Isiseko Segunya: Ukuqonda Amandla Asemthethweni

Igunya lilonke umaleko woluntu, ukusuka kwigumbi lokufundela ukuya kwindlu yasenkundleni yenkundla ukuya kumapaseji egunya lezobupolitika. Kodwa alidalwanga lilingana. Okwahlula umlawuli kumlawuli kumlawuli, umphathi kumlawuli ongqwabalala, okanye umthetho kumthetho usoloko uhlela kwingcamango enye ebalulekileyo: unegunya. Kwinzululwazi yezentlalo, amandla asemthethweni abhekisela kwigunya eligqalwayo, elamkelekileyo, kwaye elithathwa njengelifanelekileyo ngabo baphantsi kwalo. Oku kwamkeleka akunyanzeleki; kuphuma kwiinkolelo ezahlukeneyo, izithethe, kunye nezakhiwo zezemibutho ezinika abantu abathile ilungelo lokwenza izigqibo nokunyanzelisa imithetho. Ukuqonda amanani asemthethweni ayimfuneko kumntu nabani na olawulayo, ukuziphatha kombutho, okanye indlela yoluntu. Ichaza isizathu sokuba abantu bathobele imithetho yempatho, okanye irhafuthelo, okanye iinkokeli yemibutho, xa ingekho ngqongqo, kwaye ilula.

Ukuchaza Amandla Omthetho Neempawu Zawo

Amandla asemthethweni ligunya eliphethwe ngumntu okanye isiko ngenxa yokuba abanye bakholelwa ukuba umntu onesigqeba unelungelo lokusebenzisa impembelelo. Le nkolelo isekelwe kwinkqubo yamaxabiso ahlukeneyo, imithetho, okanye izithethe eziqinisekisa ukuba lowo uphetheyo unegunya. Ngokungafaniyo namandla ombane, axhomekeke kwizisongelo okanye amandla, okanye amandla anokuvuza, axhomekeke kwizihlomelo, amandla asemthethweni asebenza ngemvume nangembopheleleko yangaphakathi.

Iimpawu eziliqela eziphambili zichaza amandla afanelekileyo zize ziwahlule kwezinye iintlobo zegunya:

  • Intsingiselo: Igunya livunywa ngabo baphantsi kwalo. Abantu bamkela ukuba umgcini-mandla unelungelo lokwenza izigqibo nemiyalelo. Olu lwazi ludla ngokwenziwa ngonyulo, ukumiselwa, okanye isimo esizuzwé njengelifa.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kuhambelana nemithetho emiselweyo, imigaqo, kunye neenkqubo. Xa inkokeli isebenza ngokuthanda okanye ngaphandle kwesiseko senkqubo esamkelekileyo, iyatshabalalisa ngokusemthethweni. Ukungaguquki kuqinisa ukuxelwa kwangaphambili nokuthembeka kwegunya.
  • [[NTL:0] Ubulunga: Igunya lithathwa njengelisesikweni nelingaguquguqukiyo. Abantu basengozini yokwamkela igunya xa bekholelwa ukuba lisetyenziswa ngokungakhethi bubodwa kwaye lisebenza okulungileyo okuqhelekileyo. Imbono yokusesikweni ibalulekile ukuze kugcinwe kusemthethweni ngexesha.
  • Ukufumaneka: Amandla oMthetho anegalelo kuzinzo lwentlalo kunye nokusebenza. Inika isiseko sokucombulula iimpikiswano, ukwenza izigqibo ezimanyeneyo, kunye nesenzo sokuququzelela. Xa igunya lomelele, uluntu kunye nemibutho isebenza ngokucokisekileyo.
  • Ityala: [ igunya eliLegita liquka iindlela ezigcina abaphethe amandla benoxanduva lwezenzo zabo. Oku kuphendula kuthatha uhlobo lonyulo, uhlolo lwetyala, okanye uhlolo lweziko kunye nolungelelwaniso.

Isiseko samandla asemthethweni

Abaphengululi bebesoloko befuna ukucacisa indlela amandla afanelekileyo afumaneka ngayo, isizathu sokuba abantu bayamkele, noko kwenzekayo xa iwohloka.

Iintlobo ezintathu zegunya

Isazi ngentlalo uMax Weber waseJamani wanika enye yezona zicwangciso ezinempembelelo ekuqondeni igunya elisemthethweni. Kwimisebenzi yakhe yentsimbi i-Economy kunye noMbutho, iWeber yachaza iindidi ezintathu ezinyulu zegunya elisemthethweni, ngalinye elisekelwe kumthombo owahlukileyo womthetho.

Igunya lohlobo lwesaziko: Olu hlobo lwegunya lusekelwe kumasiko amiselweyo, imikhwa, kunye nezenzo zokuma ixesha elide. Luxhomekeke kwinkolelo yobungcwele besithethe kunye nobungangamsha babo baye basebenzisa amandla phantsi kwaloo zithethe. Igunya lesithethe luphawu lwefashoni yookumkani, iintloko zesizwe, kunye neenkqubo zoosolusapho. Amandla adluliselwa phantsi ngokweminombo, kwaye igunya lomlawuli liyamkelwa ngenxa yokuba "isoloko injalo" nangona igunya lesithethe linika uzinzo, lisoloko linokuchasa utshintsho kwaye lizama ukuqhelana neemeko zale mihla.

Abaphathi-mikhosi abangoo-Cherstatic: Igunya loburhalarhume elisuka kwiiimpawu zobuqu ezikhethekileyo zenkokeli. Abalandeli batsalelwa kumbono wenkokeli, ubuqhawe, okanye izipho ezibonwa ngathi zingaphaya kowemvelo. Iinkokeli zerhampasi zidla ngokuvela ngexesha lobunzima okanye utshintsho lwentlalo, ukuguqula imibono evavanya imiyalelo ekhoyo. Imifanekiso efana noMartin King Jrr., Mahtmagn, kunye no-Mandela, ziphathwa njengegunya elinamandla angaphezu kwawabantu, okanye amandla angaqhelekanga okanye iimpawu ezikhethekileyo.

Igunya eligunya likaLegal-Rosal: Olu luhlobo olulawulayo lwegunya kwibutho lanamhlanje. Igunya lokwabelwa komthetho lisekelwe kwinkqubo yemithetho emiselweyo, iinkqubo, kunye nemithetho. Amandla asetyenziswa ngokwemigaqo egunya eligunya lilawulwa ligunya labo, kwaye iinkokeli zibamba igunya ngesidima sesikhundla sabo, hayi iimpawu zabo zobuqu. I-Breatracycracy yimbo esulusulukileyo yegunya elisemthethweni, kunye nesiseko salo sobucukuqe, imigaqo ebhaliweyo, kunye nokufanelekela ekumiselweni. Igunya lomgwebi, igosapho, okanye umlawuli we-rhulumente ovela kwisikhundla esisemthethweni esichaza indima yabo. Ukubekwa kwegunya elingokwasemthethweni alikho ngqini, eliguquguqukayo, elilungeleneyo, elilungeleneyo, ngokokutshintsha kwemiqobo, elibizwa ngokuba lilo lilo "inyani," kwaye libizwa ngokuba lingumlawuli, "ebekube."

Ingcamango enxulumene neNtlalo

Ingcamango yesivumelwano soluntu inikela imbono eyahlukileyo ngamandla asemthethweni, igxininisa ukuvumelana nokuvumelana. Abacinga njengoThomas Hobbes, John Locke, noJean-Jacques Rousseau bayihlola ingcamango yokuba igunya elisemthethweni lezobupolitika lisuka kwisivumelwano esicacileyo okanye esicacileyo phakathi kwabantu ukuze bakhe ibutho labantu nokuze bamisele urhulumente.

Ihobbes, ibhala imongo wemfazwe yamakhaya yaseNgilani, iphikisa ngelithi ngaphandle kwesivumelwano soluntu, ubomi buza kuba yi "imfazwe yabo bonke abachasene nabo bonke," ephawulwa luloyiko olungapheliyo nokunganqabiseki. Ukuphepha esi simo sendalo, abantu bayavuma ukunikezela ngenkululeko yabo ethile kwigunya elilawulayo elinokugcina ucwangco nemithetho esemthethweni. I-Hobbas, igunya elisemthethweni lisuka kumandla omlawuli ukulungiselela ukhuseleko, kungekhona kwilungelo elingokwemvelo lokulawula. Ukunikezela ngombono ophandle ngakumbi, ukulwa ukuba abantu bangene kwisivumelwano soluntu ukuze bakhusele amalungelo abo emvelo, inkululeko, nempahla. Imithetho ye-Gemaste, ejongeni, ilinganiselwe kwaye imele ityala. Ukuba umlawuli ulwambutho onegunya elisemthethweni lokusebenzisa igunya okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi igunya lombuso, ubambe i-Rosselton, ugxininise withscel, ugxininise ukuphikisa kwegunya elisemthethweni elisemthethweni elisemthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni.

Ulawulo olusemthethweni kuLawulo noLulungelelwano

Umthetho asiyongcamango nje engekho ngqiqweni kubalawuli bezobupolitika; unemiphumo esengqiqweni kwindlela abantu abasebenza ngayo. Xa igunya lithathwa njengelifanelekileyo, abemi bayayithobela imithetho, bahlawulele irhafu, basebenze kwiijaji, bamkele izigqibo zikarhulumente, naxa izigqibo zingqubana nezilangazelelo zabo zobuqu. Oku kuthobela ngokuzithandela kunciphisa imfuneko yokunyanzelwa nokujongwa kwamapolisa, ukukhulula izinto ukwenzela ezinye iinjongo zentlalo. Umthetho ukwakhuthaza ukukholosa ngemithetho, nto leyo efunekayo kwimibutho esebenzayo, ukuphuhlisa inkqubela yezoqoqosho, kunye nentsebenziswano yentlalo-ntle.

Umthetho kunye nokuQonda

Amandla asemthethweni anika ulungelelwano lwentlalo. Amisela izithethe, ulindelo, kunye nenkqubo ezikhokelayo nendlela yokuziphatha nokucombulula iingxabano. Xa abantu besamkela ukufaneleka kwenkqubo yabo yezobupolitika, basenokusebenza phakathi kwamaziko akhoyo ukucombulula izikhalazo kunokuba babhenele kugonyamelo okanye imvukelo. Umthetho usebenza njengesithinteli sokulwa nezidubedube, uvumela uluntu ukuba luthabathe iziphazamiso nokuziqhelanisa neemeko eziguqukayo ngaphandle kokuzinzisa. Noko ke, ukufezekisa okungasisigxili; kufuneka luqhubeke luqiniswa ngolawulo olulungileyo, ukuphathwa ngokusesikweni, nokuthobela imithetho emiselweyo.

Izisongelo Zobugqwetha

Umthetho unokuba buthathaka xa abo baphethe igunya bephula izithethe kunye nolindelo olusisiseko segunya labo. Izisongelo eziqhelekileyo ziquka urhwaphilizo, apho iinkokeli zisebenzisa isikhundla sikawonke-wonke ukuze zizuze inzuzo yazo; ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, apho amagunya asebenza ngokungenamdla okanye ngokucinezeli; kunye nokungabikho komelo, apho amaqela abalulekileyo abantu akhutshwayo kwiinkqubo ezithile zokwenza izigqibo. Xa ukuthotyelwa komthetho kuxhomekeka, ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho kuxhomekeke, kwaye ukuchasa inkcaso kukhula. Iintsebenzi zingabandakanyeka ekuvukeleni, ukungathobeli kwemi, okanye, kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo, imvukelo-mkelo. Ukuwohloka komthetho kungane neziphumo zolawulo oluphezulu, imizekelo eMpuma Yurophu.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Kumandla Asemthethweni

Ukuhlolisisa imbali ecacileyo kusinceda sibone indlela akhiwa ngayo amandla afanelekileyo, ancinwayo naguqulwa ngayo.

Imvukelo YaseMerika: Ingxaki Yokungagunyaziswa Kwasemthethweni

IMvukelo yaseMelika ingumzekelo ophambili wemeko enzima esemthethweni. Abathathi-nxaxheba baseBritane kuMntla Merika bawusamkela ixesha elide umgaqo weBritane nePalamente. Noko ke, uxanduva lwakhula kakhulu njengoko iBritani yabeka irhafu nemigaqo emitsha yerhafu nemithetho ngaphandle kokunika abalawuli be-colonians imelo. Isiqubulo "akukho rhafu engundoqo" yasithatha isikhalazo esingundoqo: amaBritane aphikisayo kuba ayengenagunya ngenxa yokuphula umthetho ngenxa yokuba imigaqo yokuvumela. ISindululo seLizwe sayichaza ngokucacileyo le mbambano, siqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente bafumana "amandla abo afanelekileyo ekuvumela ukulawulwa" kwaye "alungile kubantu ukuba batshintshe okanye basuse urhulumente oyamkele ezi zinjongo. Abavukeli bemvukelo abazange bayilahle ingcamango yokulawula ngokusemthethweni; kunoko, bafuna ukusungula ukukhuthaza ukulawulwa kwemithetho elungele urhulumente nempumelelo eMelikanst Statesdvinian.

IQumrhu Lamalungelo Abemi: Ukumangalela Igunya Eliyilweyo

I-Civil Rights Movement of the 1950 ne 1960s ngomnye umzekelo onamandla wokungavunyelwa komthetho onokuthi ucelwe ucelomngeni kunye nokubuyiselwa. Ama-Afrika kuMzantsi owenziwe ngokwee-cawa ayehlala phantsi kwenkqubo esemthethweni eyawakhanyela amalungelo asisiseko yawabeka phantsi kwemigaqo ecwangcisiweyo kwaye yawabeka phantsi kwemithetho ecwangcisiweyo yexesha lika-Jim Conrow, enemiqathango esesikweni yegunya elisemthethweni, ayengenagunya elisesikweni emehlweni abo babecineze bacinezelele kwaye, ngokukhula, emehlweni esizwe. Iinkokeli ezifana noMartin Luther King Jr. zakhuthaza imigaqo ephakamileyo yokulawula nokulingana ukuze zicel ’ umngeni ukumanyana okungalawuleki. Ngemilo engobugrona, iimpikiswano ezinyanzelo, kunye neengxoxo ezinyanzekileyo zokuziphatha okuhle, umbutho obhebheneyo phakathi kolawulo lwedemo-demo-deli kunye nezenzo zobuhlanga. Umthetho womthetho ka-1965 kunye nomthetho omele ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yesizwe, imigaqo esemthethweni, imigaqo elungelelalbhin,

Imizekelo Yakutshanje: Ukuba Nomthetho Ngenkulungwane yama - 21

Impembelelo yokulawula iyaqhubeka idlala kwizobupolitika zanamhlanje. Imvukelo ye-Arabian Spring yowama-2010-2011 ibonisa ukuba ulawulo lwezigwebo olumayo lungalahlekelwa kusini nangokokuba abemi bagqibe kwelokuba abalawuli babo balahle naliphi na ilungelo lokulawula. EMpuma Yurophu, intsebenziswano kumazwe afana nePoland neHungary icekelelw'ulungelo lokulawula utshintsho olusemthethweni, iphikisa ukuba balulaza ukulawulwa ngumthetho. EUnited States, impikiswano ngengqibelelo yonyulo, ukumiswa kweNkundla ephakamileyo, kunye negunya lomongameli ziphakamise yonke imibuzo engundoqo malunga nokufaneleka kwamaziko ezobupolitika. Le mizabala yexesha elikhoyo igxininisa ukuba ukufaneleka kuyinto eqhubekayo, ayiyolifa elisisigxina. Ifuna ukugcinwa okungaguquguqukiyo, iziphumo ezintle, nokuphendula kokunyaniseka.

Ukufundisa Ngamandla Omthetho Kwiklasi

Abafundisi banendima ebalulekileyo ekuncedeni abafundi baqonde amandla asemthethweni kunye nentsingiselo yawo yobumi nokulawula. Le ngcamango inesiseko esityebileyo sokuxubusha ngegunya, okusesikweni, nembopheleleko yentlalo.

Uhlalutyo oluBanzi lweGunya

Abafundisi bangakhuthaza abafundi ukuba bahlolisise ngokugxeka imithombo kunye nemida yegunya kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Iingxubusho zeklasi zingahlola imibuzo enjengethi: Yintoni eyenza umthetho ube semthethweni? Xa kufanelekile ukucel ’ umngeni igunya? Kunini apho kufanelekile ukucelw'amkel' umngeni ongoorhulumente? Abantu bembali njengoRosa Parks okanye uHenry David Thoreau ababonakalisa imodeli ukuchasa imithetho engekho bulungisa? Ngokuhlalutya iimeko nokusebenzisa imigaqo yenkcazelo, abafundi bahlakulela ubuchule bokuvavanyanisa igunya ngokungqongqo kunokuba bawamkele ngokungakhathali. Lo msebenzi ubalulekileyo ubalulekile ukuze babe ngummi kwibutho elinobudemokhrasi.

Ukudibanisa Umthetho Kubungqina BeCUP

Ukuqonda amandla asemthethweni kusenokushukumisela abafundi ukuba babe ngabathathi-nxaxheba abakhutheleyo nabanolwazelelelo kubomi boluntu. Xa abafundi beqonda ukuba igunya elisemthethweni lixhomekeke ekuvumeni, ekuziphenduleleni nasekuthabatheni inxaxheba, basenokuzibona njengabaxhasi bemibutho yabo kunye neenkqubo zobupolitika. Oothisha banokukhuthaza abafundi ukuba babandakanye kwizifundo zesikolo, kwinkonzo yoluntu, okanye ekuxakekiseni ngemibandela abayikhathaleleyo. Ngokubona imigaqo esemthethweni yokwenza izigqibo, abafundi bazenza ngokwabo izithethe nemilinganiselo exhasa amaziko edemokhrasi. Bafunda ukuba imigaqo nemilinganiselo egcina amaziko edemokhrasi ayiyo nje into eyenzekayo kubo kodwa banceda ekuzenzeni kwabo.

Ukuthetha Neengxubusho Ngempumelelo

Iingxoxo ezingokwasemthethweni zinokuba nempembelelo kwimibandela ephikisanayo, equka ukuqhatha, ukungathobeli kwemiqathango yoluntu, kunye nemiqathango yegunya likarhulumente. Abaqeqeshi abanobuchule banokukhokela ezi ngxoxo ngeendlela ezihloniphekileyo, ezisekelwe kubungqina, nezinyanisekileyo. Ngokuhlola iimbono ezininzi kwaye ngokuhlolisisa imvelaphi engokwembali neyntanda-bulumko yeempikiswano ezikhuphisanayo, abafundi bafunda ukuphengulula ukungavumelani ngokwakhayo. Ezi ngxoxo zikhuthaza abafundi ukuba babandakanye neengxaki zezobupolitika nezingokwentlalo ezintlukwano abaya kudibana nazo xa bebadala.

Iindlela Ezisebenzisekayo Ezingaphaya Kwezobupolitika

Nangona igunya elisemthethweni lisoloko lichazwa ngobuninzi besikhundla solawulo, lisebenza ngokufanayo kwezinye iindawo. Kwiziko, iinkokeli zifumana igunya elifanelekileyo kwizikhundla zazo ezikwimigangatho, kodwa kufuneka ziphinde zilifumane ngobuchule, ngokusesikweni, kunye nentlonelo ngabangaphantsi kwazo. Abalawuli abaxhomekeke kuphela kwigunya lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo, bafumana ukuba amandla abo aphelelwa xa bengakwazi ukubonakalisa ezi mpawu. Kwizithuba zezezintsebenziswano, imibuzo yobuchule ephakamayo ekwizikhundla, ukulawula iqonga, kunye negunya loluntu olukwi-intanethi. Ngubani onelungelo lokumisela imithetho yezokuziphatha kwi-intanethi, kwaye yintoni eyenza ukuba loo mithetho yamkeleke? Kulwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe, ulawulo lwamazwe afana nezizwe ngezizwe, ukusebenza kwazo okuqhelekileyo, nokubambelela kwazo. Ezi nkqubo zibonakalisa ukuba zisebenzisana ngendlela elungelenayo.

Isiphelo

Amandla asemthethweni athe atheth'ephambili kwinzululwazi yezentlalo. Ichaza isizathu sokuba abantu bamkele igunya, indlela ibutho labantu eligcina ngayo ucwangco, noko kwenzekayo xa kudityaniswa ulwahlulo lomthetho. Ukusuka kwindlela kaWeber yokusebenzisa igunya kwingcamango yentlalo, abaphengululi baye banikezela izixhobo ezinamandla zokuqonda iziseko zamandla asemthethweni. Uphando lwembali lutyhila ukuba negunya kunye nokungalingani, okubonisa indlela elinokwenziwa ngayo, ukukhuphikiswa, nokuhlaziywa kwalo. Kubafundisi-mfundo, bafundisa ngamandla asemthethweni okunika ithuba lokukhuthaza ukucingelana, ukuquququzelelwa, nokuxabisa okunzulu kwemigaqo exhasa ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Kwixesha lokulawula kwezobupolitika, lokungathembani, nokukhawuleza, oko kubonakalisa ukuba igunya okungazange kwamkeleke ngokungxamisekileyo.