Inkqubo yomthetho yinkqubo yolwakhiwo yolungelelwano lwentlalo, enika inkqubo elungelelanisiweyo yokucombulula iingxabano kunye nemigaqo enyanzeliswayo. Emazantsi ayo, le nkqubo isuka kwimimandla emibini eyahlukeneyo: umthetho wamakhaya nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngoxa ingcinga ethandwayo isoloko inyusa ezi zinto zombini, iqonda ukwahlukana kwazo kubalulekile nabani na ophulwayo, imicimbi yobuqu, okanye ubomi bukawonke wonke. Olu vavanyo lwamakhaya lukukulwamkelo lwangasese lwamalungelo abantu okanye amaqela. Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho liyimposiso yasekuhlaleni, lixatyiswe lityala likawonke, lityala lityala ityala likarhulumente, imigaqo, imilinganiselo yokuqinisekisa, iziphumo zobuqu, kunye neziphumo ezinokwenzeka zahlukene ngokuchasanayo. Olu khokelo lubonisa ulungelelwanolwano lwezono lwezonobumba-procracplan, kunye neemfashoni zolwaphulo-mthetho zelizwe.

Isiseko Somthetho Wamakhaya: Ukucombulula Iingxabano Zabucala

Umthetho wamakhaya ulawula ulwalamano, izivumelwano, kunye nonxulumano phakathi kwabemi bobuqu namashishini. Ngumthetho ophulwayo, owengozi, oweengxubevange, owezinto, nowokungavisisani ngezakhono. Xa omnye umntu elahlekelwa zizenzo okanye zintshukumo zomnye, umthetho wasekuhlaleni ulungiselela i-inshorensi ukuze afumane isicombululo. Injongo ephambili asikokohlwaya, kodwa kukubeka iqela elo limonzakeleyo kwindawo ebelinokube lingayenzekanga nto iphosakeleyo, okanye ukulihlawulela ukulahlekelwa kwalo.

Yintoni Ebangela Ukuba Kubekho Ulwaphulo - mthetho?

Amatyala amakhaya anokuvela kwiimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo, ezidla ngokubekwa ngokweendidi ezithile zomthetho:

  • [[NTL:0] Amaqumrhu: Ezi zizinto ezingalunganga zabemi ezibangela umonakalo okanye ukulahlekelwa. I-Negligence (umz. ingozi yemoto ebangelwa ngumqhubi ophazamisekileyo), ukunyelisa (iibhetri okanye intlebendwane), kunye nokuqhatha konke kuthotyelwa phantsi komthetho wethoyitha.
  • [[NTL:0] Impikiswano edityanisiweyo: Xa omnye umbutho esilela ukuphumeza iimfanelo zawo phantsi kwesivumelwano esibopheleleyo esisemthethweni, omnye umntu angagweba ulwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kugquma yonke into ukusuka ekusileleni ukuhlawula iinkonzo ukusa ekuphuleni isivumelwano esinganiki mvume.
  • [[Umthetho:0] ochazayo: Impikiswano phezu komhlaba, imiba yendlu, okanye umonakalo kwimpahla uconjululwa ngemicimbi yasekuhlaleni.
  • UMthetho woLusalo: uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, kunye nokugcinwa kwabantwana yimicimbi yasekuhlaleni.

Imicimbi Nemithwalo Yayo

Kwityala lasekuhlaleni, iqela elizisa ityala liyi-paltiff. Iqela elimangalelwayo lingummangalelwa. Ummangalelwa uthwala umthwalo wobungqina, obungumlinganiselo wokuqwalasela ubungqina. Lo mlinganiselo ufuna umgwebi othe ngqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba inguqulelo yezibakala iyinyaniso kunokuba ingabi njalo (ngokufuthi ichazwa njenge"50% kunye nomgangatho wempepho"). Ngenxa yokuba isiphumo silinganiselwe kwilahleko yemali okanye isiqabuliso esipheleleyo, umthetho ubeka umthwalo osezantsi ongaphantsi kobungqina obuthelekiswa neemeko zolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokomthetho awunayo i-mGaqonga elungileyo kwinkundla elungelelaniswe yi-gqhinga. Ukuba umthetheli akanako ukuzenzela i-gqhinga elisezantsi, kufuneka azibonelele iingxelo zemali okanye azimele.

Iindlela Zokunyanga Nokukhululeka Ekuxelweni Kwamakhaya

Isiphelo setyala likarhulumente sisicombululo se-platiff. Oku kudla ngokuthatha enye yeentlobo ezimbini:

  • [[NTL: 0] I-Legal Remedies (Izigwebo): Inkundla iyalela ummangalelwa ukuba ahlawule imali kummangalelwa. Oku kunokuquka ilahleko yokuhlawula (kwenyani) kunye nelahleko yesohlwayo (emiselwe ukohlwaya ihambo engalunganga nokunqanda abanye).
  • Imigaqo engenakugwetyelwa: Inkundla iyalela ummangalelwa ukuba enze okanye ayeke ukwenza isenzo esithile. Oku kuquka imiyalelo (umz., ukuvala inkampani ekusebenziseni imfihlo yorhwebo olubiweyo) kunye nomsebenzi othile (umz., inyanzelisa umthengisi ukuba adlulisele iqhekeza elikhethekileyo lempahla njengoko kuthenjiswe kwisivumelwano).

UMthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho: Ukusohlwaya Iimpazamo Kurhulumente

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho yinkqubo eyahlukileyo enenjongo eyahlukileyo. Imela amandla karhulumente okuchaza nokuqeqesha ukuziphatha okujongwa njengokungamkeleki kwibutho labantu. Isenzo solwaphulo-mthetho asikokungachani nexhoba; sithathwa njengokwaphulwa koxolo nocwangco lukawonke-wonke. Ngoko ke, urhulumente ````urhulumente, okanye urhulumente' okanye ummandla'' ungumtshutshisi ngenxa yabantu.

Ukuchaza Ihambo Yezaphuli - mthetho

Ulwaphulo-mthetho luchazwa ngomthetho kwaye ludla ngokucalulwa ngobukhulu. ityala elinzulu liyityala elithi ligwetywe ngaphezu konyaka, njengokubulala, ukuphanga, kunye nobuqhetseba. [ [[FLT] [FLT]] lityala elincinci, njengeba elincinci okanye ukuhlasela okulula, elisohlwaywa lide lide lize liphele ngonyaka omnye ezintoni ezivalelwe okanye ezihlawuliweyo. [FTST] ityala kufuneka lingqine iziqalelo ezimbini zokukhusela ukuthembeka: isenzo esinetyala ([[FLT]4]]]] [FLT]]]) kunye nengqondo echaphakileyo [FFF:6]

Owona Myezo Uphakamileyo: Awunakuthandatyuzwa

Ngenxa yokuba ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho linokumhlutha umntu inkululeko yakhe, inkqubo esemthethweni imisela umgangatho ophezulu wobungqina: ngaphandle kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni[. Oku kuthetha ukuba ingtshutshiso kufuneka ingqine ityala lommangalelwa kumlinganiselo wokuba umntu osengqiqweni angaphoxeki ekwenzeni oko kwisigqibo esibalulekileyo sobomi bakhe. Lo mlinganiselo ukhusela ongenatyala ngokwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba uqinisekise ityala ngaphandle kobungqina obupheleleyo. Ummangalelwa ucingelwa ukuba umsulwa kuyo yonke inkqubo kwaye akanatyala lokunikela ubungqina okanye ukungqina.

Ukulondolozwa KomGaqo-siseko

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States ukhusela abantu abatyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Unelungelo lokucebisa (uHlomelo lwesithandathu):[[Umphetho] ukuba ummangalelwa akanakukwazi ukuthenga igqwetha, urhulumente kufuneka anikeze umntu ngesisa.
  • Ukhuseleko kwiJipardy ye-5th Amendment: Umntu akanakuvavanywa kabini ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo emva kokulahlwa okanye ukuqinisekiswa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ekunene kwityala elikhawulezayo nelinguwonke-wonke (IziHlayisho-nkqubo zesi-6): uthintela ukuvalelwa okungagqibekanga kunye nemicimbi yasemfihlekweni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukhuseleko kwiNxulumaniso eNgaqikelelekiyo kunye neSeizares (iSiphendu sesi-4): Ifuna amapolisa ukufumana isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka kwiimeko ezininzi.

Ukwahluka Okuyintloko Phakathi Komthetho Wamakhaya Nowakwaphula Umthetho

Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwezi ntsika zimbini zenkqubo yomthetho kubalulekile ukuze kuxelwe kwangaphambili indlela eliza kutyhilwa ngayo ityala. Isicangca esingezantsi sishwankathela umahluko ophakathi, ohlolisiswe ngokweenkcukacha kumacandelo alandelayo.

Injongo Nosukelo

  • [[FLT: 0] ICIIL: Ukubuyekeza ityala elilimeleyo nokusombulula iimpikiswano. Injongo yeyokwenza i-plantiff iphelele okanye inqande ukuziphatha okubi.
  • Ngokugqithisileyo: Ukubohlwaya umenzi wobubi, ukuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho lwexesha elizayo, ukungalingani kwabantu abayingozi, nokulungisa abanetyala. Injongo kukulungiselela okusesikweni kwibutho labantu.

Izahlulo kunye nomelo

  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Civil: abantu okanye amaqumrhu afihlakeleyo (ngee-plantiff vs. ummangalelwa). Umlahli we-Flacttiff ulawula ityala kwaye angakhetha ukuyimisa okanye ukuyiwisa ngalo naliphi na ixesha.
  • : Urhulumente (umtshutshisi) ngokuchasene nomntu okanye umbutho. Ixhoba lingqina lorhulumente, hayi iqela elizisa ityala. Umtshutshisi ugqiba ukuba afake iifayile zetyala kusini na.

Umgangatho wobungqina

  • [[UMTHL:0] ICivil: Ukuqwalasela ubungqina (ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu kunangenjalo).
  • Icala eliphakathi: Ngaphezu kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni (ukungaqiniseki). Lo ngumgangatho ophezulu wobungqina kwinkqubo esemthethweni, ebonisa izibonda eziphezulu ezibandakanyekileyo.

Iziphumo Ezinokwenzeka

  • I- I-Civil:[ umonakalo wemoneta (ukuhlawula okanye ukukhupha isohlwayo), imiyalelo, ukwenza okuthile, okanye imigwebo yokukhupha. Akukho kulahlekelwa yinkululeko.
  • 'engangeniyo: I-Incarection (intolongo okanye intolongo), iimali ezihlawulwa kurhulumente, ukuvavanywa, inkonzo yoluntu, okanye kwezinye iindawo, isohlwayo sokufa.

Isakhiwo soMququzelelo nokuQokelela

  • [[FLT: 0] I-Civil: Imajukuthu asoloko ekhona kodwa akafuneki kuzo zonke iimeko. Inani leejaji lingahluka, kwaye amazwe amaninzi avumela isigqibo esingangeni mvume- yequmrhu (umz., isithoba kwi 12 yevoti) kwiimeko zabemi.
  • Ityala limele liqinisekiswe ngokwemithetho yezobugqeba. Isigqibo kufuneka sisoloko sivumelana (bonke abagwebi abali-12 kufuneka bavumelane) ukuvalela amabanjwa, ebonisa umgaqo wokuba urhulumente makayingqine imeko yakhe ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni okuphethwe ngumgwebi omnye.

Ibhanile Yobomi Betyala Lamakhaya

Amatyala amakhaya alandela indlela ecwangcisiweyo, nangona uninzi lwawo luyiyo, ngokuqhelekileyo lungaphezu kwama-95% —) ngaphambi kokuba lufike kwinkundla yetyala.

Inyathelo Elikhokelayo

Le nkqubo iqala xa i Placttiff ifayile i ichaza ityala, ichaza izibakala zetyala nesiseko esisemthethweni setyala. Ummangalelwa uphendula nge impendulo, uvuma okanye akhanyele izityholo. Ummangalelwa angafaka ifayile ephikisana nomphathi-mthetho. Iintshukumo zexesha elingaphambili, ezifana nokuhamba kwendlela yokungaqiniseki, ziqhelekile kweliqonga.

Isitena Sokufunyanwa Kwaso

Uphando luyindlela apho amaqela omabini eqokelela khona ubungqina. Le isoloko ilelona xesha lokufumana nexesha elibizayo. Izixhobo zokufumana ziquka:

  • Imibuzo ebhaliweyo malunga netyala elimele liphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukwakhiwa:[ Ukuncinwa kobungqina okanye iqela eliphantsi kwesifungo, elibhalwe ngumcholacholi wengxelo enkundleni.
  • [[UMTLL:0] Izicelo zemveliso: icela elinye icala ukwenza amaxwebhu, ii-imeyili, izivumelwano, okanye obunye ubungqina obuphathekayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isicelo sokukhupha imvume: icela elinye icala ukuvuma okanye ukukhanyela izibakala ezithile ukuxinanisa imiba yokuvavanywa.

Intshukumo yangaphambili kunye nokuzinza

Phambi kokuvavanywa, omabini amacala angafaka isindululo somgwebo wesishwankathelo. Le ntshukumo icela ijaji ukuba ilawule ukuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene yento ephathekayo kwaye iqela elihambayo linelungelo lomgwebo njengombandela womthetho. Ukuba lentshukumo iyakhatywa, ityala limiselwe ukuvavanywa. Iinkundla zisoloko zikhuthaza okanye zifuna amaqela ukuba angenele kwi [ impikiswano yento ephathekayo okanye [[FLT: 4.] ulwahlulo [[FLT:]] ukuphelisa impikiswano ngaphandle kwexabiso, ixesha, nokungaqiniseki kwetyala.

Ukumangalelwa Nesigwebo

Ukuba ityala liya kuvavanywa, ilandela lo mthetho jikelele: ukhetho lwabachopheli-mthetho ( ivoir brain), iingxelo zokuvula, ukunikezelwa kobungqina (ityala lomnye-komkhulu, lilandelwa ngummangalelwa), iimpikiswano zokuvala imiyalelo, imiyalelo yabachopheli-mthetho, kunye nokuququzelela. Ijaji ibuyisela isigqibo se-partfiff okanye ummangalelwa. Ukuba umgcini-tyala umisa umlinganiselo welahleko. Iqela eliphulukana linokubhenela isigwebo okanye ugwebo kwinkundla ephezulu ukuba bakholelwa impazamo esemthethweni yenzekile ngexesha lokuchola.

Indlela Yolwaphulo - mthetho

Inkqubo yolwaphulo - mthetho iphenjelelwa kakhulu yimigaqo yomgaqo - siseko elungiselelwe ukukhusela amalungelo abo bamangalelwayo ukususela ekuqaleni.

Uphando Nokubanjwa

Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho liqala ngokuphanda ngokusemthethweni. Ukuba amapolisa anesizathu esigxekiweyo sokukholelwa ukuba umntu owenziwe ulwaphulo-mthetho, asenokubanjwa. Emva kokuba ebanjiwe, ukrokrela uyabhaliswa aze aqhubeke. UMthetho-siseko wesine ufuna amapolisa ukufumana imvume yokukhangela ikhaya lomntu okanye athabathe impahla yawo kwiimeko ezininzi, kwaye ubungqina obufunyanwayo bokuchaswa kweli lungelo bungacinywa (umthetho opheliswayo).

Imbonakalo yokuqala noLungiselelo

Ummangalelwa kufuneka aziswe phambi komgwebi ngokukhawuleza kwimbonakalo [[FLT: 0] ekwindawo ekhoyo. Ijaji iyamazisa ummangalelwa ngezityholo, icebisa ngamalungelo abo, kwaye icwangcisa ibheyile okanye iimeko zokukhululwa. uphazamiso , ummangalelwa ufunda ngokusemthethweni izityholo kwaye ungena isingqiniso //oknakekeli, okanye ungenatyala, okanye ungenatyala ([FLT:]]).

Ukwandiswa kwebhari yeplanga

Kwinkqubo yomthetho yanamhlanje, amatyala angaphezu kwama-90% aconjululwa ngokucetywa. Umtshutshisi unika ummangalelwa ityala elincitshisiweyo okanye isigwebo esilula ukuze afumane isibongozo setyala. Le nkqubo iphepha ixesha nendleko yetyala kodwa iye yagxekwa ngokunyanzela abamangalelwa abamsulwa ukuba bamangalelwe ngetyala lokuphepha umngcipheko wesigwebo esiqatha kakhulu xa bevavanywa.

Ukuvavanywa Kwetyala

Ukuba ityala liya kuvavanywa, ukubekwa kwetyala kuyinto engaqhelekanga. Umtshutshisi unikela ubungqina bakhe kuqala, ukubiza amangqina kunye nokuzisa imiboniso. Ukhuselo lunelungelo lokunqamleza i-examine bungqina bonke. Ukuzikhusela kunganikela ubungqina bakho kodwa akufuneki ukuba kwenziwe njalo. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokungangqini ([[FLT: 0]]] uGawulayo lwesihlanu ), kwaye abachobi bejaji bayalelwa ukuba bangarhoxi naliphi na icala kwimpele yommangaleli. Ukuvalelwa, abagwebi mabafumane ummangali bebophelele ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okufanelekileyo.

Ukugweba

Ukuba ummangalelwa ubanjwa, ijaji ibamba ityala elahlukileyo lokuvala icala. Ijaji iqwalasela imigaqo yogwebo lomthetho, ingxelo yophando lwangaphambi kwemvume, iingxoxo ezivela kumtshutshisi negqwetha lokhuselo, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo iingxelo ezivela kumaxhoba. Isigwebo singasuka kumvalelwa ukuya kuthabatha iminyaka entolongweni, okanye kwanobomi. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokubhenela kwityala okanye isigwebo.

Ukugqitha Nenkqubela Enxuseneyo: UMthetho Ofanayo, Izilingo Ezimbini

Ingcamango edidayo eqhelekileyo yeyokuba isenzo kufuneka sibe lulwaphulo-mthetho okanye sisenzo esiphosakeleyo soluntu. Enyanisweni, ihambo efanayo ingenza isiseko sokwahlukana ngokupheleleyo, iziganeko ezihambelanayo. Ngenxa yokuba imigangatho yobungqina kunye namatheko abandakanyekileyo ayahluka, iziphumo zingaba zezo(_) kwaye isoloko yenza iziphumo.

Owona mzekelo udumileyo ngu O.J. Ityala likaSimpson likhululwe ngokubulala kwinkundla yolwaphulo-mthetho ngenxa yokuba abachopheli bejaji bathandabuza ityala letyala ngaphandle kobuthandabuza obufanelekileyo. Noko ke, wafunyanwa efanelwe kukubulawa ngokuphosakeleyo kwityala likarhulumente, apho umthwalo wobungqina wawungubungqina obuphambili kuphela. Ijaji yakwa-matyala yayalela ukuba ahlawule ii-3.5 zezigidi zemali kwiziphumo zeentsapho zamaxhoba. Oku kubalasemgceni: umgwebi akagwebi olandelayo kuba imithetho ye-mthetho nenjongo ye-mthetho ingokwahlukileyo.

Ngokufanayo, i-[QUT:0] ishishini lokuqhatha abanikeli beshishini lisenokujamelana netyala lodidi lwe-ovential-action evela kubalawuli abafuna ukubuyisa ilahleko yabo. Ngohlobo olunye, iSebe leJaji lase-U.S. lingazisa izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho zobuqhetseba nxamnye nabalawuli benkampani, abanokuthi bakhokelele kwixesha lasentolongweni. umqhubi okhutshiweyo obangela intlekele angabekwa icala nge-DU (ityala) kwaye apheliswe ngokungakhathali ngabakhweli abalimeleyo (ivil). Ukuqonda oku kusenokuba kukhokelela ekuzingeni engozini kolawulo lwezobuqu kunye nezoshishino.

Isizathu Sokuba Le Nto Yahlulayo Ibaluleke Ekuqheliseni

Ukwazi umahluko phakathi komthetho wasekuhlaleni nowakwaphula umthetho akuthethi nje ukuba umntu ufunda kangakanani, kodwa kuchaphazela indlela esebenza ngayo namashishini.

  • Kubemi: Ukwazi inkqubo yomthetho kuyakunceda uqonde amalungelo akho ukuba ulixhoba lolwaphulo-mthetho okanye iqela kwimpikiswano. Ixhoba lokuhlaselwa alinaku "zicinezela iityala" ngqo; kufuneka athembele kumtshutshisi, kodwa ngokuzimeleyo angaqesha igqwetha lesizwe ukuba limangalele ityala lomonakalo.
  • KuManikazi Oshishino: iinkqubo zokuthobela kufuneka zibhekise kwiimfanelo zolwaphulo-mthetho zombini (umz., ukulwa nokunganyaniseki, ukunyoba) kunye netyala loluntu (umz., ukwaphulwa kwesivumelwano, ucalucalulo lomsebenzi). Ukungaphumeleli koshishino olunye kungakhokelela kuphengululo lukarhulumente kunye nokumangalelwa komntu onegunya.
  • AbaKhuseli: Iindlela zahluke ngokupheleleyo. Kwimeko yolwaphulo-mthetho, ingqwalaselo ikukukhusela inkululeko nokuphepha ukuqiniseka, ngokufuthi ngokwendlela yesiqhelo kwaye ivavanya ubungqina belizwe. Kwimeko karhulumente, ukugxininiswa kukuhlisa ityala lemali, ngokufuthi ngokuthetha nangento ehlaziywayo.

Isiphelo

Umahluko phakathi komthetho wamakhaya nowamatyala lisiseko senkqubo yokugweba yaseMerika. Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho ukhusela ibutho labantu kwaye wohlwaye abanotyala, ufuna ukuba umntu obeke ityala kumbuso phambi kokuba ahluthe umntu. Umthetho wamakhaya ucombulula iimbambano zabucala kwaye ubuyisela abo boniweyo, usebenza kumgangatho othambe ngakumbi wobungqina kwaye ujongene nonyango lwemali okanye olulinganayo. Ezi nkqubo zombini, ngexa zisebenza kunye, zisebenza abaphathi abahlukeneyo kwaye zisebenza ngemithetho eyahlukeneyo. Ukuqonda indlela abasebenza ngayo ngokwahlukeneyo, kwaye indlela ezithi ngamanye amaxesha zingquzulane ngayo ngokucace , zinika ukuqonda okungakumbi kokusetyenziswa kokusesikweni kwimeko entsokothile, eyayalelwayo.