Ukuchaza Ingxabano

Uxinzeleleko phakathi kokhuseleko olumanyeneyo kunye nenkululeko yabantu ngabanye luyimposiso ecacileyo kulawulo lwangoku. Lunomdlalo ophambili wesivumelwano soluntu ngokwaso: ukuba yinkululeko engakanani umntu amele ayibeke phantsi ngokufanelekileyo ukuze akhuseleke urhulumente? Olu manyano lusoloko luvavanywa zizinto ezisongelayo — ukusukela ekuxhaphakeni kwenyukliya nobugrogrisi behlabathi lonke kuhlaselo lwekhompyutha kunye nezifo ezigqugqisayo. Ngoxa oorhulumente benomsebenzi ongenakuphikwaliwa ekukhuseleni abemi babo, iindlela abazisebenzisayo zingawaphelisa ngokungaziqondi ukuba bamele amalungelo abo bawaphakamisele ekuxhaphakeni. Ukuqonda oku kufuna ulwano olucacileyo ngokokubandakanye olukhoyo kunye nesizathu sokuba babangele ukungqubanano oluqhubekayo.

Ukhuseleko, kulo mongo, lubhekisele kukhuseleko lwezwe, amaziko alo, kunye nabantu balo kwizisongelo zangaphandle nezangaphakathi. Luquka ukhuseleko lwesizwe, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ulawulo lomda, kwaye luya lukhula, ukhuseleko lwezibonelelo kunye nogcino-lwazi lwekhompyutha. Luyilo nkululeko [, ngokwahlukileyo, ngokwamalungelo nenkululeko engundoqo eqinisekisiweyo kubantu ngabanye ngokuchasene norhulumente. Ezi zinto zisoloko zikhuselwa kumaxwebhu omgaqo-siseko okanye kwizivumelwano zezizwe zezizwe kunye nenkululeko yokuthetha, inkululeko ekhuselekileyo, inkululeko yezobuqu, inkululeko yendibano, kunye nenkqubo elungileyo. Ukungqubana kokhuseleko kuvuka xa kuthelekiswa nokulawulwa kokhuseleko; njengokuba kujoliswe, ukunqanda ukulawulwa kwe-data, ukugcinwa kwe-mscrective; ukuthintelwa kwezi zivumelwano zemali ezi mvume zenkululeko yokuthetha.

Izinto Ezazenzeka Ngaphambili: Ibhanti Elisebenzayo

Imbali ibonisa ukuba ulungelelwano phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko alumi ngamaxesha athe ngqo engxakini ekhoyo, idla ngokushiya ilifa elihlala lihleli lomGaqo-siseko. Ibutho lidla ngokuncama inkululeko yokhuseleko ngexesha elifutshane, kodwa lizisola kamva ngokukhukuliseka kwezithethe zedemokhrasi.

Ukufika Ngokugqithiseleyo Kwexesha Lemfazwe Nemiphumo Yayo

IUnited States inika imizekelo emininzi efundisayo. [ Izenzo ze- kunye neNkqutyana yeNkqutyana yeNtlobano yeNkcubeko yeNkcubeko yeNtshona Koloni] igxeka urhulumente wesizwe, ukwaphulwa ngqo koMphetho-Mdambi, owenziwe ngexesha le-quasi-mfazwe neFransi. Ngexesha lemfazwe ye-Constan, uMongameli uLincoln ubeke impel'i ye-intente [[FLT] [12] [FLT] [12] [FFFLT]]] [12] [3] [FLT] wasetyenziswa ngokuzothelisayo ukuchasa i-coout [[FLT] [[FLT] kunye nomlawuli wezopolitiko] othenjiweyo, umkhosi woburhulumente baseNtshona Koloni] ngenxa yeminyaka elishumi ye-U.[10]

KuManyano eUnited Kingdom, [[FLT: 0] ukuchanabeka koMthetho weMfutho (DOLTRA) ka-1914 kwanikwa urhulumente amandla okutshabalalisa ukuba afumane impahla aze azame abantu kwiinkundla zemikhosi. Ukupheliswa kobuGrobethi-mthetho kwadlula ekuphenduleni kuMntla Ireland wongquzulwano ovunyelweyo ukuze kugcinwe izikrobo zemikrozo iintsuku ezisixhenxe ngaphandle kokutyholwa, umlinganiselo owafunyanwa kamva yiNkunganiso yamaLungelo e-Hulumelwa ekuphu yokuchasa iSigqi 5 seNkulumbuso waseYurophu kuMalungelo Abantu. Le mizekelo ibonisa ngokucacileyo: ukusetyenziswa kwemeko enzima, esoloko ikuvumela ukuqengqeleka emva kwexesha likaxakeka.

I-Inst-9/11 Uthutho

Ukuhlasela kwabagrogrisi ngoSeptemba 11, 2001, kwaguqula ngokunzulu ukhuseleko lwehlabathi kwaye kwabangela ulwandiso olubalulekileyo lwamandla okuhlola kwimbali yanamhlanje. I-United States yagqithisa u-PUSUSATTS UMthetho [ kwiiveki ezimbalwa nje emva kohlaselo, kwandisa ngamandla urhulumente ukuqhuba uphando, ukufikelela kwiingxelo zoshishino, kunye nokuqhuba iintambo ze-metafile. Ukudalwa kweSebe le-ofisi yoKhuselo lwaseHomeland (DHS) kwaqinisa amaqumrhu angama-22 kumaziko okhuseleko lwengingqini.

Okubaluleke kakhulu, umlawuli we-George W. Bush wagunyazisa inkqubo yokuhlola i-PRISM, eyatyhilwa ngokwenxenye ngomcuphi uEdward Snowden &rsquo. Snowden &squo; ukutyhilwa komkhamo wokhuseleko lweNational Security Agency ’ (MSA) ingqokelela yeminxeba emininzi yeminxeba ngaphantsi kwecandelo 2155 lePUTT Act, inkqubo yePRISM (eqokelelwa ngqo kwiinkampani ezinkulu zeteksi njenge-Google ne-Apple), kunye nodwebo lwenkqubo ye-TEMPORA eninzi kwi-UK (ethi ifakwe phantsi kwemiculo yemicu yamanzi). Isikhalazo esiphumele sikhokelela ekulungiseni ulawulo olubalulekileyo, kuquka nomthetho wobucala lwe-CUS (F.)

Imilinganiselo Yeendlela Zobugcisa: Imfihlelo Kwixesha Lamanani

Kule nkulungwane yama-21, impikiswano iye yatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo ukusuka ekujongweni ngokomzimba ukuya kusetyenziswa ngamanani. Ukwanda kobugcisa bokuqokelela ugcino-lwazi kuye kwabangela ukuba kubekho umlinganiselo wokuhlola okungenakucingwa zizizukulwana ezidlulileyo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho iimpazamo ezintsha phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko.

Indlela Yokusebenza Ekhutshwa Ngayo

Uphando lukarhulumente alusekho ekufumaneni ingcingo enye yocingo. Amandla angoku aquka ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi oluninzi kuwo onke abemi, ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa bokwazisa [[FLT: 0] kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke, kunye nohlalutyo lwemida yezentlalo-ntle. I-China yakha ezona zinto zikhulu zokuhlola imbali yoluntu, isebenzisa izigidi zekhamera ezidityaniswe kulwazi lwe-IAIA, amanani abami, kunye nezixhobo ze-tem-mfono-m (inkqubo ye-"Sharp Mesow"). Le nkqubo isetyenziselwa ukulawula abantu, ukucinezela ulawulo lwezopolitiko, kunye noojongo oluninzi lwentlalo, ingakumbi i-Ughurs kwi-Xinjing.

Amazwe aseNtshona asebenzisa izixhobo ezinamandla zokuhlola. ILondon yenye yezona zixeko zithengwayo kwidemokhrasi, iMetropolitan Police Police isebenzisa iLive Facial Stault (LFR) iikhamera kwiziganeko zikawonke wonke, phezu kwako nje ukugxekwa kwamaqela enkululeko yabemi kunye nemithetho yeNkundla ePhezulu ye-UK eyafumana ukuba umsebenzi wayo ungasebenzi kakuhle. EUnited States, amaziko agunyazisa umthetho athelela ukuthengwa kokufumana inkxaso-data eninzi kwindawo efihlakeleyo kunye nogcino-data yobuqu obuqokelelwe yi-data, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kwemvume. [[FLT:]] [FLTY] [FLT] [12:] &mdashdash; umgaqo osemthethweni onokuthi abantu bangabi nalwazi olufanelekileyo kwiqela lolwazi oluphakathi kwe-omatilo-nkathi (umsme; &drafssss) umgaqo wokusebenza kweNkumethoba, nangona iNt.[3] iNt.[3]

Ukuguqulela Nokuqalisa Kwalo

Unyuko lokuvulwa kwesiphelo- ukuya- ekupheleni kwiqonga njengeSync, Whats, kunye nemiyalezo ithe yadala indawo yedabi ebalulekileyo. Amasebe omthetho alwayo aphikisa ngelithi ukuvulwa kwe “ ukuhamba kwe-ntick ” kuvumela abagrogrisi noogrogrisi ukuba banxibelelane ngaphandle konikezelo olusemthethweni, bedala i “ ikhefu eliphakathi. i-” i-Ascridecio; inyanzelele umthetho ofuna iinkampani zobugcisa ezakhayo ukwakha [[[FLD:1] iimageomssss kwimisebenzi yabo, ukufuna ukuba ubugcisa nokhuseleko luchase ngokugqithisileyo. I-cvieton i-Appler esemthethweni ngo-2016 kuvula i-San Bernaterstero; i-ipton i-ithone yemeko yokhuseleko. Imeko yokhuseleko lomntu wonke, icet.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Esemthethweni: Iindawo zokugada okanye Izitampu Zerabha?

Umthetho usisisixhobo esiyintloko sokunxibelelanisa uxinezeleko phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko, kodwa ulungiselelo lwasemthethweni lwahluka kakhulu ngaphaya kolawulo yaye ludla ngokuhlala lungaphumi kubuchule bobugcisa.

Ukusondela komGaqo-siseko waseUnited States

UHlaliso lwesine lukhuselo oluyintloko ekuphandeni nokuxhwithwa ngokungekho ngqiqweni kwi-US. Ukutolikwa kwayo kwexesha lamanani kuye kwaba nempikiswano. INkundla Ephakamileyo i’ yenza isigqibo [[FLT]][1][FLT] v. United States[[[FLT] [197] [197] [iNT] [iNkqulo] imisele i “ ukulindela okusengqiqweni kwe-” uvavanyo, ngexesha elizayo [[FLT:][FLT][5]] [iFT].[FFT] [ith] [iifov].[FFFFFFFFFF] kunye nemeko olukhoyo olukhoyo oluluyingxaki yoburhulumente, ifuna uphando oluninzi lwalo, [FFose-Alls] olukhoyo oluqhelekileyo, olufuna ukusetyenziswa luphendu-lukuquluku.[Fog.]

Imodeli Yamalungelo EYurophu Esekelwe Kumthetho

I-European Union neBhunga laseYurophu liye lathatha indlela esekelwe kakhulu kumalungelo. Isivumelwano se-Euron kuMalungelo Oluntu , iGatya 8, liqinisekisa ilungelo lokuhlonela ubomi bobuqu nobomkhaya, kodwa livumela ukuphazamisana ukuba yi “ ukuvumelana nomthetho we-” kunye ne-“ okuyimfuneko kwibutho ledemokhrasi &quo; ukukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe. [[FLT:] ukhuseleko olupheleleyo logcino-lwazi lwezendalo (DPR)[FUR)[FUT] [erthe] oluthenjiweyo nolungamandla lwe-UMGUNI) oluthene mthetho we-UMGUS, olugunyazisweyo. [UMphicothi woMgaqo-o-onke, umqulu we-onke (unyaka we-onke)]

ISicwangciso-qhinga seMali seMali

[[NTL:0] Umnqophiso wezizwe ngezizwe wobuNtloko kunye namalungelo oluntu kunye nezobupolitika (ICCPR), Inqaku 17, likhusela abantu ekungeneleni ngokweembono okanye ngokungekho mthethweni kwimicimbi yabo yezobuqu. I-UN Special Rapporteur elungeni lokuzifihla iye yanceda ekucaciseni ukuba iinkqubo zokuhlola uluntu, ingakumbi abo basebenza phantsi kwamagosa asemthethweni ayimfihlo okanye ngaphandle kolawulo oluzimeleyo, abaphula umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe. SSchascilla Prices Prices [[ inikeza isiseko solawulo xa amalungelo enokuthi athintelwe ngokufanelekileyo: izithintelo kufuneka zinikezelwe ngokomthetho, balandele injongo esemthethweni, ngokuyimfuneko, kwaye belungele umlinganiselo.

Ukuguquka Kweembono Zabantu

Iimvakalelo zikawonke wonke zingumqhubi ogqibeleleyo wolungelelwano phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko. Xa uluntu lubona umgangatho ophezulu wesisongelo, ngokuqhelekileyo bakulungele ukunyamezela ukuphazamisana okubalulekileyo. Kwelinye icala, ihlazo elikhulu lokungafihliwe lingavuselela uluvo loluntu ngotshintsho.

"Akukho nto Yokufihla" Impikiswano

Imbono yolwaphulo-mthetho eyaziwayo ekhoyo i— esoloko ishwankathelwe njenge “ ukuba akukho nto yokufihla, awunanto yokoyika i ” i— iintlawulo zokulawula uhlaselo lwamaphekula okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu. Iingqushu ezithatyathwe kamsinya emva kokuba u-9/11 zibonise inkxaso eyomeleleyo kumthetho wePatriot. Ngokufanayo, inkxaso yolwandoqo emva kohlaselo eLondon, eParis, kunye neBrusselsels. Le mpendulo yengqondo, eqhutywa luloyiko nomnqweno wokhuseleko, yenza imekobume yezobupolitika apho oorhulumente bavakalelwa kukuba banikwe amandla abo. Lo mgangatho wokhuseleko ngumsebenzi wokwenene nophindaphindo lwezopolitiko abamele babala ibalane.

Ukubuya Kwecala

Ithuba lasemva kwe-Snowden labona utshintsho olubalulekileyo ekuqapheleni uluntu. Isikali soqokelelo logcino-lwazi lukarhulumente sothusa abemi abaninzi, sikhokelela kwisaqhinga lonikezelo, utshintsho lowiso-mthetho (uMthetho we-USA INKULULEKO), kunye norhwebo olunempumelelo lwezobugcisa bokukhusela imfihlo (VNN, ikhowudi efihliweyo yokuthumela imiyalezo). [[FLT: 0] I-Cambridge Analytica ihlazo elinentsingiselo [[[FLT]] ngo201818], apho inkampani yezopolitiki yafumana ugcino-data kwizigidi zabasebenzisi be-Facebooka ngaphandle kwemvume yabo, iqhubekela ukuthemba kwabo koorhulumente nakusetyenziswa kwezobugcisa ezinkulu. Eli xesha labonisa ukuba uluntu oluno olunolwazi lungafuna ukuphendula kolwazi olunentsingiselo.

Ukuvelisa Ulwimi Oluzinzileyo

Ukufikelela ulungelelwano oluhlala luhleli kufuna okungaphezulu nje kukhuseleko olusemthethweni; kufuna imbopheleleko yesithethe yokuziphendulela, ukubonakala, nokuvelela. Akukho sicombululo sisisigxina, kuphela inkqubo eqhubekayo yokubuyiselwa.

Ulawulo oluzimeleyo kunye nokubonakala ngaphaya

Uphatho lwe-Robustt luvavanyo olunye olubalulekileyo kukhuseleko oluphathwe. Amaqumrhu afana ne- Privcy kunye nenkululeko ye-oventspreads Board (PCLOB) kwi-US kunye ne-UK’ i-Pigigatication Polisation Commissance ’ i-ofisi (IPCO) kufuneka ibe noovimba, ukuzimela, negunya lokucingela imisebenzi yobuchule. Ulwandiso lwezimvo zenkundla yeFISA kunye nokupapashwa kweengxelo zokubonakala kwazo zombini oorhulumente kunye neenkampani zabucala ziyimfuneko ekuphenduleni uluntu.

Iplani ebizwa ngokuba yiClaus kunye noMgaqo-siseko

Amandla exesha lengxaki akufunekanga ahlale ehleli. Imithetho enciphisa inkululeko yabemi kufuneka iquke amalungiselelo afuna ukuphinda kubhalwe kwakhona ngamaxesha athile. Le mikhosi inyanzela ifuna ukuhlolisisa rhoqo ukuba amanyathelo aseyimfuneko nalungelelaniswe, kunokuba iwavumele abe ziimeko ezisisigxina zelizwe elisemthethweni.

Ubuchule bokwalathisa obuyimfihlo (PET)

Ubuxhakaxhaka asilotshaba lwamathuba okuzimela; lusisisombululo esinokwenzeka. Oorhulumente kunye neenkampani kufuneka bamkele “Privigacy ngeNjongo ” imigaqo, isebenzisa izixhobo ezifana ne-eye-eyedwa, isokufunda, ikhusela izibalo ezininzi, kunye nokukhowuda okupheleyo. Ezi zixhobo zivumela uhlalutyo kunye nokuhlola ukhuseleko ngaphandle kokubhenca ugcino-lwazi lobuqu. I-EFFF ixhasa ngamandla ufihlolo olomeleleyo njengesakhiwo esisisiseko soluntu olukhululekileyo.

Ukomeleza Uluntu Lwasekuhlaleni

Imibutho efana ne-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), i-Electronic Foundation (EFF), ne-Amfishini International idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubekeni oorhulumente abanoxanduva ngeziphumo, ngobuchule boluntu, kunye nohlalutyo lwenkqubo. I-demokhrasi esempilweni ifuna uluntu olunenkqenkqele olunokucel ’ umngeni igunya lolawulo lweziko enkundleni nakumbono kawonke-wonke.

Umlinganiselo: Ukulungelelanisa okungunaphakade

Ukusukela ukhuseleko olugqibeleleyo kungakhokelela kubuzwilakhe obugqibeleleyo, ngexa ukubambelela ngokuqinileyo kwinkululeko epheleleyo kungashiya ibutho labantu lisengozini kwabo banqwenela ukutshabalalisa. Ulungelelwaniso phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko yabemi asiyongxaki yokuconjululwa, kodwa uxinezeleko olumele lulawuleke. Kufuna ukuhlala luphaphile, ubumi obunempumelelo, ulawulo oluqinileyo, kunye nozibopho oluqinileyo kumaxabiso okhuseleko lwedemokhrasi acetyiswa ukukhusela. I-hemplatel iya kupheza, kodwa ixhaswe nguwonke wonke, uxhaswe ngamaziko anamandla nomatshini wokushicilela okhululekileyo, inokuba iqinisekile ukuba ingaze ilahleke kangangokuba inkululeko iphele ngokupheleleyo. Impilo yedemokhrasi ilinganiswe ngokukhuselekileyo, kodwa ngokwamalungelo akhuselwa kukhuseleko lwabemi bayo.