Isiseko somGaqo-siseko soManyano neNkxaso

UMgaqo-siseko we-United States wenza ulawulo oluntsonkothileyo oluntsonkothileyo, olwahlula amandla phakathi korhulumente wesizwe kunye namazwe aliqela. Esi sakhiwo sakhiwe ukukhusela inkululeko nokulawula. Kodwa, ukususela ekuqaleni, umbuzo obalulekileyo wahlala ungaphendulwa: ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo orhulumente ngamanye amazwe kuya kufikelela kude kangakanani ekulweni norhulumente? Kwiminyaka emalunga nekhulu, impendulo yayilula: urhulumente wamalungelo orhulumente kuphela. Amazwe ayekhululekile ukuseka iinkqubo zawo zolwaphulo-mthetho, achaza inkululeko yawo yokuthetha nokuzicinezela, aze amise imigaqo yawo yonqulo njengoko ebona kufanelekile, kuphela ngemithetho-siseko yawo. Imfundiso ekhetha urhulumente wodwa [[FLD:1] kuphela [ip] ulwahlulo olulula, ukonakalisa ulwalamano phakathi koburhulumente obululo kufuphi nolawulo oluphakathi kolawulo oluthe kufuphi nolawulo lorhulumente, kunye nokumisela imigaqo-mthetho-mthetho-siseko soburhulumente woluntu ngokulawula ngokulawula ngokulinganayo.

Uxinzeleleko phakathi kwamandla karhulumente namalungelo karhulumente yayingelulo olongamelayo lwabaseki. Yayilulalanisa abanolwazi. AbaLawuli beAnti-Federali babesoyika ukuba urhulumente onamandla ophakathi wayeza kuyiphelisa inkululeko ababesandul'ukulwa ukuyikhusela. AmaFederali aphikisa ukuba urhulumente wesizwe olinganiselweyo, odweliswe ngokwezigaba wabangela usongelo oluncinane. Ukukhusela i-rative, amaqela akhusela amaPhondo athembisa iBhili yamaLungelo, kodwa ezo zilishumi zokuqala zaye zatshintshwa zayilwa ngokucacileyo ukunyanzela ukunyanzela iBhunga lorhulumente, hayi izikhulu zikarhulumente.

[[FLT: 0] Inkundla ye-Marll yenza lo mlinganiselo ucace kwi- Barron v. Baltimore [1833]. UJohn Barron, umnini wezibuko, wamangalela isixeko saseBaltimore ngokuphazamisa ishishini lakhe ngokuphambukisa imijelo ngexesha lolwakhiwo lwendlela, ephikisa ukuba isixeko sithathe impahla yaso ngaphandle kwembuyekezo nje kuphela ngokuchasana noMphelo weSigqibo sesihlanu. IJasti yeJasti John Marshall yabhala inkundla yewonke into yokuba iSihlanu Isinyuso, njengenxalenye yeBhili samaLungelo, yayingu "ngokumiswa komda wokusetyenziswa kwegunya ngurhulumente waseUnited States, kwaye ayisetyenziswangasetyenziswangawi umthetho wamatyala karhulumente. Imeko ye-Rron, ityala lomthetho-Genegalelo-mthetho-mthetho-siseko semeko-Melika.

IsiHlomelo Seshumi Eline Nocelomngeni Lolongamo Lwelizwe

Imfazwe yamakhaya kunye noHlaziyo loMphetho-mda olwalandela utshintsho olusisiseko lwemeko-bume. [[FLT: 0] UHlaliso lweNguqu-guquko lweThirthi lwaphelisa ubukhoboka. uHlaziyo] lwe-Fententh [[[FLT:] Fintenth Reformation] [[[FLT:]] lwakwalela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni. Kodwa yayiyi-[FLT:] [FLT]] Fitenth Amend [[[[FLTLT:5]], ivunyiwe ngo1868, okokuba inkolisonke ivavanyele amandla karhulumente. Iinkqubo zalo ezingundoqo zazijoliswe ngokusisigxina kumaziko karhulumente ombuso ohlanga olunyanze ulawulo.

Akukho Lizwe liya kwenza, naliphi na umthetho oya kumisa umlomo, oya kuvala amalungelo okanye ukugonyamela abemi baseUnited States; nokuba nguMbuso, ongamhluthiyo nabani na ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwendlela efanelekileyo yomthetho; okanye akhanyele nabani na onegunya lakhe, ukukhuselwa ngokulinganayo kwemithetho.

Olu lwimi lwaluluhlaselo olungqalileyo kumgaqo we- Barron v. Baltimore. Lwawalinganisela ngokucacileyo amandla [ amanani kumalungelo asisiseko ebridge. Abaququzeleli babenenjongo yokukhusela inkululeko esisiseko, ngokukodwa amakhoboka asandul' ukukhululwa ajongene norhulumente onobutshaba eMzantsi. Umbuzo wawungeyiyo [[FLT:][FLT:]] [[5]] IsiHluliso sathintela amatyala, kodwa kakhulu [[FLT:]] kwaye ngaphaka [FLT:]

Amatyala Okubulala Asendlwini Nokuxinana Kwamalungelo okanye iImmunitis

INkundla ePhakamileyo yajamelana ngokusisigxina nalo mbuzo Ityala leNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeMibingelelo [1873]]. Imbambano yayinguLouisiana eyayinika igunya lokusebenza ngokwayo kwimisebenzi yendlu yokubulala eNew Orleans. IJajis yayingawuvumeli umthetho owedwa, iphikisa ukuba umthetho uthintele "iimvume okanye ukhuseleko" njengabemi belizwe le-United States. Kwisigqibo esingu 5-4, iNkukhupha amandla eMalungelweni okanye eImyunicas Clastee. USahlulele uSamuel Miller wahlula phakathi kobuhlanga nobumi bobumi, ulawula ukuba amalungelo ambalwa kuphela afanele ukukho kwabo, njengakumgangatho olungileyo wokuhamba kwelizwe okanye ukufikelela kwetyala elikhulu lombuso. [i-Geviniast, i-Gell, ekwayawuthelela phantsi kwemeko, i-Gevuvuke, i-Gethene, iMithel.[2]

Inkqubo engaphantsi elindelekileyo njenge Vehicle yoHlomelo

I-Baw Process Claus iyayithintela iNkundla ePhakamileyo yoLawulo luka-Claus ithi ekunqabeni "nabani na wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho". Ngokubonakalayo, ibinzana libonakala lingumthetho: liqinisekisa inkqubo elungileyo. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ngokuthe ngcembe yaphuhlisa imfundiso ye [ ithoba imigaqo efunekayo, ekhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekungeneni kwemithetho karhulumente, kungakhathaliseki ukuba imigaqo esetyenzisiweyo iyayivala ingcamango yokuba "ibert" ikhuselwe yinkqubo ekhethekileyo ebhalwe kwiBhilibster Recorders. Ukuba inkqubo efanelekileyo ikhusela "libert," kunye nenkqubo echaza amalungelo athile elungeleyo, i-Classingsting imele inqande inqande i-Graclay.

Inkcazo Epheleleyo Ngokuchasene Nokhetho: Ingxoxo Yezejaji

INkundla ayizange ivume ngoko nangoko. Kangangamashumi eminyaka emva koMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine, amaJaji azama ukuchaza ukuba ingakanani iBhili yamaLungelo esebenza kumaphondo. kwavela iingcamango ezimbini ezikhuphisanayo, kwaza kwavela impikiswano phakathi kwabaxhasi bawo eyabumba isakhiwo samalungelo esinawawo aseMelika.

ISigqeba seQumrhu

IJaji uHugo Black yaphikisana ngokungqalileyo. Wayekholelwa ukuba abaxhasi benkqubo yoHlaziyo yeshumi elinesine babefuna ukuba yonke iBhili yamaLungelo isebenze kumaphondo. Ekungavumelani kwakhe Adamson v. California (1947), ababhila-bhabhathaneyo bengqina ngokwembali kwimpikiswano ekhoyo ekhoyo ekhoyo yokuququzelelwa kwengqungquthela ukuphikisa ukuba amalungelo okhethekileyo okanye i-Immunion Clausleece yayiyilelwe ukwenza izivumelwano zokuqala ezisibhozo ezidityanisiweyo kumaphondo. Umthetho omnyama wonke uqulunqenelo olucacileyo, osekelwe kumbhalo onokuthi uthintele iimfanele ukukhusela i-Brekhodio. Waphikisa ukuba isicelo esikhethiweyo simelwano kumthetho. Ukuba umgangatho ofanelekileyo wokukhusela i-groast Coantracy

IJaji Cardozo kunye noMgangatho weNkxaso

IJaji Benjamin Cardozo, ibhalela uninzi lwamalungelo uPalko v. Connecticut [37], yala indlela yobuchule yokudibanisa. Wanikela umgangatho othe ngqo: iNkundla ifanele iquke amalungelo afana "ekugqibeleni" ngaphandle kokuba "kungakho inkululeko okanye ubulungisa bungabakho. Lo mlinganiso ubalulekileyo phakathi kwamalungelo abengu "umtshangatho" okanye "i-Trial" kunye nalawo asisiseko kwinkqubo yokusesikweni. I-cardozozocration elungiselelwe ukuvava ityala kwityala enyanisweni okanye ekunene kwityala eninzi unokuba ufanelekile kumthetho olungileyo kodwa ungayifanelanga kumthetho olungileyo. [FTYFFFFFFF:[3] kunye nalawo amkelekileyo yetyala eliqhelekileyo.[Fogne]

Inkqubela yokukhetha kwi ntshukumo

Ukususela ngeminyaka yee-1920 nangoko kukhawulezisa ngokuphawulekayo phantsi kweNkundla yaseWarren kwi1960, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaquka ulungiselelo emva kwelinye. Le nkqubo yayingakhawulezi idibane, kodwa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, phantse yonke ikhuselwa kwiBhili yamaLungelo yabe yenziwe yasebenza kumazwe.

Inkululeko Yokuqala Yokwenziwa Kohlaziyo

Amanyathelo okuqala okuqukunjelwa kulawulo lwenkululeko yokuthetha. Gitlow v. New York (1925), uBenjamin Gitlow wabanjwa phantsi kwemithetho yezolwaphulo-mthetho yaseNew York yokukhupha imposiso yezolwaphulo-mthetho yokupapasha i-socialist. INkundla yaxhasa ukuqiniseka kwayo kodwa, kwindinyana egxekayo, yavakalisa ukuba "inkululeko yomlomo kunye nomatshini wokushicilela okhuselwe yiSigqibo sokuqala somphelo seBribhiribhidi nguMbutho uphakathi kwamalungelo ongundoqo obuqu kunye 'o-''' akhuselwe kwinkqubo efunekayo ye 145th Demplitection ukusuka ekukhutshweni yi-Externet eUnited States]. [FFoct.5]

Ukufakwa koMphetho wokuqala kwaqhubeka ngokukhawuleza. kuNear Jonge v. Minnesota[FL:1] (1931), iNkundla yaquka inkululeko yokucofa, yawisa umthetho wesizwe ovumela ukuvalwa kwangaphambili "okrula" iimpapasho. [[FLT:]] [FLT]] Jonge v. [[FLT:] [12] [1937]] yaquka ilungelo lendibano yoxolo. [[FLT:]] Cantwell v. Connet[[FLT:] [1940]) yaquka ukuqhelisa uqheliso olukhululekileyo lonqulo. [[FLT] i-Everson. v [FLT] [F:7] [1947] iBPlatencedmentation, ekwahlulayokukwalela umgaqo womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho othenjiweyo (1947]) kwiSivumelo, ekwalela ukuvalwa kwemithetho ekwalela ukuvalwa komthetho olweyo.

INkundla YaseWarren Nemvukelo Yezaphuli - mthetho

Obona bubanzi buphawulekayo bokungeniswa buye babonakala kwii1960 phantsi kweJaji enkulu u-Earl Warren. Inkundla yaseWarren yayiquka ukhuseleko lolwaphulo-mthetho lwenkqubo yeNkqutyana, yesihlanu, yeSithandathu, neyesibhozo, ngokusisiseko iguqula iinkqubo zomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. INkundla yazithethelela ezi zigqibo ngenxa yokuba iinkundla zikarhulumente zazisoloko zingenazo izibonelelo, uqeqesho, okanye utyekelo lokunika iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokuthethelela abamangalelwa nabambalwa beentlanga.

  • [Umthetho] wama-Mapp v.Ohio (1961): Averling [ Wolf v. Colorado[, iNkundla yaquka umthetho weSine woMbeko woMphetho-Mdathiso, ibambe obubobo obufunyenweyo ngokuphendla okungekho mthethweni nokuthamba akunakusetyenziswa enkundleni. Inkundla yafumanisa ukuba ilungelo lokuzimela ubungabo ngokuchasene nomthetho womthetho, ngokuchasene noMsebenzi weNkqubo e-Clasko.""
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): Kwenye yezona tyala zaziwayo kumthetho waseMelika, iNkundla yavumelana ngamxhelo mnye yathi ukuHlaliswa kweSithandathu kwamalungelo okucebisa kulungile okubalulekileyo kwityala elilungileyo kwaye kwafuna isicelo salo kumazwe. Clarence Earl Gideon, indoda elihlwempuzekileyo etyholwe ngokuqhekeza ibhotwe, yanyanzelelwa ukuba izimela. Inkundla yagqiba kwelokuba "agraclers kwiinkundla zezaphuli-mthetho ziyimfuneko, hayi ubunewunewu."
  • [[FLT: 0] Malloy v. Hogan (1964): INkundla yaquka ilungelo lokuHlaziya kwesihlanu nxamnye nolwahlulo lwayo ngokwayo, ukugqithisa ukunyusa v. New Jersey. Esi sigqibo saba nesiphumo sokusebenzisa imanda [ izilumkiso zokuchaza ukuncinwa kwiminyaka embalwa kamva.
  • Pointer v. Texas (1965): INkundla yaquka uHlaziyo lweSithandathu lwamalungelo okuthetha namangqina, iqinisekisa abamangalelwa besaphuli-mthetho ukuba bakwazi ukunqumla i-examine abamangaleli babo kwinkundla yephondo.
  • [[NT.:0] Inkundla yaquka uHlaziyo lweSithandathu kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu, ukuthatha elo tyala ligwetywa ngabagwebi kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho "kuxhasa iqhinga leqhinga lobulungisa laseMelika."

Ekupheleni kwexesha leWarren, phantse yonke inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho yeBhili yamaLungelo yayidityanisiwe, imisela ingqokelela yeemfuno zomGaqo-siseko ezimele zilandelwe ziinkundla zonke zikarhulumente. Oku kwamela ukufuduswa okukhulu kwegunya kumazwe ukuya kwijaji yesizwe yaye yayingumthombo wempikiswano enzulu yezopolitiko nezemfundo.

ISivumelwano soLawulo-Mbindini: Imisebenzi yeDemokhrasi

Ulwandiso lokuzibandakanya okukhethiweyo lusoloko lujongene nokugxekwa okunamandla okusekelwe kurhulumente. IJaji uJohn Marshall Harlan II, umchasi ongaguquguqukiyo kumatyala eNkundla yaseWarren, waphikisa ukuba iNkundla yayiligqitha igunya layo ngokubeka imilinganiselo yesizwe kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Waphikisa ukuba uGaqo-mthetho weshumi elinesine lokuHlaziyithi aluzange "lulwezeke" uBhili wamalungelo kodwa endaweni yoko ukhusele loo malungelo ngaphandle kwawo. Kukwaphula kwakhe . Dun v. Louisiana., Harlan walumkisa ukuba iNkube "inkululo iphondo elithile" yaye kukhusele amandla okuvavanya iinkqubo zayo.

IJaji Louis Brandeis, ekungavumelani okudumileyo [[FLT: 0]. Waphikisa ukuba "imeko yemo yemo ye-Ice Co. v. Liebmann [1932], yabhiyozela indima yolawulo-mthetho njengo . Waphakamisa ukuba "imeko yenkalipho enye, ukuba abemi bayo bakhetha, basebenza njengerelabhuli yentlalo-ntle; kwaye bazame uvavanyo lwentlalo noqoqosho ngaphandle komngcipheko kwilizwe lonke." Khetha i-activerition, abagxeki, baphikisa lo msebenzi mfutshane wokuvavanya. Xa iNkuqululo ibandakanya i-kunene, ibeka umgangatho omnye olinganayo ozikhusela kwiimeko ezinokuvela kuzo.

Ukwanda Nemida Yokukhetha

Inkqubo yokukhetha inxalenye ayiphelanga ngeNkundla yaseWarren. IBhorger, iRehnquist, kunye noRoberts Court yaqhubeka le nkqubo, nangona ihamba kancinci kwaye ijolise ekunikweni amalungelo awahlukileyo. Esona sigqibo sibalulekileyo kwixesha langoku si McDald v. [[FLT] v.[FLT] [1] [2010]. [2010] [2010] ingummiselo osetyenziswayo, iNkunye iNkunye iSinyuko sokuHlulo sesibini ukuqula nokuphatha izixhobo, ukusebenzisa [iiiiiimeko] [iiimeko] [[FLT3]] kunye nemithetho yohlanga] ikhupha umgaqo welizwe elinamandla phakathi kwengxelo yesizwe nemvume yoluntu. Umthetho waseburhulumente wasekuhlaleni, uSamuthorito, ubhala umlinganiselo ofanayo osetyenziswayo ukususela [FFT.[Foctivelvelvel] kunye nolus] kunye nolus.[5]

v. Indiana [2029], iNkundla yaquka uKhuselo oluLahlekileyo oluNgalinganiyo lwe-Eighth Confective Reconf Claus, ilawula ukuba ukukhuselwa kwemali eninzi kuyasebenza kumaphondo. INkundla yathi igalelo "lakhiwe yi-"Sect Procession Clause yoMmiselo weSindululo se-14 ngenxa yokuba ilungelo lokukhululeka ngokugqithiseleyo kwinkonko yolwaphulo-mthetho luyilungelo elibalulekileyo kwicebo lethu lokulawula inkululeko egunyaziweyo. Ityala elibandakanye netyala lika-Indiana lithatha iLizwe lomntu elizii-R000 emva kokuba egwetyiwe ngokuthengisa i-heroin, kwaye iNkundla yafumanisa ukuba ukulahlekelwa yi-dephaka. Isigqibo esiqhubekayo sokusetyenziswa kwenkululeko esisetyenziswa kwe-Genethi ye-Edmignestiki ye-Expold.

Noko ke, inkqubo yokuqukumbela ayizigqitywanga. Amalungiselelo ambalwa eBhili yamaLungelo ahlala engadityaniswanga. Unyuselo olupheleleyo [, oluthintela ukubekwa kwekota kwamajoni kumakhaya abantu ngexesha loxolo ngexesha loxolo, aluzange lusetyenziswe kumazwe eNkundleko ePhakamileyo, nangona kusoloko kucingelwa ukuba lungadityaniswa. [[FLT:]] Umphetho wesinyuso oluthi lusetyenziswe ngenye indlela, njengoko kusenziwa izityholo ezithiwayo zetyala ezinzulu zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinzulu [FLT:] azikhange zifakelwe ku-[FLT] [4]. [FFFT] kunye neemeko ezingekho mthethweni ezikhoyo.[19]

Ukugxekwa OkungokweeMbali

Imfundiso yokuququzelela okukhethiweyo isekelwe kufundo olukhethekileyo loMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine oye watsala ukugxekwa okuqhubekayo okuvela kubo bobabini abafunda imvelaphi engaguqukiyo kunye nabaxhasi bombhalo abakhululekileyo. Ingcaciso, njengeJaji yamva uAntonin Scalia, iphikisa ukuba ukuqulunqwa kombhalo okukhethiweyo akunasiseko sombhalo esiqinileyo. I-STIT Procession Claus Claus ithetha nge "inkqubo," hayi amalungelo aphantsi kweSiphekephelo. Scalia wachaza ngokudumileyo ukuba igatyalo "angenakuba sisiseko sokubeka imidaba ngokweziko kumazwe." Phezu kwako nje okubekwa kwezikhombisi zentanda-ntandabulumko, iScilia ivotal ukudibanisa uHlukelo lwesibini kuMdabiso [[FLT:] [[FLD]] [FLD1]], ebonisa ukurhoxiwa kwemfundiso ekwakhe yasekwayo.

Ngasekhohlo, abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ngelithi indlela yokukhetha icandelo elikhethayo iyingozi kwaye iyabagxalathelana. Baphikisa ngelithi amalungelo okanye ama-Immunitius Claus yayisisithuthi esicetyelwe ukulungiselela amalungelo esizwe kwaye isigqibo seNkundla sokuyishiya kumthetho obalulekileyo [ iMatyala [] abekwe kwiNdlu yeNdlu ekhethekileyo yayiyimpazamo elusizi. Baphikisa ngelithi amalungelo avusekileyo okanye i-Immosmace Calaske inika imbono engakumbi ekwamkelekileyo okanye isiseko sobugqaliselo, i-Claus ekwisignee, iquka amalungelo angadweli ngokucacileyo kuLungile, njengasekunene ekuvoteni, nasekunene ekuzinzeni. UTlalce uTlaine ukujonga kwiimeko ezininzi, okanye u-Clauston, endaweni yesixhobo sokulungisa.[2] [Foctives]

Ugxeko lwesithathu lusekelwe kwibinzana "lolungelelaniso lwenkululeko" ngokwalo. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi umgangatho awucacanga ngokungenathemba, uvumela abagwebi abangacwangciswanga ukuba bachaze amalungelo asisiseko asekelwe kumaxabiso abo obuqu. Ingxoxo echaza indlela yokuchaza "ulungelelwaniso" itshintshile ngexesha elidlulileyo. Kusekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, usetyenziso lokuthethelela inkululeko yezoqoqosho. Kumbindi , ijolise kwinkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho nakumazwi akhululekileyo. Namhlanje, libala lemfazwe lokuxambulisana ngamalungelo empumlo, ubuqu, nesohlwayo yokufa. Utyekelo lomlinganiselo womgangatho lungamandla awo aphezulu kwaye lungalawuleki.

Ulungelelwano Lwangoku: Imigangatho yesizwe, uLawulo lwasekuhlaleni

Ukukhetha ukuqulunqwa kwenkululeko yabemi kwamiselwa umgangatho wesizwe wangaphantsi apho kungekho rhulumente unokuwa. Urhulumente akanakuseka unqulo, intetho yezopolitiko ecutshiweyo, akamkhanyeli ummangalelwa oligqwetha, okanye abeke isohlwayo senkohlakalo nesothukileyo, konke oku ngenxa yokuba uLawulo loMphengululo lweshumi elinesine lweSigqibo lweMimiselo wenza ukuba iBhili yamaLungelo ibophelele kubo. Lo mgangatho wesizwe uqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho ungomnye osisiseko kulo lonke ilizwe. Ummi ohamba ukusuka eNew York ukuya eTexas uphethe ukhuseleko olusisiseko olusisiseko. Olu manyano lwaluyinjongo engundoqo ye-Pronson Congressmenters eyagunya ye-145th Demendmentation. Baqonda ukuba ulawulo lungenakuba lungenako ngokupheleleyo, ingakumbi xa kumalungelo angundoqo abemi.

Sekunjalo, ulwahlulo lusasebenza. Ama-odolo anegunya elibalulekileyo lokwandisa amalungelo ngaphayaa kwemigangatho karhulumente. Ilungelo lokuchophela amatyala abachopheli-tyala alifani ngokwemeko zabemi. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe usoloko unikela ukhuseleko olubanzi lwenkululeko yokuthetha, ukuzimela, kunye nokulingana komGaqo-siseko wesizwe kunokuba kuchazwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Oku kudala urhulumente apho anokuthi asebenze njengeegumbi lokukhululeka elithe tyala labhiyo. Inkundla ephakamileyo yezomthetho-orhulumente iyakwazi ukutolika umgaqo-siseko wayo ukuze inikeze ukhuseleko olungaphezulu kunomgaqo-siseko wesizwe, kwaye eso sigqibo asiqwalaselwe yiNkulwano ephakamileyo njengoko ingawuphuli umthetho osemthethweni. Le ngxoxo ephakamileyo phakathi kwenkundla yesizwe neyongangqungquthelani yomthetho.

Ucelomngeni lwangoku kukuchaza imida yangaphandle yamandla karhulumente kwimimandla emitsha. Ukuququzelelwa koMphetho wesibini kubangele ukubekwa kwemiqathango yephondo kunye neyobulali. INkundla imele iphelise ngokupheleleyo imibuzo ephathelele uhlolo olusebenza ekumiseleni imithetho yemipu okanye umlinganiselo wamalungelo elungelo lokuphatha imipu kuwonke-wonke. [[FLT: 0]] amalungelo e-prigacy [ amkeleke kwiinkqubo ezinxulumene nayo. [FLT:] Connecticut[[FT:][3] kunye [FLT] kunye [FFFFT] ekude] ekude] nakunye ukunciphisa. [[FLT]

Isiphelo: Ilifa Elihlala Lihleli Lokuzikhethela

Ngokumisela imilinganiselo yesizwe yobulungisa kwiinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho zikarhulumente, intetho ekhululekileyo, inkululeko yonqulo, namalungelo emipu, iNkundla iye yawasusa ngokuthe ngcembe ulawulo olupheleleyo lolawulo lwesizwe, yawasusa amalungelo ombuso kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo lwamalungelo ohlanga. Le nkqubo ibinqabile ukuthoba imigaqo yesizwe kwiinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho, iintetho ezikhululekileyo, inkululeko yonqulo, kunye namalungelo ezixhobo, ide ishenxise ulungelelwano kulawulo olupheleleyo lorhulumente kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo lwesizwe.

Kodwa, le mfundiso ngokwayo ifakwe kwimithetho yomgaqo-siseko waseMelika. Umbuzo awusekho ukuba iBhili yamaLungelo iyasebenza kumazwe, kodwa indlela [ kufuneka isetyenziswe. Umgangatho "wenkululeko elungeleleneyo" uhlala uhleli, ukhokela iNkundla njengoko ijamelana neengxaki ezintsha kwibutho labantu. Umlinganiselo phakathi kolawulo nomalungelo ongundoqo awusoze uhlale umile. Isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka sivavanye imida yenkululeko negunya, kwaye sinikezele ngokusesikweni kwemithetho yovavanyo. Imfundiso ibandakanya ulwazi olusemgangathweni lwemeko ye-Melika: ulawulo lwamazwe azimeleyo, kodwa alunakukhuselwa ukukhusela amalungelo angundoqo.