Isiseko somgaqo-siseko solawulo loMthetho

Umgaqo wamagunya ahlukeneyo, omiselwe kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kunye nezinye iinkqubo zedemokhrasi, umisela inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela phakathi kwemithetho, isebe elilawulayo, nesebe elilawulayo. Kule nkqubo, ulawulo lowiso-mthetho, ulawulo lwamaqumrhu alawulayo asikokukhetha nje okusemthethweni kodwa ngumthetho onyanzelekileyo. /_Ngokufuthi isebe elilawulayo lihlala phakathi kwesebe elilawulayo kodwa lisebenza ngokunemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yenkululeko, qhatha igunya elinamandla kwiindawo ezimandundundu, njengendawo zokukhusela imekobume, iimarikethengiso, impilo kawonke, kunye nokhuseleko emsebenzini. Ngaphandle kokulawula okuqinileyo, la masebe anokutyhalela ngaphaya kwemithetho esemthethweni, ababanjwa yimizi - mveliso, okanye abangakwazi ukuqhela ukutshintsha iimfuno zikawonke-ogrobini. Eli nqaku lihlola ulawulo lwezomthetho-grackiptic, iingxaki eziyimfuneko zezo zezobugcisa zezopolitiki.

Indima yenkqubo yolawulo: Injongo kunye noMsebenzi

Amaziko alawulayo asungulwa yiNgqungquthela ngokwenza imimiselo eyenza ukuba kuvele imithetho ekhethekileyo yokumisela ulawulo, ukunyanzelisa, kunye nokunyanzelisa. Injongo yawo eyintloko kukuzalisekisa nokunyanzelisa imithetho ethetha ngobuchule obuntsonkothileyo okanye imicimbi yezoqoqosho efuna ubuchule obungaphaya kwamandla equmrhu le-ovence. Amaza okuqala aphambili amaqumrhu olawulo olulawulayo eUnited States avela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-1919 kunye neKhomishoni yePhondo yezentelligamentstation Commissionation Commission (1887), elandelwa yiFederal Tradenti Commis (14), kwaye kamva amaqumrhurhu atsha afuna ubuchule obukhethekileyo obufana neSixeko-Exceritives (1934) kunye neNational Labo Relation Board Board Board (1935). La masebe asungulwe ukuqulungela imisebenzi ethile yolawulo lwezo lwezobupolitika olukhoyo (1935).

Izicelo zingabekwa ngokwamaqela ngokweentlobo ezimbini: amaqumrhu aphetheyo, alawulwa ngqo nguMongameli (umz., i-Entevironmental Protection Agency), kunye neekhomishini ezizimeleyo zokuzibonelela, ezikhokelwa ziibhodi ze-bipartistan ezinemigaqo emiselweyo (umz., iPuvironmental Commissions Commission). Ukwahlulwa kwemibandela yokuphatha ngenxa yokuba abameli abazimeleyo babeyilwe ngabom ukuxhathisa impembelelo yobumongameli, bebeka umthwalo omkhulu kwiBhunga ukuqinisekisa ukuba bayaphendula. Imisebenzi engundoqo yabameli abaqukelelwa kwi-ofisi iquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukwenza : ukukhupha imimiselo ebophelelayo etolika kwaye iphumeze imimiselo.
  • Unyanzeliso : ukwaphulwa kwemali, ukukhupha iifatyi, nokuthatha inyathelo elingokwasemthethweni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukwenziwa kwetyala : Ukuva iimpikiswano nokubeka izigwebo ngokweenkqubo zolawulo.
  • I-Advisory kunye nophando: Ukunikezela ngobuchule kwiBhunga, ulawulo, kunye noluntu.

Umlinganiselo walo mgaqo-siseko mkhulu. Ngokuthelekelelwa okuthile, amasebe aseUnited States apapasha imithetho yokugqibela engaphezu kwama-3 000 ngonyaka, emininzi yayo inempembelelo yezoqoqosho engaphezu kwama-100 ezigidi zezigidi zeerandi. Eli gunya lokulawula, lidibene nokuhlola okuthe ngqo okuthe ngqo nokuntsonkotha komthetho wolawulo, kwenza ukujongela phantsi kwemithetho yemithetho kube lukhuselo olubalulekileyo ekuphathweni okanye ekukhubazekeni.

I-Asmediation of Sestivation Aventity: Ukuphendula, Ukubonisa ngaphaya, kunye nokuThembela

Ulawulo lomthetho lusebenza njengenkqubo yokuqala apho iKhomishini izalisekisa khona umsebenzi wayo womGaqo-siseko ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka (Artle II, Icandelo 3). Ngaphandle komgaqo-siseko, ulawulo luyimfuneko ngezizathu eziliqela ezinxulumeneyo.

Ukuthintela Ukusetyenziswa Kakubi Kwamandla Nobuchule BeeArhente

Ngaphandle kokuphaphamisa, amaqumrhu alawulayo angabanjwa yimizi - mveliso abefanele bayilawule. Xa amagosa asemsebenzini okanye abamiselwe kwezobupolitika bekhula ulwalamano olusondeleyo kunye nee-arhente ezilawulayo, iinkqubo zisenokuthambekela kwimfuno zoshishino ngendleko yentlalo-ntle yoluntu. Ucango olujikelezayo olu-------------------arekhorivel lungaqhutyelwa kwimisebenzi yamacandelo azimeleyo kwimizi --(8) elawula ushishino-the kunye nolawulo lwe-oyile, lungabhenca imiqobo, lunganisa ukuchasana kwe-mali, kwaye lukhuthaza umthetho wokulungisa. Umzekelo, uphando lwe-ngqungquthela kwinkonzo yeMineralralralralralgales nkonzo kwi- 2000 kutyhila unxulumano oluneyolo lweziko oluneyoli, lukhokelela ekuphuculweni koovimba emva kokubekwa kolawulo lwe-omatilo-omatila.

Ukukhuthaza Ukubonakala Kwangaphandle Nokuthenjwa Nguwonke

Ukuva okugqithiseleyo kudla ngokuba nguwonke-wonke, kunika amagosa eesebe iqonga ukuchaza izigqibo zawo, iingcali zokucacisa iziko lazo, kunye nabemi abachaphazelekayo ukuba bathethe inkxalabo yabo. Oku kubonakalisa ngokucacileyo kubalulekile ekugcineni igunya ledemokhrasi. Xa uluntu luqonda indlela abaquququzeleli abazenza ngayo izigqibo.

Ukuphucula usetyenziso lwe-Arhente kunye nobuchule

Ukulawula akusisososososososo nje; kungasakha. Ngenkqubo yohlolo, uhlolo lokutshona kwelanga, kunye nophicotho-zincwadi (ngokuqhelekileyo oluqhutywa zii-ofisi zokuphendula urhulumente njenge-ofisi ye-akhawunti kaRhulumente), iBhunga lingabona i-inteficien, imithetho ephelelwe lixesha, okanye imithetho engqubanayo. Le ntshukumo yenza ukuba imithetho yowiso-mthetho ikwazi ukucocelwa ngokwezindululo, ukwabiwa koovimba abazibonelelo olungcono, kunye nonciphiso lomthwalo wokuphendula apho kufanelekile.

Umatshini wolawulo lomthetho: Izixhobo zorhwebo

IiNkcubeko nezinye iiqumrhu zowiso-mthetho zinezixhobo ezininzi ezicwangcisiweyo nezingacwangciswanga ezinokusetyenziswa.

Ukuva Nophando

Ukuchotshelwa koluntu kulolona hlobo lubonakalayo lobuveleli. IiKomiti zingabiza iintloko zeziko, amaxwebhu angaphantsi, zize zinyanzelise ubungqina obuvela kumagosa akhoyo nangaphambili. Ngoxa ukuva kusenokuba kukuthomalaliswa okanye imidlalo yaseshashalazini, zisebenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo wokuphawula. Umzekelo, iKhomishini yeNtsimbi ePhakamileyo ePhakamileyo ePhicothenistikini inembali ende yokubhenca, ukusuka ekuweni kwe-Enton ukuya ekudilisweni kweendonga.

ULawulo lohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

Amandla eBhunga lengxowa-mali sisixhobo salo esinamandla. Ngokumisela amanqanaba okulawula, ukongeza abakhweli, okanye ukumisela inkxaso-mali kwiinkqubo ezithile, abamisi-mthetho banokunyanzela abameli ukuba batshintshe izinto eziza kuqala okanye baphelise imisebenzi engafanelekanga. Noko ke, eli gunya lidla ngokusebenzisa ngendlela ecacileyo, ```````ukusongela uqingqo-mali lwesebe lonke ukufikelela usukelo lwenkqubo, ---rather kunolawulo olunenkathalo.

IMithetho yeMithetho neNkqutyana

Eminye imithetho ifuna ukuba abameli bathethelelwe ubukho babo ngamaxesha athile okanye bamisele imithetho yokuphinda bagunyaziswe (njengomalungiselelo okutshona kwelanga). UMthetho wokuLawula noMthetho woTshintsho oNgaphakanyiswanga ufuna amagosa ahlolisise impembelelo yemithetho yawo kwizinto ezikhoyo kunye norhulumente/indawo ethile, ngokulandelelanayo, adala inkqubo yokuhlola okulandelayo okunokuthi iNkomfa isebenzise ukuchonga imithetho ephelelwe lixesha.

I-ofisi yoMangalo kaRhulumente (GAO) kunye ne-IG jikelele (IG)

Amaqumrhu ophicotho-zincwadi oluzimeleyo njengeGO kunye nombutho IGs anika iNgqungquthela ngenjongo, iinkcazo ezingenayo iinkonzo zombutho. Iingxelo zazo zisoloko ziqulathe iingcebiso ezikhethekileyo ezithi zibe sisiseko sokuvalwa komthetho kunye neenguqu zomthetho. Uludwe lwe-GAO “Lwe-Risk-O Ephezulu” luchaza iinkqubo zezwelonke ezichanabekeka kwimpatho engekho mthethweni, elahlwayo, okanye esetyenziswa kakubi, inikeza iKhomishini uludwe olulungiselelwe ulawulo olulungiselweyo.

Isiqinisekiso ne Idinga

Indima yeNdlu yeeNtsimi ecebisayo neyamkelekileyo yamagosa aphezulu ombutho (kuquka abakhomishinala abasemagunyeni abazimeleyo) sisixhobo esinamandla esasisakuba ngabaveleli abasemagunyeni. Ngexesha lokuva, abaququzeleli bangabuza ngeentanda-bulumko zabo, izenzo zabo zangaphambili, kunye nezicwangciso zombutho, kwaye bangakunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa kotshintsho kwimigaqo.

Iingxaki Zolawulo Olusemthethweni: Amagunya Ezakhiwo Nezopolitiko

Phezu kwako nje ukubaluleka kokuvelela, ijamelana nemiqobo engapheliyo enokudodobalisa ukusebenza kwayo.

Ukwenziwa kwelanga kunye nokutshixwa kwe-Grid

Ukwanda kokubekwa kweliso koophatho-ntle kuguqule ukuchotshelwa kwemibutho emininzi kwiholo yezopolitiko kunokuba kufunyanwe nyani. Izihlalo zekomiti zingasebenzisa ii-ponades ukuhlasela amagosa esebe ngenxa yenzuzo yabanqolobi, ngelixesha amalungu amancinane angakhusela amaqumrhu ahambisana nocwangciso lwawo. Le ntshukumo inokuthintela ukunyanzelisa utshintsho lweziko. Umzekelo, ukuvelela abameli bezemali emva kwengxaki yowama-200 abona intsebenziswano eyomeleleyo ye-bipartisan, kodwa kwiminyaka eyalandelayo wabona ulawulo lwe-devo lungadityaniswa kwimiba epheleleyo kwi-Dodd-Frank Act.

Uqikelelo lwezibonelelo ezisikelwe umda

Iikomiti zeBhunga zisoloko zingenabo ubuchule kunye noovimba abanobuchule bokuqhuba uphando olunzulu kwiindawo ezintsonkothileyo ezifana nemvume yamayeza okanye ukhuseleko lwenyukliya. Ii-atmosfera zinamawaka abasebenzi abaziingcali; iikomiti zolawulo zinabasebenzi abancinci abanobuchule. Le nkcazelo ivumela abameli ukuba bafihle ugcino-lwazi olungelulo okanye banike ubuninzi obuninzi benkcazelo engachananga ukuze bafihle iingxaki. IGO ne-IGS zincede, kodwa azikwazi ukuqulungela zonke iinkqubo.

Ukuntsonkotha kwemisebenzi yesakhelo sokulawula

Imimiselo yangoku isoloko iyimveliso yemimiselo emininzi, izigqibo zenkundla, kunye namaphepha akhokelayo amalunga namashumi eminyaka. Ukuqonda isiphumo esizinzisiweyo sale mithetho kufuna ulwazi olunqabileyo phakathi kwabalawuli bomthetho kunye nabasebenzi babo. Ngenxa yoko, ulawulo lungajolisa kwiziphakamiso eziphezulu ze-profile ngexa utyeshelo lwemiba efana nokwahlulwa komthetho okanye iinkqubo zomthetho eziphelelwe lixesha.

Ubhaqo lwe-arhente nomnyango ojikelezayo

Kwanaxa iBhunga liqhuba ulawulo, impembelelo yoshishino olunolawulo ingabumba iimpendulo zomthetho. Amaphulo akhuthaza imigaqo-mthetho alungeleleneyo angathoba utshintsho okanye atsalel ’ ingqalelo kwimiba yokomfuziselo. Ngaphezu koko, ucango olujikelezayo . /ukuthi apho amagosa angaphambili ombutho asebenzela ushishino olunolawulo oluphezulu, angenza iqumrhu leengcali ezingqina ukuba ulawulo lungalawuleki.

Izifundo zetyala kulawulo lomthetho: Izifundo ezivela kwintsimi

I-Agency yoKhuselo lweNtlalo - bume (EPA) nesiCwangciso Samandla Acocekileyo

Elinye lamathuba anzima olawulo lwemithetho-mthetho eyenzeka ngexesha leSicwangciso sokuGcinkha-mandla sama-Obama, esijolise ekulawuleni ukukhutshwa kwe-carbon kwizityalo zamandla phantsi koMthetho we-Eair. Iikomiti ze-Congregational zabamba iimvavanyo ezininzi zegunya le-EPA elisemthethweni, igalelo lezoqoqosho, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-Ceac Air Act ka-111 (d). I-Riphabliki zityhola i-EPA of Ecoversed Act, ngelixa i-Democrates yakhusela isiseko sezenzululwazi. I-groucrack ephumayo yathintela nayiphi na impendulo yemithetho-mthetho, kodwa ulawulo lwanegalelo kwityala elipheleleyo leNkusebenza kweNkuNkulwano ePhakal'iphakal'iphayo. [[FLD: 0] i-E.[FKP] [20] [20], elithenjiselwa kwelizwa ligunya elikhulu lezelizwa linguqum lamatyala lezelitiko lezezonga.]

IFDA Nengxaki Yee - opioid

I-Food and Drug Administration yajongana nohlolo oluncitshisiweyo emva kokutyhilwa lokuba ukuvunywa kwayo kwee-opioids ezintsha, zidityaniswe nokujongwa kwamaphepha okujongwa kwasemva, kwafak ’ isandla kwisifo sokukhotyokiswa nokubulawa ngokugqithiseleyo. Uphando lweHouse Oversity Committee kunye ne-Roffice Recounting Office yoRrectory ye-Rhulumement i-Fract yo-201818, eyathi phakathi kwezinye izinto yanika igunya elitsha elitsha lokufuna izifundo zeposi nokulungisa iiprojekthi zayo. Iinkqubo ezikhoyo zokuphatha i-Substance Use Uservending Under-Dhoodertection kunye ne-Dirvement (SPuncicTrection)

Umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali emva-2008

Ekuvumeni kwengxaki yemali yowama-2008, iKhomishini yeMali yeNkipho yeNkcubeko yeNtlalo-ntle (iKhomishini yeBhungane yexeshana) kunye neekomiti ezininzi zokuchophela iimvo ezibhenqileyo ezibhencayo ezisisiseko kwiKhomishini yoBungandi kunye ne-Exchange (SEC), iFederal Reserve, kunye ne-Ofire of Thrift SuperFreevement. Ulawulo lwatyhila ukuba i-SEC yasilele ukufumanisa ukuba interbibi ye-Brie Madoff eninzi kwinkampani yeBern Madoff, nangona izilumkiso eziphindaphindiweyo, kwaye ulawulo lweFreant lwayisebenzise ngokunempumelelo imigaqo yayo yongxamiseko. Ezi zinto zaveliswayo zazenza iDodd-Fracm zasetyenziswa ngokungqongqo kakhulu, kwaye zathinwa kwemithetho enzima yokukhusela i-Mpulk. Oku kumelelk.

Ulwalathiso Lwexesha Elizayo: Ukuqinisa Ulawulo Lomthetho Lwexesha Elitsha

Njengoko ubugcisa butshintsha imiqathango kunye nokukhula kwezobupolitika, iNkqutyana kufuneka ilungelelanise imisebenzi yayo yokujonga. Kukho iindlela eziliqela ezithembisayo:

Ubuxhakaxhaka bobugcisa obugudisayo kunye nogcino-lwazi

Iikomiti zeKhonkcothareyion kunye neGAO zingasebenzisa ugcino-lwazi oluphambili ukuchonga iipateni zomkhosi ongalungelelaniyo, ongalungelelaniyo, okanye olwenzekiyo. Umzekelo, ukwenziwa kolwimi lwendalo kungavavanya amawaka amaxwebhu oonobumba ukuze kuvumelane okanye aphawu lokubanjwa. Ukulandelelwa kwemithetho yexesha elimiselweyo kungajijelwa ngezenzo ezingaphambili. ICongregational Data Task Force kunye nezixhobo zokuvelisa i-AIA zingaguqula ukusebenza kolawulo.

Ukuqinisa Izakhiwo Ezisebugceni

Ukunciphisa ukungasebenzeki kolwakhiwo olusezantsi, iKhomishini ingaqinisa indima yamasebe angenabupartisn axhasayo njengeGOO, i-Ofisi yoHlahlo-mali yeKhomishini yeCongregational, kunye ne-Ofisi ye-Congregational Ethic (ngoku edaliweyo kodwa enokuvuselelwa). Ukudala iikomiti ezisisigxina zolawulo olusisigxina nabasebenzi abazinikeleyo, abangathathi-nxaxheba (ekhompyutha epheleleyo yeCamplitee Prification) kunganikezela ngoqhubeko kunye nobuchule. Bipartisan “khetha iikomiti” kwimibandela ethile ekhethekileyo (umz., ummiselo wolawulo, ulawulo lobugcisa, ulawulo lwezolwazi lwezenteko) lunokuphelisa ulawulo.

Ukukhuthaza ubandakanyeko lukawonke-wonke nokubonisa ngaphaya

Amaqonga amanani angenza uphatho lufikeleleke ngakumbi. Ukuva zonke iintetho ezivakalayo eziphengululwayo, ukwenza iibhodi zikawonke-wonke ezibonisa iimpendulo zombutho onconywa yiGAO, kunye nokusebenzisa ijelo-lwazi lokunxibelelana negalelo lokucela igalelo lommi lunokuqinisa ukuphendula kwedemokhrasi. I-webhthi ye- ye-GAO sele inika ugcino-lwazi oluphangaleleyo kwizincomo ezisobala, kodwa ukubhalisa kuhlala kusezantsi.

Izixhobo zokuhambisa ilanga ukwenzela imithetho

Amaqumrhu asemthethweni angamkela amalungiselelo acwangcisiweyo okutshona kwelanga enzelwe abameli kunye nemimiselo emikhulu, efuna ukuphinda ibhalwe kwakhona ngamaxesha athile. Ngeli xesha kucetyiswa (umz., iMimiselo evela kwiNkqutyana ePhakamileyo eFunelekayo yeScrutiny (REINS), ajongene nomGaqo-siseko nemiqobo esebenzisekayo. Noko ke, uhlolo lokutshona kwelanga lwemithetho ephezulu esemthethweni lunganciphisa ingqokelela yemithetho ephelelwe lixesha.

Isiphelo: Imfuneko Eqhubekayo Yokuphaphela

Ulawulo lolawulo-mthetho lolawulo-mthetho asibubo ubunewunewu bamaziko asebenza kakuhle olawulo-melo, qha bubo obudibanisa ukwahlukana kwamagunya. Ngaphandle kwawo, amaqumrhu alawulayo abeka engozini yokuba ngamanani angenammiselo anceda izilangazelelo zobuqu kunokuba asebenzele uluntu. Uphando oluvela kwimekobume, impilo, kunye nolawulo lwemali lubonisa ukuba ukuphatha okusebenzayo kunganqanda intlekele, ukubuyiselwa kwicandelo lokulawula, nokubuyisela ukuthembeka kwabantu. Kodwa iingxaki zokulawulwa, inkxaso-mali, kunye nokulawulwa kolawulo lwezolawulo kuyinto eyoyikekayo. Ukukhusela ulawulo lwezikongaze kubangele ukulingana kwemeko-ntle, ukulawulwa kwezixhobo, ukulawulwa kwemeko-mo ye-yongaze kuphinde kuxhase.