Ukwazisa: Yintoni Inkululeko Yabemi?

Ukukhululeka kwabemi ngamalungelo asisiseko kunye nenkululeko ekhusela abantu kurhulumente ophathwe kakubi. Ezi nkululeko zisekelwe kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ziqinisekisa ukuba amaMelika angathetha, anqulel, ahlanganisene, aphile ngaphandle kokuphazamisana okungangqinelaniyo norhulumente. Ngexesha idla ngokusetyenziswa ngamalungelo oluntu , inkululeko yasekuhlaleni ibhekisela ngokukhethekileyo ekukhuseleni kwizenzo zikarhulumente, kanti amalungelo abantu abandakanya ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho. Ukuqonda inkululeko yabemi kubalulekile kubafundi, abafundisi, nabo bonke abami abanqwenela ukukhusela idemokhrasi.

UMgaqo-siseko wawungaquki incwadi yamalungelo; abafaki-freyim babekholelwa ukuba isakhiwo sikarhulumente ngokwaso sasiza kusikela amandla. Noko ke, ebudeni beengxoxo zokudityaniswa kwezixhobo, abachasi `AntĭFedalist" `iwidrists jl ukhuseleko olucacileyo lwenkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Oku kwakhokelela ekusetyenzisweni kweBhili yamaLungelo ngo1791. Ukususela ngoko, ukucaciswa nolwandiso lwenkululeko kuvele ngokupheliswa kwemimiselo, imimiselo, kunye nemimiselo yenkundla yenkcaso.

Imvelaphi Yenkululeko Yamakhaya EUnited States

Ingcamango yenkululeko yabemi eMelika isuka kakhulu kwizithethe zamaNgesi ezisemthethweni. uMagna Carta (1215) yamisa umgaqo wokuba kwanokumkani wayephantsi komthetho kwaye waqinisekisa iinkqubo ezithile. [ IBhili yesiNgesi yaMalungelo [ [1689] amandla athelekelelwayo anamandla obukumkani kwaye aqinisekisa amalungelo afana nokucela ukumkani kunye nokuthwala izixhobo. Irhafushalo lweCriote iquka ukhuseleko olufanayo, kwaye iMvukelo yaseMelika yayixhonywa zizikhalazo ezingokwamalungelo aphulwayo, njengokuphendla okungangqinelayo nokuphanga impahla.

Ngexesha leNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko yowe-1787, abasebenzi befreyim babejolise ekumiseni urhulumente onamandla. Kodwa ukungabikho komthetho wamalungelo kwaba yincopho enkulu. UJames Madison, ekuqaleni ethandabuza, wade wazisa izindululo kwiNgqungquthela Yokuqala. Iziphumo zale ngxaki zilishumi zokulungisa ngezantsi. `iBhili yamaLungelo) zanconywa ngamaphondo ngo1791. Oku kulungiswa kwamisela ummiselo ocacileyo wamandla karhulumente, ukukhusela ukuthetha, unqulo, ukushicilela, indibano, isibongozo, kunye namalungelo ekwaphula umthetho.

IBhili Yamalungelo: Ukuwohloka Okunenkcukacha

IBhili yamaLungelo iquka izindululo zokuqala ezilishumi zomGaqo-siseko. Ulungiso ngalunye lwezicwangciso zemimandla ethile yamandla karhulumente nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ngeli ngezantsi luzingcaciso eyongezelelweyo yenye.

Uhlaziyo Lokuqala: Inkululeko Yokuthetha, Yonqulo, Yokucofa, Yokwenza Indibano Nesibongozo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sisenokuba sesona sixabisi esixatyisiweyo. Silela ukuba nawuphi na umthetho “owuhlonelayo ukusekwa konqulo, okanye ukuthintelwa komgaqo walo wenkululeko; okanye ukuvalwa kwenkululeko yokuthetha, okanye yokushicilela; okanye ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo, nokubongoza uRhulumente ukuba alungise izityholo.” Oku kuthintela uludwe lwamalungelo alonke azimeleyo azimeleyo. Ukuthetha akuquki nje amagama athethwayo kodwa kukwayimisebenzi efana neflegi. Intetho iqinisekisa ukuba amajelo anokunikela ingxelo ngaphandle komthetho. Intlanganiso kunye nesibongozo ezicelo sivumela abemi ukuba bavukele ingxele okanye bafune iinguqu. Noko ke, la malungelo awaxhaswa ngokupheleleyo; iNkundla ephakamileyo ixhasa imiqatha, ukugxokozela, ukulwa kogonyamelo.

Uhlaziyo Lwesibini: Unelungelo lokuthwala izixhobo

“ IMilitia elawulwa kakuhle, eyimfuneko kukhuseleko lukaRhulumente okhululekileyo, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha izixhobo, ayizukumonyulwa.” Uhlaziyo Lwesibini luye lwadala impikiswano enkulu. kwi-Diality of Columbia v. Heller (2008), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqinisekisa ukuba ukukhuselwa komntu kukhusela ilungelo lokuba nezixhobo zakhe siqu. Kamva, Mcdaal v. City of Chicago [FLT:] [FLT] [20]] (2010]) ukukhusela oku kukhusela urhulumente odlula kwi-Genegconfyddy.

UMthetho Wesithathu Ohlaziyiweyo: Ukuhlanganiswa Kwamajoni

Ngenxa yezenzo zeBritane, iSiHlayi sokuHlaziywa salela urhulumente ukuba anganyanzelisi abaninimakhaya ukuba bawafake kwikota yamajoni ngexesha loxolo ngaphandle kwemvume.

UMthetho Wesine: Ukufuna Nokuzimela

UHlaliso lwesine lukhusela “ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula okungenangqiqo” kwaye lufuna imvume esekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo. Oku kulungiswa kusisiseko somthetho wale mihla wobumfihlo. Ilawula ukumiswa kwamapolisa, ukuhlolwa kwe-elektroniki, kunye nokuqokelelwa kwe-data yamanani. INkundla ePhakamileyo ikwandise ukhuseleko lokukhupha igwebu ( Katz v. United States, 1967) kunye nomzila we-GPS ( United States v. Jones[FT:3], 2012]

UMthetho Wesihlanu Ohlaziyiweyo: Amalungelo Kumatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

IsiHlanziso sesihlanu sinikela ukhuseleko olungundoqo: ukugwetywa yinkundla enkulu yabachopheli-tyala enzulu; ukukhuselwa kwingozi ephindwe kabini (ukuzanywa kabini ngenxa yetyala elifanayo); ilungelo lokuhlala uthulile (akukho mvume); ukuqinisekiswa kwenkqubo efunekayo yomthetho; kunye nokwalela ukuthatha impahla yabucala ngaphandle kokufumana intlawulo nje kuphela (ummandla okwindawo ebanzi). Isilumkiso esidumileyo esivela [ku-] Miranda v. Arizona [[FLT:] [6], ezifuna ukuba amapolisa akrobe amalungelo awo okuHlamkelwa kweSihlalo sesihlanu.

UMthetho Wesithandathu Ohlaziyiweyo: Ukuya Kuthethwa Ngetyala Elifanelekileyo

Oku kulungiswa kuqinisekisa ukumangalelwa okukhawulezileyo nokunguwonke wonke okwenziwa ngabachopheli-tyala abangakhethi-cala kwisithili apho ulwaphulo-mthetho lwenzeka khona. Kukwaquka ilungelo lokuxelelwa ngezityholo, ukumangalela amangqina, ukunyanzela amangqina ukuba akhusele, nokuba necebiso elingokwasemthethweni. Gideon v. Wainright [1963], iNkundla yawisa umthetho wokuba amagqwetha amele anike abamangalelwa abangenamali.

Uhlaziyo Lwesixhenxe: Ukumangalelwa Kwimiba Yamakhaya

ISiHlaliso seSebethi sigcina ilungelo lokuchophela ityala labachopheli-tyala kumatyala asekuhlaleni apho ityala lingaphezulu kwee-R2. Iqinisekisa ukuba iimpikiswano ezizizo zigqitywe ngabachopheli-mthetho ngaphandle kokuba abachopheli-mthetho bobabini bavumelana ngenye indlela.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwemiqathango Esibhozo: Inkohlakalo Nesohlwayo Esingaqhelekanga

UHlanganiso lweNkcubeko lukwalela ukugqithisa kwebheyile, ukuhlawuliswa okugqithisileyo, kunye nesohlwayo esikhohlakeleyo nesingaqhelekanga. Sisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya izenzo ezifana nesohlwayo sokufa kwabancinane kunye nezithintelwe ngengqondo (]Roper v. Simmons[, 2005; Attins v. Virginia, 2002) kunye neemeko zentolongo ezilingana nokuthuthumbisa.

UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Wesi - 1000: Amalungelo Abantu Ayawafumana

ISichithi soLawulo seNinth sithi ubalo lwamalungelo athile kumGaqo-siseko aluzukuwabeka “kusilela okanye kucalucalulo abanye abagcinwe ngabantu.” Le njongo ichaziwe ukuxhasa amalungelo angachaphazekanga, kuquka ilungelo lokuba wedwa, nangona ubuqu bungakhankanywanga ngokucacileyo kulo xwebhu.

Uhlaziyo Lweshumi: Ulawulo Olugcinelwe EUnited States

ISihlalo soMphengululo seshumi elinanye sigcinwe kumaphondo okanye kubantu, onke amagunya awanikwanga urhulumente okanye awalelweyo kumazwe. Siquka umgaqo wolawulo, umisela igunya lorhulumente kulawulo lwawo oludwelisweyo.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwenkululeko Yamakhaya Nokumanyana Kwamatyala

Ekuqaleni, iBhili yamaLungelo yasebenza kurhulumente karhulumente wezwelonke. Ama-United States ayekhululekile ukungazihoyi izininzi zezi zikhuseli. Emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, uHlaliso lweNkundla ePhakamileyo lwatshintsha [1868]. INkqubo yawo eSeed Proces Claus ayifuni ukuhluthwa “ngumntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.” Ngokuthe ngcembe iNkunye iNkundla ePhakamileyo “yandisa” amalungiselelo amaninzi eBhili yamaLungelo amalungelo oMkhosi [ ikhupha urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngoLawulo lwe-14595 Demplete.

Inkqubo yokuqukumbela yayikhetha. Phakathi kwenkulungwane yama-620, phantse onke amalungelo kwiBhili yamaLungelo adityanisiwe, kuquka uHlaziyo Lokuqala (1925 ] Gitlow v. New York]), uHlaliso lwesine [ Walf v. [FLT] [FLT]] [FLT] [3]]), kunye noMnumbululo weSinyuko (1964] [[FLT] [FLT] i-Generalgate [iright [if]] [incom], kunye no-Generalmentation reconvect [if] [incogne].[FLT] [5]

Iqhosha lenkululeko yeburhulumente kubunzulu

Ngapha koko, ezinye iinkululeko zasekuhlaleni zifanele zifunyaniswe ngokunzulu ngenxa yempembelelo yazo enkulu kubomi baseMerika.

Inkululeko Yokuthetha Nokuxinana

IsiHlanzo sokuqala sikhusela intetho kwaye sicinezele uphando kulawulo lukarhulumente. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ivelise iimfundiso ezininzi zokuchaza ezi zikhuseli. Ikontentent hint[ izithintelo ezisekelwe kwintengiso ezingekho mthethweni, njengexesha "iimithetho ebekwe kwindawo efihlakeleyo" kwaye kufuneka yanelise “uphando lwendalo" kwaye urhulumente kufuneka abonise umdla onyanzelekileyo kunye nokuthunganyiselwa kufutshane. [[FLT:] [FLT] [12] [12] [196], eyathi ivelise imiqathango yezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, njengexesha i-[FLT] ephinda-7] iphinda-phinda-phinda-phinda-phinda-phinde ihlolwe. Ngaphandle kokukhuselwa kwe-------------

Kwixesha lamanani, imibuzo ephathelele ukuthetha kumaqonga onxibelelwano lwasekuhlaleni iye yaba yenempikiswano. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yakholelwa ukuba urhulumente akanakukwalela ukuthetha ngokusekelwe kwimbono, kodwa amaqonga azimeleyo awabotshelelwanga kuMphetho wokuqala. Noko ke, xa urhulumente esebenzisa amaqonga ukumisela intetho, kuvela imiba yomgaqo-siseko (Packingham v. umNtla Carolina, 2017], 2017).

Inkululeko Yonqulo

UHlaliso Lokuqala luqulethe amacandelo amabini onqulo: Ukuqinisekisa uClaus kunye [[FLT]] ne-Free Specience Claus . Ukumiselwa korhulumente kuyalwalela urhulumente ekumiseleni unqulo olusemthethweni okanye ukuxhasa olunye unqulo kunolunye. Umthetho wesidlali sonqulo ukhusela ilungelo lomntu ukuba aqhube unqulo ngaphandle kokugxambukelano kukarhulumente. Inkundla ePhakamileyo izama ukulinganisela ezi ngxelo. [[FLT:] [FLT:]] I-Employmentation Division. Smith v[FLT:] [1990], iNkuhlela elungele ukulawulwa yimithetho yonqulo, ilawula imithetho esetyenziswa ngokuba nemigaqo yobugqesholo. [F][6]

Ilungelo Lokuba Wedwa

Nangona ingadweliswanga ngokucacileyo, ilungelo lokuzimela wedwa lithathwe kwi “iSigqibo samalungelo, sokucacisa okokuqala Griswold v.Connecticut [1965] [ukuthintela ukuthintela inzala. Oku kusikelwe kwemiqathango yendlela yokukhupha inzala kwisigqibo sobuqu ([] Roe v.[FLT]]], 1973), ulwalamano olufanayo lwe-exxmodex ([[FLT:] l6] i-Lawnce v., 2003, kunye no-lingana ([FLT]6]]berg.[FLT] v [FLD]], i-102], i-202] izigqi ze-RG.

Inkqubela efanelekileyo nokhuseleko olulinganayo

IziHlanziso zeNtlanganiso zesihlanu nezeshumi elinesine ziqinisekisa inkqubo efunekayo, kwaye imiqathango encinci yemida elawula urhulumente. Inkqubo yezobuGcisa ifuna isaziso kunye nokuviwa ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente ahlube umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Inkqubo efunekayo esezantsi ikhusela amalungelo asisiseko anjengomtshato, intsapho, kunye nolawulo lomzimba ekungeneleni kwemiqathango karhulumente. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] .[FLT]]

Ityala Eliphakamileyo Lenkundla

Izigqibo eziliqela zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ziye zaguqula ukutolikwa nokusetyenziswa kwenkululeko yabemi. Nazi amatyala awongezelelekileyo angaphaya koluhlu lokuqala.

  • Gitrow v. New York (1925) – yaqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko lwenkululeko yokuthetha yeFirst Amendment lusebenza kumazwe ngoMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine.
  • Katz v. United States (1967) – Ukudityaniswa kweMpanzi yesine yoLawulo kubandakanya ukukhupha ucingo lwe-electronic, kudala “uvavanyo olusengqiqweni lwe-email”.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) – waqinisekisa ilungelo lokucebisa kuzo zonke iimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, ebandakanya uHlomelo lweSithandathu.
  • .ISithili seSikolo soLuntu (1969) – intetho yomfuziselo yabafundi (ukunxiba iintambo zengalo ezimnyama ukuqhatha imfazwe yaseVietnam) ngaphandle kokuba iphazamisa kakhulu imisebenzi yesikolo.
  • iNew York Times Co. v. United States (1971) – yalahliswa phambi kokuba uthintelo lwePentagon Papers, iqinisekisa ukhuseleko olomeleleyo lomatshini wokucinezela inkululeko.
  • i- Virginia (1967) – iphelise imithetho evala umtshato wobuhlanga njengenkqubo efunekayo kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo.
  • I-CIIzen i-United v.FEC (2010) – Ijijijelwe ukuba imali exhasa ishishini leengxoxo ezizimeleyo zezobupolitika ayinakuthintelwa phantsi koMmiselo wokuQala wokuHlaziya, iqalisa iingxoxo eziqhubekayo malunga nemali yezempempe-mali.

Ucelomngeni Olulandelayo Lokukhululwa Kwabemi

Ubugcisa banamhlanje, izinto ezisongela ukhuseleko, nokutshintsha kwebutho labantu kuyaqhubeka kuvavanya imida yenkululeko yasekuhlaleni.

Imfuno Nento Efihlakeleyo Kwiminyaka Yamanani

Iinkqubo zolawulo zikarhulumente, ezifana nezityhilwe nguEdward Snowden ngo-2013, ziqokelela ubuninzi bemida yemida yemida yemida yeminxeba kwifowuni nakwimisebenzi ye-Intanethi. USUSA ISA Umthetho we- (2001] u-Amandla okujonga emva ko-9/11. Iinkundla ziye zaxabana nokuba ngaba ingqokelela yezambutho iyawuphula na umHluko weSinento weSine. [[FLT:]] Inkcukuthezelo yobuntlola [[FLT]]] ilawula le nkundla yezomthetho, kodwa abagxeki bephikisa ukuba ukufihla ityala lijonge ityala. Ngonyaka we-2015, [[FLT]] USA Ummiselo wenkululeko [FLD [FLD]]] [FF:5]]] Isiphumo somrhumo locingo, kodwa izinto ezithelelwayo zithelk'izinto ezithengwayo, ingakumbi ngokuphakamayo

Ukuthetha Ngokukhululeka Kwinkampu Nakwiinkqubo Zoluntu

Iikoleji eziphezulu ziye zaba ziindawo zokuphikisana ngentetho yentiyo nezithuba ezikhuselekileyo. Iiyunivesithi zikawonke-wonke, njengabadlali bakarhulumente, azikwazi ukunqanda intetho esekelwe kwiimbono. Noko ke, zingamisela ixesha elisengqiqweni .INkundla ePhakamileyo ayiyilawulanga ngqo imibandela ethanda ukuqhushukwa njenge “izilumkiso” okanye“ukuyeka iinkundla ezisezantsi zigqibe ngemeko. Okwangoku, amaqonga onxibelelwano afana noFacebook kunye no-Twitter (ngoku X) ayimiqathango yabucala enokunelisa imicimbi elungelelanisayo njengoko becela, inyusa inkxaso ngokubhekisele kwintetho yezobupolitika. [[FLT][FL:][FLT][FLD [F1]]]

Ukuqhomfa Nokusebenzisa Iziyobisi Emva Kweebhokhwe

Ukubhukuqwa kwe Roe v. [[FLT]] ku-Dobs v. Jackson Amabhinqa 'S Health Organization [202]) wabuyisela umthetho wokuqhomfa kumazwe. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwisiphatho semiqathango kunye nenkxaso. Ngasemva kokuqhomfa, isigqibo saphakamisa imibuzo ebanzi malunga nelungelo lokuba yimfihlo nokuba ngawaphi na amanye amalungelo afanayo (afana ne-62] umtshato owexekileyo kunye nothintelo-onqakrazo-ukuphuma kwemijelo). [[FLT:] Finteth Reftiventiction Resigrationsting [[FLD] imodetic transformation] inkqubo efunekayo.

Ukudlulisela Amalungelo Nengqibelelo Yokhetho

Ukujija kungumthetho osisiseko, kodwa ukhuseleko lwayo luye lwathoba kwaye lwahamba. [[FLT: 0] Umthetho ongundoqo wamaLungelo wonyaka ka 1965 wawungumthetho wenkululeko yabemi obalulekileyo. Ku[FLT]] Shelby County v. Hamer[] [2013], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa ilungiselelo elingundoqo elifuna urhulumente othile ukuze afumane imvume phambi kokutshintsha imithetho yokuvota. Ukususela ngoko, amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho ye-ovota, acuthe uvota, kwaye akhuphisa iirolathi zento. Abagxeki baphikisa la manyathelo ngokuchaphazela ngokugabadekileyo. [FLT] Umthetho woqhubeko lwe-Rhunyuko [FFFF] [FFFF:]

Ukhuseleko Lwesizwe Nenkululeko Yabemi

Ulungelelwano phakathi kokhuseleko lwesizwe nenkululeko yabantu luhlala lucekethekile. Umthetho we-USA NOVA noMthetho wobuChobe obuPhakamileyo] wobuNzulu woMgaqo-siseko [ onwebekileyo wolawulo lokunxibelelana. Ukusetyenziswa kweenkundla zomkhosi zolwaphulo-mthetho ezirhafu nokuvalelwa kwetyala eGuantanamo Bay kucelwe enkundleni. Inkundla ePhakamileyo e[FLT: 4.] Hamdi v. Rumsteld [204] [204])) ibambelele kwinkqubo yotshaba. Abahlali kufuneka bagcine njengenkqubo efunekayo, kuquka nokukhuphiswa kwabo kwimilo. Kodwa imibuzo emininzi engaphandle kwe-RGenethi.

Isiphelo: Ukukhusela Ukukhululeka Kwamakhaya Kwezizukulwana Zexesha Elizayo

Inkululeko yabemi ayimi ndawonye; iyaguquka njengoko iinguqu zebutho labantu. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unika isiseko, kodwa umsebenzi oqhubekayo weenkundla, iintlanga zowiso-mthetho, kunye nabaxhasi abaphambili baqinisekisa ukuba le nkululeko iyaqhubeka ifanelekile. Kubafundi nabafundisi- ntsapho, ukuqonda inkululeko yasekuhlaleni kuthetha okungaphezulu kunokukhumbula ukuxinezeleka okungaguquguqukiyo phakathi kwamandla karhulumente kunye nokuzimela ngokwabantu ngabanye. Njengoko ubugcisa obutsha nezisongelo zivela, imigaqo ebekwe kwiBhili yamaLungelo iza kuqhubeka ivavanywa. Iza zabantwana abahlala befundile nabaphathiswe izibambi-mali bangabalondolo abano abanolwazi benkululeko yabo.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga umbhalo opheleleyo weBhili yamaLungelo [[FLT: 0] kumaZibonelo esizwe , uhlolo lwezigqibo ezingundoqo zamatyala enkundla ePhakamileyo iprojekthi ye-Oyez [, kwaye ufunde malunga nemibandela yangoku yenkululeko yoluntu ngaphaya kwe American Liberation Union[]. Ezi zinto zinika iziphumo ezinyukela nzulu kwiimeko, imimiselo, kunye nengxoxo ezibumba inkululeko yaseMelika.