Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya phakathi kwamasebe amathathu karhulumente wesizwe .(legislative, igunya, kunye nekomiti yokugweba) kubumba isiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi kumgangatho wephondo. Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye elinamandla kakhulu, lo gama lisenza ukuba ngalinye lisebenze njengokhangelo kwamanye. Phakathi kwawo, indlu yowiso-mthetho iphethe igunya eliphambili, kodwa izenzo zalo zisoloko zidityaniswa namandla erhuluneli negunya lenkundla lokuhlola inkundla. Ukuqonda eli qhawe liyimfuneko kubemi, abamisi-mthetho, kunye naye nabani na onomdla kwimithetho ethetha ukuba umsebenzi wezandla nokunyanzelwa kobomi bemihla ngemihla.

Indima yemithetho yeRhulumente kwinkqubo yeTriparte

Amaqumrhu owiso-mthetho awenza umthetho karhulumente. Ziquka amagumbi amabini kuwo onke amaphondo ngaphandle kwe Nebraska, enamalungu angangeni madamaji. Amalungu anyulwa ngabantu kwaye asebenze amaxwebhu asusela kwiminyaka emibini ukuya kwemine. Uxanduva olungundoqo lwendlu yowiso-mthetho luquka ukusungula, ukuphikisana, kunye nokudlulisa amatyala; ukuvuma uqingqo-mali; ukuqinisekisa ulawulo lwe-gabernarcator; nokuphatha ulawulo lwamaqumrhu karhulumente. La mandla anikwa ngokucacileyo ngumgaqo-siseko worhulumente ngamnye kwaye aphantsi kovavanyo olubekwe ngamanye amasebe amabini.

Ngaphandle kokubhala imithetho, izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zisebenza njengemibutho eyintloko yabameli. Zibamba amatyala kawonke-wonke, ziphendule inkxalabo yoluntu, kunye nenkqubo yokubumba kwimibandela enjengemfundo, ezothutho, ezonyango, kunye nezomthetho. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho yenzelwe ukuba ibe ngabom, ifune ukufundwa okuninzi kunye nohlalutyo lwekomiti ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ecetyisiweyo ipheke ngokucokisekileyo. Le ndalo ingundoqo wokwahlula indlu yowiso-mthetho kwisigqibo esisekelwe kwisikhundla serhuluneli.

Isebe Elilawulayo: Amandla KaRhuluneli Noohlalutyo Abasemthethweni

Igunya leVeto

Eyona ndlela ilula yokuhlola isebe eliphethe indlu yowiso-mthetho yi-veto. Emva kokuba uxwebhu ludlulise omabini amaziko, luthunyelwa kwirhuluneli. Irhuluneli ingayisayina umthetho, iwuvumele ukuba ube ngumthetho ngaphandle kotyikityo, okanye ulwenziso. I-veto ithumela ityala emva kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ngokuphikisa. Amazwe amaninzi afuna ukuba abantu abangaphezulu-3 kwigumbi ngalinye balawule iveto, nangona ezinye zifuna uninzi olulula okanye isithathu sovoti. Oku kunyanzelela ukuba indlu yowiso yakhiwe yakhiwe ngobubanzi, i-bipartan ukuba anqwenela ukwenza umthetho ochasene nomphathi.

Urhulumente omninzi unika irhuluneli i- i-line-into ye-veto kwityala le-application, evumela umphathi ophetheyo ukuba abethe izinto ezithile ezichithekileyo ngaphandle kokulahla uqingqo-mali olupheleleyo. Oku kunika impembelelo enkulu kumthetho. Abenzi bomthetho kufuneka bagqibe ngoko ukuba bamkele izikwelo okanye bazame ukuzama ukuqhuba, nto leyo esoloko inzima kakhulu kwimiqathango yemigca.

Imigaqo yecandelo kunye nolawulo lwe-arhente

Irhuluneli zingakhupha imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ukuyalathisa abameli bakarhulumente, ukuzalisekisa imigaqo-nkqubo okanye ukusabela kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo. Ngoxa le miyalelo ingenakuphikisana nemithetho ekhoyo, zingazalisa izithuba kumthetho okanye zicwangcise izinto eziza kuqala indlu yowiso-mthetho emele izenze ngoko. Umzekelo, irhuluneli ingavakalisa imeko yongxamiseko ngexesha lentlekele yemvelo, ixhobisa inkxaso-mali kunye nenkqubo yokulungelelanisa izinto ezigunyaziswe kwangaphambili kodwa zingachazwanga iinkcukacha. Indlu yowiso-mthetho-mthetho iyakwazi ukumisela okanye ukubuyisela imiyalelo yegunya eliphezulu ngomthetho omtsha, kwaye amanye amazwe afuna ukuvunywa kwemithetho ethile yongxamiseko.

Ulawulo lwe-arhente yenye indawo yonxibelelwano. Amasebe karhulumente aphumeza imithetho edluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho, kodwa aphantsi kolawulo lwerhuluneli. Irhuluneli imisela iintloko zolawulo, imisela imigaqo yenkqubo, inikezele neezicelo zoqingqo-mali. Noko ke, indlu yowiso-mthetho ilawula ukuqulunqwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo kwaye iyakwazi ukuphembelela ukuziphatha komaziko ngokuva, ngamalungiselelo okutshona kwelanga, kunye nemiqathango yemithetho yezomthetho. Lo matshini-odokolwana-wemfazwe uqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe lilawulayo ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo kawonke wonke.

Idinga ne Isiqinisekiso

Ukumiswa kweentlanganiso ezininzi . "ezifana noonobhala bekhabhinethi, abagwebi, kunye namalungu ebhodi ``ifuna uqinisekiso lomthetho'. Oku kunika indlu yowiso-mthetho indima ekulungiseni uqalo lwesebe eliphetheyo. Ukuba irhuluneli ijongwa njengengakufanelekanga okanye njengempikiswano, indlu yowiso-mthetho ingakuthintela ukumiswa, inyanzelise irhuluneli ukukhetha umntu owamkelekileyo. Ngokuchasene noko, i-patrone yentswana yemithetho inokuzikhulula, ilungisa ulwalamano phakathi kwamasebe.

Isebe lezeejaji: Imiqobo yomgaqo-siseko

Impinda yezeejaji

Isebe eligwebayo lisebenza njengengcaciso epheleleyo yomgaqo-siseko wesizwe. Xa umthetho omiswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho ucelw'iityala, abagwebi bahlolisisa enoba uyangqubana na namalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko. Ukuba kunjalo, inkundla ingavakalisa umthetho ngaphandle komthetho owiso-mthetho nongekho semthethweni. Eli gunya, elibizwa ngokuba kukuhlola okungundoqo kwigunya lowiso-mthetho. Liqinisekisa ukuba kwanomthetho oxhaswe ngokubanzileyo awunakuwaphula amalungelo asisiseko okanye ugqitha kumandla adweli-mthetho.

Iinkundla zeli lizwe ziphinda zihlole izenzo zesebe elilawulayo. Ngokomzekelo, umyalelo werhuluneli elawulayo, ungapheliswa ukuba ibhukuqa igunya lowiso-mthetho okanye iphazamisa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Oku kudala inkqubo elungeleleneyo apho isebe ngalinye linokulwa nokuphangwa ngabanye. Indlu yowiso-mthetho, ingenza ngokuvisisana nemithetho yokugweba ngokuphelisa imicimbi yenkundla okanye, kwamanye amazwe, ngokubeka umthetho wezomthetho ekupheliseni ityala.

Isisombululo Songquzulwano kunye Nenkcazelo

Iinkundla zisoloko zicelwa ukuba zicombulule iimpikiswano phakathi kwendlu yowiso-mthetho kunye negunya eliphetheyo. Umzekelo, ukuba irhuluneli iyala ukuchitha imali efanelekileyo ewiswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho, indlu yowiso-mthetho ingamangalela ukunyanzela iindleko. Inkundla ngoko imisela ukuba inyathelo lerhuluneli lisemthethweni elisekelwe kulwimi olusekelwe kumGaqo-siseko lokwahlula amagunya. Ngokufanayo, ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho idlulisela umthetho ophazamisa imisebenzi yegunya, irhuluneli ingayivavanya enkundla. La matyala aqinisa imida echaza isebe ngalinye.

Abagwebi ngokwabo bakhethwa ngomxube wokumiswa nonyulo, kuxhomekeke kurhulumente. Kumazwe apho abagwebi benyulwa khona, indlu yowiso-mthetho inokuba nendima ekumiseleni imithetho yonyulo okanye ekuqinisekiseni ukumiswa komamkeli. Kuwo onke amazwe, indlu yowiso-mthetho ingacebisa izivumelwano zomGaqo-siseko ukutshintsha inkqubo yokukhetha kwezahlulelo, exhomekeke kwimvume yomvoti. Le drive igcina irho yolawulo izakuphenduleka kwisakhiwo sikarhulumente esibanzi.

Ulawulo olunengcebiso: Apho Amasebe Asebenza Nganye

Phezu kwawo nje amandla awo okukhuphisana, la masebe amathathu kufuneka asebenzisane ukuze alawule ngokunempumelelo. Ngokufuthi izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesebe eliphetheyo zimema amagosa esebe ukuba anikele ubungqina kwiikomiti, afune igalelo lobuchule nexabiso lemithetho ecetyiweyo. Ngokufuthi iRhulumane zithethana neenkokeli zowiso-mthetho ngexesha locwangciso-mali, zitshintshisa imigaqo ephambili ukuze zikhusele iimali kwiinkqubo. Iinkundla zingakhupha izimvo zomthetho okanye zicele inyathelo lokulungisa imigaqo-mthetho.

Enye indlela esesikweni yokusebenzisana yikomiti yowiso-mthetho encedisayo elungele ukunyukayo, eqheleke kumaphondo amaninzi ukuvelela amasebe athile okanye iinkqubo ezithile. Ezi komiti ziquka zombini izindululi kunye nabamiselwe ngokulawulayo, zibavumela ukuba zabelane ngolwazi kunye neengxwabangxwaba phambi kokuba zifikelele kumadabi asemthethweni. Omnye umzekelo liBhunga leGovernor [ okanye iqumrhu elifanayo leqela eliquka abameli bomthetho, elinceda ukunyusa amasebe kwiintshukumo ezinkulu ezifana nophuhlisoqoqosho okanye ukusabela kwentlekele.

Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali mhlawumbi yeyona ndawo inzima yentsebenziswano. Irhuluneli inika izicelo zoqingqo-mali, ezithi indlu yowiso-mthetho iphinde izenze ziqine ngokuva nokuphikisana ngomgangatho. Emva kokudlula uhlahlo-mali, irhuluneli ingafaka izinto ezithile okanye yonke ipakethi. Ukuba iveto isenzeka, ingxoxo iyaphinda iqaliswe, ngokunjalo ngekomiti yengqungquthela namalungu asuka kuzo zombini izindlu nabameli beofisi yerhuluneli de kufikelelwe ukuhlengahlengahlenga-hlengiso. Le nkqubo yokuzinzisa ithintela ulawulo lwemali lwezomali.

Isiseko somgaqo-siseko wembali

Ukwahlulwa kwamandla kumgangatho karhulumente kubonakalisa inkqubo karhulumente emiselwe ngumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., kodwa umgaqo-siseko worhulumente usoloko unika uvavanyo oluneenkcukacha ezingakumbi. Amazwe amaninzi amkela umgaqo-siseko wawo ngexesha lemvukelo, ebandakanya amalungiselelo athi igunya elisikelwe umda ngenxa yokungathembani kwamabamba asebukhosini. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, amazwe aye atshintshela kubalawuli abanamandla, kodwa umlinganiselo uhlala uyinto ephambili.

Ngokomzekelo, amanye amaphondo anabaphathi abaphezulu ngokwembutho, apho izikhundla ezifana nejaji-jaji, igqwetha jikelele, nonobhala wesizwe zinyulwa ngokwahlukeneyo kunokuba zimiselwe yirhuluneli. Eli lungiselelo linciphisa amandla olawulo oluphezulu kwaye linika indlu yowiso-mthetho amaqabane amaninzi ukusebenza kunye ne-/okanye ngokuchasene. Amanye amazwana anika indlu yowiso-mthetho amandla okungaququki kwaye asuse irhuluneli okanye amanye amagosa aphezulu empatho empatho engekho mthethweni, adibanisa isixhobo solawulo olunamandla.

Isebe lejaji likwane inguqulelo. Iinkundla zeli lizwe lamandulo zazinegunya elilinganiselweyo, kodwa ingcamango yokuhlola ityala yaqina emva Marbury v. Madison kumgangatho worhulumente kunye namatyala afanayo karhulumente. Namhlanje, ithetha iinkundla eziphakamileyo rhoqo zilawula ukubekwa kwemimiselo, kwaye izigqibo zazo ziyakwazi ukubuyisela imimandla yemigaqo yemithetho ukusuka kwinkxaso-mali yesikolo kwisigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho.

Umahluko EMazweni

Asingabo bonke oorhulumente bamazwe abasebenza ngendlela efanayo. Ulungelelwano lwamandla lungatshintshwa kuxhomekeka ekubeni iqumrhu lerhuluneli liyalawula indlu yowiso-mthetho, ubude bemimiselo yowiso-mthetho, kunye nobukho benyathelo lokuqala okanye iinkqubo ze-arhente ezivumela abavoti ukuba bagqithe indlu yowiso-mthetho ngokupheleleyo. Kumaphondo anenkqubo enamandla, njengeKhalifoniya ne-Oregon, indima yendlu yowiso-mthetho njengelungu leqela elilodwa elilungisa umthetho iyancipha, kwaye isebe lezahlulele lisoloko lisiba ngumxhasi wemithetho eyamkelekileyo.

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zexesha elipheleleyo (njenge New York, California, nasePennsylvania) zityekele ekubeni nobuchule obungakumbi kunye nobuchule bokucel ’ umngeni irhuluneli, ngeli lixa iindlu zowiso-mthetho zexesha lenxalenye (njengeseTexas, Montana, kunye neWyoming) zingaxhomekeka ngakumbi kumphathi-ntloko kwicandelo lokumisela amacebo. Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali ikwahluka: amanye amazwe afuna ukugqithisa uqingqo-mali, ngelixa amanye evumela uninzi olulula.

Ubuncwane bangaphandle bunikezela ngothelekiso oluneenkcukacha lwemimiselo karhulumente. Umzekelo, iNgqungquthela yesizwe yoMasipala kaRhulumente (NCSL)[FL:1] inikela ugcino-lwazi kwiinkqubo zewiso-mthetho, amagunya, kunye nobude beseshoni. Baballotia[ igcina iinkalo zegunya ngalinye lorhulumente kunye namasebe eenkundla, kuquka iindlela zonyulo kunye namalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko.

Ucelomngeni Lokusebenzisa Igunya

Imiyalelo yegunya elawulayo ngexesha lengxakeko

Isifo se-COVID-19 sabalaselisa ungquzulwano phakathi kwezindlu zowiso-mthetho kunye nabalawuli abasemagunyeni alawulayo. Abalawuli abaninzi bakhupha imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo enika izitshixo, izigunyaziso, kunye nemiqathango yeshishini. Imithetho etyhalelwe emva ngokwemithetho emininzi edluliswayo ukumisela ixesha okanye umlinganiselo wemiyalelo enjalo, ekhokelela kumadabi asenkundlani. Le milo yagxininisa ubunzima bokugcina ii-chemo-xilongo ngexesha lengxaki, xa isantya sidla ngokukhupha inkcithano.

IGqrrymander (ukunikezelwa kweNgxelo yoMgaqo-siseko)

Ukuvuleka kwemithetho yecawa kungumba ophenjelelwe kakhulu apho amandla endlu yowiso-mthetho okuzoba iimaphu zonyulo angabangela ukuba kubekho ii-operantity kwaye anciphise ukuphendulela. Kumaphondo amaninzi, indlu yowiso-mthetho ilawula ukuguqulwa, ngokulawulwa yi-gabernarcatorial vention. Iinkundla zibethe iimaphu ezicalucalula iintambo zobuhlanga okanye ze-ontaces, kodwa inkqubo ihlala ingumthombo wengxingo. Amanye amazwe aye afuduselwa kwimisebenzi ezimeleyo ukunciphisa ulawulo lomthetho, kodwa i-console isaphembelela umthetho owenza i-mthetho.

Ukungaququzeli kwemithetho yezomthetho

Iinkundla zephondo ngamanye amaxesha zikhupha imithetho ejongwa njengesophula kwintsimi yezowiso-mthetho, efana nokuyalela indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba iqokelele izikolo kumgangatho othile okanye itsale iimaphu kwakhona. Ezi zigqibo zinokubangela ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho egqwethekileyo, kuquka nezisongelo zokuthomalalisa okanye zokutshintsha indlela yokukhetha egweba. Ulungelelwano phakathi kokuzimela ngokwamatyala nokuphendula komthetho ngumxholo oziphindaphindayo kurhulumente.

Ukomeleza Ulungelelwano: Izenzo Ezibalaseleyo Neenguqu

Ukugcina ulwahlulo olunempumelelo lwamagunya, amajelo anokuthatha iindlela eziliqela. Ukucacisa ulwimi lomgaqo-siseko oluchaza amagunya esebe ngalinye kunciphisa ukungacacanga. Ukuva rhoqo kooveleli nokutshona kwelanga kuqinisekisa ukuba amaqumrhu aphetheyo awasebenzi ngaphandle kohlalutyo lomthetho. Ngokufanayo, kufuna imvume yemithetho kwizenzo eziphambili zegunya elilawulayo. Ngokunjalo, ifuna ingqwalaselo zezongxamiseko ezingaphaya kwexesha elithile, zithintela ukuphandwa kwabalawuli abaphetheyo.

Amanyathelo okubonisa ngaphaya, afana neentlanganiso ezikhoyo zowiso-mthetho eziqukuqelayo kunye nokubeka imiyalelo yabalawuli kwi-intanethi, anceda abemi bamazwe ukuba bagcine onke amasebe enoxanduva. IBhunga loorhulumente beSizwe (CSG) libonelela ngoovimba kulwalamano oluphakathi kunye nezixhobo ezisebenzayo zolawulo ezisetyenziswa ngamaphondo amaninzi njengemodeli.

Isebe eligwebayo lingenelwa kwimilinganiselo ecacileyo yokuhlola kunye nenkqubo yokungeniswa kwemigaqo-siseko, njenge-amicu mifutshane okanye iingxelo zenjongo yemithetho. Xa iinkundla zithobela imigwebo esengqiqweni yowiso-mthetho, ziyawahlonela ukwahlulwa kwamagunya ngoxa zisawakhusela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko.

Umlinganiselo

Ukunxibelelana kweendlu zowiso-mthetho nesebe elilawulayo nelokugweba kungumcimbi onamandla, osoloko uthanda ukulwa, osisiseko sokulawula idemokhrasi. Akukho sebe lisebenza ngokwalo; ngalinye lixhomekeke kwabanye ukuyila inkqubo yamandla ahlukeneyo nokuphendulana. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ibhala imithetho, kodwa irhuluneli iyakwazi ukuwabetha kwaye iinkundla zingawabetha. Umlawuli olawulayo umgaqo-siseko, kodwa ikongamali kunye neenkundla ziyawuhlaziya. Ijajini-jaji ichaza umgaqo-siseko somgaqo-siseko, kodwa indlu yowiso-mthetho iyakwazi ukuyilungisa kunye neejajingameli abamisela wona.

Olu lungelelaniso lulula alumi nje. Lubangelwa lunyulo, ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko, imigaqo yenkundla, kunye nokutshintsha kolungelelwano lwezopolitiko. Kubemi, ukuqonda olu lungelelwano kubalulekile ekubandakanyeni norhulumente ngokunempumelelo. Nokuba ngovotelo, ngokuphulaphula, okanye ngokukhuthaza utshintsho, abantu ngabanye banendima ekulondolozeni ukulingana okuthintela naliphi na isebe ekufumaneni amandla amaninzi kakhulu. Amandla karhulumente akakho ekulawuleni isebe elinye kodwa kuxanduva olunentlonelo phakathi kwabo bonke.