwisithuba seentsuku ezingama-60 xa iUnited States ililungu kwityala loluntu). Izihlomelo ziyafumaneka kodwa zidimazekile. Esi sicelo kufuneka sibe sishwankathelana kodwa siphelele, sicaphula igunya elifanelekileyo kwaye sibalaselisa isizathu sokuba ityala lifanele ingqalelo yeQumrhu.

Kwimiba yokuqala, amatyala kufuneka alandele iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo phantsi kwemithetho yeNkundla ePhakamileyo. Intshukumo yokushiya ityala iqala, kwaye iNkundla ingamisela umlawuli okhethekileyo. La matyala anzima yaye adla ngokuthatha iminyaka ukucombulula.

Ikhonkco Langaphandle Lokuphinda Ufunde

Isiphelo

Ukulawula kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kungumphambili wegunya layo, kulungelelaniswe kakuhle phakathi kwenkqubo yokuqala kunye ne-applette. Ngenkqubo ye-certiori, iNkundla isebenzisa amandla akhethekileyo ukucombulula eyona ngxabano ingxinanisayo yomthetho, iqinisekisa ukudibana komthetho karhulumente nokukhusela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Ukuqonda ukuba yiyiphi imiba echatshazelwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo ephathayo, kwaye indlela abafikelela ngayo apho ngabameli, abenzi bezomthetho, kunye nabemi ngokufanayo. INkundla ihlala ingumgwebi wokugcina imicimbi esesikweni, ichaza umGaqo-siseko yaye ilungisa umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ngelinye ixesha.