Ukwazisa: Isizathu Sokuba Kubekho Ukulungelelana Kwezinto Ngamandla

Urhulumente waseUnited States usebenza phantsi kwenkqubo karhulumente esasaza igunya kumanqanaba amathathu ahlukeneyo: ummandla, kunye norhulumente. Esi sakhiwo, esifakwe kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., silungiselelwe ukuthintela nasiphi na isidalwa esinye ukuba sifumane amandla amaninzi ngexa siqinisekisa ukuba abemi baneendlela ezininzi zokumela nokufumana imvume. Abafundi nabafundisi abafunda ngorhulumente waseMelika, baqonde indlela le migangatho ebaluleke ngayo ekuqondeni indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho, indlela iinkonzo zikawonke wonke ezinikelwa ngayo, nendlela izigqibo zenkqubo ezichaphazela ngayo ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukulungelelanisa amandla akuyiyo ingcamango epheleleyo; kutshintsha ixesha kumthetho, ukulawula, ukuqhuba imicimbi yezopolitiko, nokuqhelisa kobupolitiko, beyenza ibe luphawu olunamandla noludlayo lolawulo lwaseMerika.

Abakhi besizwe base-United States babethandabuza kakhulu ukuxilonga okuthe ngqo. Bebone oko babekugqala njengokuphanga phantsi kolawulo lwamaBritane, bakha inkqubo eyahlula-hlula amandla phakathi kwamasebe amathathu karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente worhulumente kunye nathe nkqo phakathi korhulumente wesizwe norhulumente. Esi sakhiwo sibini, esibizwa ngokuba yi-urhulumente, sidala inkqubo eqinileyo yokuhlola nokulinganisela okuqhubekayo okuqhubekayo. Namhlanje, ukudityaniswa kwemithetho yasekuhlaleni, urhulumente, kunye norhulumente worhulumente womhlaba kubumba yonke into ngokwemilinganiselo yemfundo kunye nenkxaso yezothutho ukuya kwimiqathango yempilo kawonke kunye nemithetho yemeko-mentlalo.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko somanyano

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. umisela inkqubo yokwahlula amagunya phakathi korhulumente worhulumente worhulumente kunye namazwe. Inqaku Ibala amagunya athile anikwe iKhonkqele, kuquka igunya lokulawula urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, imali yengqekembe, ukuvakalisa imfazwe, nokuseka ii-ofisi zeposi. Ugcino-mthetho lweSihlalo lweshumi lokuLandlisa abaphathi lunganikwanga gunya kurhulumente okanye kubantu. Oku kunikezelwa kwamandla ligophe elisemgqeba-siseko lolawulo lukarhulumente kwaye kuye kwaba ngumbandela wokutolikwa okucokisekileyo yiNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo.

Umanyano lwamandla lusebenza kwimigaqo emininzi. ngalawo adweliswe ngokukhethekileyo kumGaqo-siseko worhulumente wezwe. , athathwe kuMagunya asetyenziswayo, asuka kuMgangatho noNkqo uClaus, avumele iBhunga ukuba lidlulise imithetho efunekayo ukuze liphume iimbopheleleko zalo. [[FLT:] [[FLT]]] Amandla athenjiweyo [ ngalawo agcinwe ngamazwe, njengamagunya akwindawo athengisenayo, urhwebo, uchweba, uchweba, uchweba, kunye nokuseka oorhulumente abasekuhlaleni. [FLT:] [FF] [FF:] ahlukeneyo omabini] amaqela ohlukeneyo, kuquka irhafu, kuquka irhafu, kunye nokwakhiwa kwemiqatha yendlela, kunye nesakhiwo sendlela.

Ukuqwalasela ngokunzulu indlela amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko abumba ngayo amandla orhulumente, iChonsitition Ancodion esuka kwiThala leencwadi leBhunga linikela uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lwenqaku ngalinye kunye nokubuyiselwa. Ukuqonda ezi mvelaphi zomGaqo-siseko kunceda kucacise isizathu sokuba imibandela ethile, njengemfundo okanye ukugcinwa komthetho, ingurhulumente, ingurhulumente kunye noxa ezinye, njengendawo zokuzikhusela kunye nokufuduka, ziwiswe, ziwele kurhulumente worhulumente.

Oorhulumente Basekuhlaleni: Inkonzo Kawonke - wonke Ephambili

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bakwiqondo elisondeleyo kuluntu. Baqhuba iinkonzo ezibonwayo abahlala kuzo, ukususela ekuqokelelweni kwenkunkuma, ekugcinweni kwendlela ukuya ekugcinweni kwamapolisa nakwimfundo kawonke-wonke. Kukho amaqela karhulumente amalunga nama-90 000 eUnited States, kuquka ubalo-mali, oomasipala, iilokishi, izithili zesikolo, kunye nesithili esikhethekileyo. Uhlobo ngalunye luneembopheleleko ezahlukeneyo kunye nenkqubo zemali, kodwa bonke banenkxalabo efanayo ekunikezeleni iinkonzo ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi babantu.

Iintlobo nemisebenzi karhulumente wasekuhlaleni

[[FLT: 0]] Izifundo [ zilelona qumrhu likhulu likarhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Zinika imithetho karhulumente kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, zilawula unyulo, zigcine iingxelo zikawonke-wonke, zinikezele iinkonzo ezifana nokunyanzeliswa komthetho, iinkundla, nempilo kawonke-wonke. [[[FLT:]] [[FLT:]] iziqithi ezizimeleyo , eziquka amadolobha, iidolophu, kunye neelali, zinikela iinkonzo ezithenwayo ezifana neendawo zoluntu, i-odolopola yomlilo, ikhuselwa, ipaki, kunye nokubonelelwa kwamanzi. [[FLT] [FLT] iziphaka] ezikhethekileyo zemali ezilawulwa yimfutho yemfundo kawonke-onk. [FUT] [5]] Ezinye ii-data zoluntu zoluntu, eziluncedo.[FT]

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bafumana igunya labo kurhulumente. Amazwe enza oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngomthetho-siseko okanye umthetho jikelele, kwaye banokuwaguqula okanye bawancitshise. Oku kuthetha ukuba ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni luyahluka-hluka kwilizwe lonke. Amanye amaphondo anika izixeko kunye nolwabalwa olubanzi ulawulo lwamakhaya, oluvumela ukuba ludlulise imithetho kwaye lulawule imicimbi ngaphandle kokungenelela okuncinane kwesizwe. Abanye bamisela imida engqongqo kumagunya asekuhlaleni, befuna ukuvunywa ngurhulumente ngezenzo ezithile. Olu mahluko lubala elibalulekileyo lolwalamano lwe-ogcitenstrument.

Iingxaki Zokuxhasa Nokuhlawula

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baxhomekeke kakhulu kwiirhafu zempahla, kwirhafu, nakwirhafu ethunyelwa ngurhulumente ephuma kwimithombo karhulumente nakwimithombo yorhulumente. Esi sakhiwo sezimali sidala ukuwohloka kwezoqoqosho. Ngexesha lokuwohloka kwezoqoqosho, amaxabiso empahla ehla, inkcitho yerhafu, ukucutha uqingqo-mali lwengingqi. Kwangaxeshanye, kufuneka iinkonzo ezifana nokhuseleko lukawonke wonke kunye noncedo loluntu. Oorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni bajamelana nocelomngeni lokulungiselela iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo ngokufumana ingeniso elinganiselwe. Iminikelo evela kurhulumente noorhulumente borhulumente bamazwe bayakwazi ukuncedisa, kodwa basoloko bezisa imibangxube, befuna oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bavumelane nemiqathango ekhethekileyo yokuzibophelela kunye nokunika ingxelo yeemfuno.

Oorhulumente Belizwe: Imikhosi Yedemokhrasi

Oorhulumente belizwe banesikhundla esisembindini kwinkqubo karhulumente. Banegunya eliphangaleleyo kwimicimbi enganikwanga urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente worhulumente, kwaye basebenza njengeseko esiphambili somthetho nolawulo loorhulumente basekuhlaleni. IJaji uLouis Brandeis ichaza ngokudumileyo amatyala ngokuthi "oooomashishini bedemokhrasi," ibinzana elithimba ingcamango yokuba amaphondo angazama ngemigaqo eyahlukeneyo aze afunde kwenye. Le ndima yovavanyo iye yabonakala kwiindawo ezifana notshintsho lwezempilo, umgaqo wokusimo-bume, amalungelo okuvota, kunye nenkqubo yemfundo.

Ukwakhiwa Korhulumente

Urhulumente ngamnye unomgaqo-siseko wakhe, omisela isakhiwo sikarhulumente wakhe. Ngokwesiqhelo, oku kuquka isebe eliphetheyo elikhokelwa yirhuluneli, isebe lowiso-mthetho elisenokuba yi-bimeral okanye i-odamaral, kunye nesebe lezomthetho. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe usoloko unde kwaye unenkcukacha ezingaphezulu kune-U.S. umGaqo-siseko, obonisa ububanzi bobutyala borhulumente nomnqweno wokuthetha ngemibandela ethile yasekuhlaleni. Eminye imimiselo yomthetho-siseko iquka amalungiselelo engqalileyo yedemokhrasi ngenyathelo, i-hendentum, kunye nonyulo lokukhumbula unyulo, uvumela abemi bemi bemi beminye ukuba bavote kwimithetho nemigaqo.

Imithetho yowiso-mthetho iziphathi eziyintloko zamazwe abo. Bongamela ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho karhulumente, ukucebisa uqingqo-mali, ukumisela amagosa, kwaye bane-veto mandla phezu komthetho. iziko lemithetho yowiso-mthetho [ ukumisela imithetho kuludwe olubanzi lwemixholo, kuquka ulwamgwebo, imfundo, isithutho, kunye nempilo. iinkundla zesizwe ezichaza imithetho nemithetho yemithetho, kwaye izigqibo zazo zinokuba neziphumo ezibalulekileyo kulawulo lwasekuhlaleni namalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Imimandla yeGunya likaRhulumente

Urhulumente unegunya kwimiqathango emininzi yezolawulo. Imfundo ingumsebenzi oyintloko karhulumente kunye nowasekuhlaleni, ngokumisela imigaqo yokufundisa, ngokuthumela abafundisi- ntsapho, nokusasaza ngemali kwisithili sesikolo. Impilo kawonke-wonke yenye imimandla engundoqo, kunye namasebe ezempilo karhulumente, ulawulo lweenkqubo ze-Medicaid, kunye nolawulo lwezibhedlele kunye neekliniki. Izithuthi, kuquka uhola kwendlela zikarhulumente kunye nothutho lukawonke-wonke, ziphantsi kakhulu kolawulo lukarhulumente.

I- Imanyano yesizwe yamaGaqona alawulayo inika uphando kunye nezibonelelo ezikwinkqubo ephambili yorhulumente, ibalaselisa indlela oorhulumente abalusingatha ngayo ucelomngeni oluqhelekileyo ngokwendlela ezahlukeneyo zokufikelela. Ngokufunda ulwahlulo lomgangatho karhulumente, abenzi bemithetho kunye nabemi bangakuqonda bhetele oko kusebenzayo noko kungenziwayo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yenkqubo.

Urhulumente Womanyano: Igunya Lesizwe Nembopheleleko

Urhulumente wesizwe ulawula amagunya anikwe ngumGaqo-siseko, anegunya kwimicimbi echaphazela uhlanga lonke. Ezi ziquka ukhuseleko lwesizwe, inkqubo yamanye amazwe, urhwebo oluphakathi kwelizwe, ukufuduka, kunye nenkqubo yemali. Urhulumente wengingqi ufeza indima ephambili kwimimandla enjengezempilo, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, amalungelo asekuhlaleni, kunye nentlalo-ntle ngegunya lakhe lokusebenzisa imali kunye negunya lokulawula.

Amasebe Amathathu Alawula Umkhosi

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. wahlula-hlula urhulumente wesizwe ube ngamasebe amathathu. Ikhontrakthi yemithetho, irhafu, kunye nemali efanelekileyo. uMongameli [ umisela imithetho, iqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe, kwaye uyalela umkhosi. Iinkundla zesizwe [[FLT:] zichaza imithetho, zize ziphinde zihlole ubugcisa bazo. Oku kwahlula kwamandla kuqinisekisa ukuba isebe ngalinye lingahlola amanye, lithintele naliphi isebe ekulawuleni urhulumente. Umgaqo ofanayo usebenza kulwahlulo oluthe nkqo lwamandla phakathi korhulumente norhulumente.

Imali eManyano neNkuthazo

Esinye sezixhobo ezinamandla urhulumente wasekuhlaleni azisebenzisayo ukuphembelela urhulumente kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wasekuhlaleni kukusetyenziswa kwawo. Ngezibonelelo, urhulumente unika inkxaso yeenkqubo ezifana ne-Medicaid, ulwakhiwo lohola wendlela, uqeqesho lukawonke-wonke, kunye nesothutho lwentlekele. unika ubuchule obungakumbi, ubavumela ukuba benze iinkqubo zabo ngaphakathi kwimigaqo-mthetho. Olu nxulumano lwesizwe lunika nolawulo olubalulekileyo lwemeko, kwanakumazwe asekuhlaleni apho anegunya.

Urhulumente wengingqi umisela nemilinganiselo encinci ekufuneka ihlangatyezwane kuyo iindawo ezifana nomgangatho wemeko-bume, ukhuseleko emsebenzini, namalungelo abantu. Amazwe akhululekile ukumisela imilinganiselo engqongqo, kodwa akanakuwa phantsi komgangatho wesizwe. Oku kwenza isiseko sokhuseleko kuwo onke amaMerika ngeli lixa evumela amazwe ukuba avumelane nemigaqo-nkqubo ngokweemeko zasekuhlaleni.

Ulwalamano lwamaBhunga: Intsebenziswano Nengxabano

Ikho ukuqhelisela, imida phakathi kwegunya lengingqi, lorhulumente nelorhulumente isoloko ingekho ngqiqweni. Iingingqi ezininzi zenkqubo zibandakanya ukunyathelana, kufuna intsebenziswano kuzo zonke imigangatho. Unxulumano lwangaphakathi luchaza i-websternel entsonkothileyo yokusebenzisana oorhulumente, ukukhuphisana ngobuncwane, nokuxubusha ngeendima zabo.

Ukusebenza komanyano lwamaqumrhu

I-application yomanyano lubhekisela kwimodeli apho onke amanqanaba karhulumente asebenza kunye ukucombulula iingxaki eziqhelekileyo. Le ndlela yaba yeyona iphambili ngexesha loBudoda obutsha kwaye iqhubeke ikwintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Imizekelo iquka umanyano ekwakheni nokugcina iNtemplatestate High Way System, ukusabelana kweentlekele zemvelo nge-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), kunye nemigudu encedisanayo yokuphucula umsebenzi wesikolo sikawonke phantsi kwemigangatho yolawulo lukarhulumente.

Iimeko zongxamiseko zempilo kawonke-wonke zidla ngokubonisa umanyano lorhulumente kwisifo esinamandla kakhulu. Ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, amasebe karhulumente afana neZiko lokuLawula nelokuthintela (CDC) akhupha imigaqo, lo gama amazwe nemimandla ifake imiqathango, isasaza imiqathango, kunye nokulawula amandla esibhedlele. Ukuphendula kwakungasoloko kuhle, kodwa ilungiselelo lentsebenziswano lalibonakala. Ngokufanayo, ukusabela ngentlekele emva kwenkanyamba, imililo, kunye nezikhukula kufuna ukulungelelaniswa ngabasebenzi bokuqala, amaziko olawulo lwemeko-mothe-mswonga, kunye neenkqubo zoncedo lwesizwe.

Iingxabano Neengxaki

Ngoxa intsebenziswano ixhaphakile, kukwavela iingxabano. Ukungavisisani ngokomthetho, ngokwezimali, kunye nenkqubo ephambili kungadala ungquzulwano phakathi kwemigangatho karhulumente. ityala libakho xa urhulumente wezwe elilawulayo elawula imithetho karhulumente, ngokufuthi esekelwe kwigunya lakhe elingokomGaqo-siseko kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Umzekelo, imithetho yolawulo lwenkqumrhu enkqelel ’ umlo, kunye nokufuduka iye yabangela umbindi wempikiswano yetyala, kunye namazwe acel ’ umngeni kwinkundla.

Imiqathango engagunyaziswanga yenye into ebangela ungquzulwano. Xa urhulumente wengingqi efuna ukuba kubekho amaphondo okanye iindawo ezithile ukuze athathe inyathelo ngaphandle kokunikela inkxaso eyaneleyo, kungabangela uxinezeleko loqingqo-mali lwasekuhlaleni kwaye kubangele ingqumbo. UMthetho weNguqulo kaMandadates ka-1995 wafuna ukucombulula le ngxaki ngokufuna ukuba iBhunga lihlole iindleko zogunyaziso ngaphambi kokuba libekwe, kodwa lo mba uyaqhubeka uvela kwiingxoxo zemimiselo yemekobume yemekobume, imigangatho yemfundo, nemithetho yokuvota.

Ukwenziwa kolawulo lwezobupolitika kongezelela olunye ulwandlalo oluntsonkothileyo. Xa amaqela ahlukeneyo ezobupolitika elawula imigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente, intsebenziswano iba nzima ngakumbi. Amazwe asenokuyichasa imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente angavumelani nayo, kwaye amagosa karhulumente asenokusebenzisa igunya lawo ukunyanzelisa izinto eziphambili zesizwe. Le ngxaki ayiyonto ibonakalisa ukungalungelelani; ingumqondiso wendalo yenkqubo karhulumente elungiselelwe ukulungelelanisa izilangazelelo neembono ezahlukeneyo.

Iimbambano Zangoku Kumanyano

Iingxoxo ezininzi zangoku zibonisa indaleko eqhubekayo yolungelelwano lwamandla. Marijuana ngokomthetho ngumzekelo obalaseleyo. Inani elikhulayo lamazwe liye lalugunyazisa umya wonyango okanye wokuzonwabisa, nangona ihlala ingekho semthethweni phantsi komthetho karhulumente. Le ngxabano ibangele ukungaqiniseki okusemthethweni kumashishini, kumabhanki, nakubathengi, kwaye iye yabangela ukuba kubekho utshintsho lorhulumente. Ingxelo ivavanya imida ye-Implunds kunye nokufikelela kwemithetho yeziyobisi karhulumente.

umgaqo wesiseko ngomnye ummandla wongquzulwano. Amazwe afana neKhalifoniya amkele imigangatho ye-oksijini efuna intlukwano kunye neemfuno zamandla acocekileyo, maxa wambi imiyalelo karhulumente engaphezulu kakhulu. Urhulumente wengingqi uye wakhuthaza ngokuphinda-phinda-phinda wavavanya le migudu karhulumente, kuxhomekeka kulawulo. Isiphumo sisixhobo semimiselo esibonisa uxinzeleleko phakathi kobuzwe kunye novavanyo lorhulumente.

Inkqubo yezonyango yezonyango iyaqhubeka ivelisa uxanduva lwamasebe. Umthetho weNto yokuzinyamekela owandisiweyo nemali ye-Medicaid yesizwe, kodwa amanye amazwe akhetha ukungandisani iinkqubo zawo, adala iisithuba. Imigudu yomanyano yokulungisa ukhathalelo lwempilo ihlangatyezene neempendulo ezahlukeneyo ezivela kumazwe, ukusuka ekuphumezeni kwehlombe ukuya kucelomngeni olusemthethweni. Oku kugxininisa ubunzima bokusebenzisa inkqubo yesizwe kwinkqubo apho amaziko anengqiqo.

Inkqubo yonikezelo ibonakalisa kwakhona ukunyanzelisa nokutsala kwe-socialism. I-The Everses Foundations Act (ESA) ka-2015 ibuyisela igunya elibalulekileyo kumgangatho wemfundo kumazwe, ibeka indawo yolawulo oluninzi lwamagunya karhulumente olwalukhona phantsi kokungabikho kumntwana Oshiyekileyo. Ama-Arenti anezintswana ezithe tyeleleyo ekumiseleni iinjongo kunye nokuphendula, kodwa kwakhona bajamelana nengcinezelo eqhubekayo kwimfuno zikarhulumente zemali kunye nolindelo lukawonke-wonke.

Indima Yeenkundla

Ijudiary yenza indima ebalulekileyo ekuchazeni imida yorhulumente. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ikhuphe izigqibo eziphawulekayo kwimibandela enjenge Commerce Claus, ulawulo lwesizwe, kunye nemida yamandla karhulumente. Kwiimeko ezifana United States v. Lopez[FLT] [1995] [FLT] [FLT])] kunye Printz v. United States[[FLT] [1997], iNkundla ibeke umda wegunya lorhulumente, iqinisekisa umgaqo-quququzelelo. Kwimeko yakutshanje, iNkundla iye yathetha ngemibandela efana nomthetho wokuthintela abafuduki, ukuvola, ukuvota, kunye nokuphatha, kunye neembono zokwahlulo-nyango, ngokufuthi kunye neembono ezahlulwayo ezibonisa ukungavumelani macala afanelekileyo.

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo Zobandakanyeka Kwisitya

Kubafundi nabafundisi-mfundo, ukuqonda ulungelelwano lwamandla asiyonto nje efundiswayo. Kuneziphumo ezisebenzisekayo ekuthembiseni uluntu. Ukwazi ukuba liliphi iqondo likarhulumente elijongene nembambano ethile kunceda abemi ukuba balathise ngokunempumelelo ubuchule babo. Ukuba uluntu lufuna ukuphucula izikolo zasekuhlaleni, iqumrhu lesikolo kunye nesebe lemfundo lingubenzi besigqibo esifanelekileyo. Ukuba urhulumente ucinga ukuba umthetho wemeko ebume, indlu yowiso-mthetho kunye nerhuluneli zizinto ezijoliswe kwimiqathango yokungagunya-mthetho. Ukuba inkqubo karhulumente isengozini, amalungu eBhungani kunye noMongameli bangabadlali abaphambili.

Abami bangathatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo ngokuvota kukhetho lwasekuhlaleni, kurhulumente, ukuya kwiintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke, ukuqhagamshelana namagosa onyuliweyo, nokusebenza kwiibhodi kunye neekhomishini. Ukuqonda umongo wesebe kwenza ukuba oku kungenelwa kujoliswe ngakumbi kwaye kuphumelele. i-USA.goval port inikela ukhokelo ngendlela yokunxulumana norhulumente kuwo onke amanqanaba, inikeza ingongoma yokuqala kwabo bafuna ukubandakanyeka ngakumbi.

Isiphelo

Ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi koorhulumente basekuhlaleni, urhulumente, kunye norhulumente luphawu oluchazayo lolawulo lwaseMelika. Lubumba indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho, indlela enikelwa ngayo iinkonzo, nendlela abemi abasebenzisana ngayo norhulumente wabo. Le nkqubo ayisoloko isebenza kakuhle okanye ilungelelana, kodwa indlela eyilwakhe ngayo ibonisa ukhetho lwamabom lokusasaza igunya kwaye ikhusele amandla athe kratya. Ngokuqonda iindima kunye nolwalamano lomgangatho ngamnye karhulumente, abafundi nobafundisi-masigqeba banokukuqonda kakuhle ukuntlukwano lwedemokhrasi nokubaluleka kokuthathi-nxaxheba koluntu. Ukulungele ukulingana kwegunya akusoloko kusisiphelo esisisigxina; kukuqhubeka kwencoko ethetha ngomntu ogqibayo nangendlela izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo kuhlanga olwahlukeneyo nolunamandla.