Ulwalamano phakathi kwamalungelo abantu kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olufuna ukuphendula ityala lwenziwa lumanyano lwebutho elinobudemokhrasi, ukanti lulwalamano olusoloko luvavanywa ngokukhuphisana ngezicelo zokhuseleko nenkululeko. Lonke umsebenzi womthetho, inkundla nganye eqhubeka, kunye nayiphi na iinguqu zemithetho zinokukwazi ukuxhasa okanye ukuphelisa inkululeko esisiseko echaza ubumi. Ukuqonda indlela ezi ntsika zimbini ezidibana ngayo `na/ukungqubana kwazo , kwaye apho zingqubana khona ngabahlali-mthetho, kunye naye nabani na ozibophelele kwinkqubo esesikweni esesikweni. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ingxabano, ingxabano engokwembali, kunye namaqhinga aluncedo abumba ulungelelaniso phakathi kokukhusela amalungelo abantu ngabanye nokuqinisekisa ukuba abo baphula umthetho bajongene tyala.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Asekuhlaleni

Amalungelo oluntu akayonjongo nje engekho semthethweni; aziziqinisekiso ezinyanzelekileyo eziqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu unokuba nenxaxheba ngokulinganayo kwibutho labantu ngaphandle kocalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, unqulo, ubufana, ukukhubazeka, okanye ezinye iimpawu. Ezi zinto ziquka inkululeko yokuthetha, ilungelo elifanelekileyo, ilungelo lokuba wedwa, kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho. UMthetho we-145th Amendment’s Device Classiale, umzekelo, uye waba sisiseko sezigqibo eziphawulekayo ezithi thabazileyo nezithi zijonge ukulingana. Ngaphandle kwala malungelo omtshato, amaqela ajongelwa phantsi komthetho ebengayi kuba naziphithi-zixhobo zokuvavanyanisa okungekho sikweni.

Ilungelo ngalinye elingqalileyo lithwala eyalo imbali kunye nobungakanani. Ilungelo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, elikhuselwe yiSihlaziyo Sokuqala, linwebeke kungekuphela nje kumazwi athethwayo kodwa kwakhona kumazwi okomfuziselo, ukuqhayisa kwezobupolitika, kunye nonxibelelwano lwamanani. Inkqubo elindelekileyo iqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu unokuhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla engenayo imigaqo esesikweni : okuquka isaziso, ukuva, kunye nomgwebi ongenamkhethe. Ukukhusela okungabekwanga semthethweni, nangona kungadweliswanga ngokucacileyo kuMgaqo-siseko, kuye kwakhuselwa ngokukhuselwa ngokungekho ngqiqweqweni nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni nangezimeko ezifana [[FTLT:0].[FLT].

La malungelo akaphelelanga. Anokuba nako ukulinganiselwa xa kukho inzala karhulumente enyanzelisayo, umzekelo, imiqathango yokuthetha ekhuthaza ugonyamelo okanye ebangela ingozi ecacileyo nekhoyo. Sekunjalo, nawaphi na amadangali kufuneka alungiswe kwaye alandelwe kwiindlela ezincinci ezingqongqo. Ukuchazwa okugqwethekileyo kwamalungelo abantu ngeenkundla kubonisa ukuxoxisana okuqhubekayo kwebutho labantu phakathi kwenkululeko yabantu kunye nokhuseleko olumanyeneyo. Ukukhangela ngokunzulu kwimibhalo yesiseko, uVimba-Manyuwa-mali unika uVimba olupheleleyo lwamalungelo , oluhlala lukho ngqalelo lwalo lwalo lwalo naluphi na ulwahluzo lwenkululeko lwasekuhlaleni lwaseMelika.

Indima Yokuziphendulela Kwezaphuli - mthetho

Ukuziphendulela kwetyala liyindlela ibutho lolwaphulo-mthetho elibeka ngayo ityala labantu ngehambo enzakalisa abanye okanye engqubanayo nemithetho. Iinjongo zalo zidlulela ngapha nangapha kwesohlwayo: ukuphendula kunceda ukuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho lwexesha elizayo, ukukhusela uluntu ngokuvala isidima sabenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho abayingozi, ukubuyisela abo banokuguqulwa, nokubuyisela amaxhoba. Inkqubo yokugweba yezobulungisa iguqulela ezi njongo kwiinkqubo ze-"ihecrectalton, ukuvalelwa, ukugwetywa, ukugwetywa, nokulungiswa. Noko ke, ukusukela ukuphenduliswa kusenokuba ngaphaya komthetho, kukhokelela kwimigaqo ebangela ukusohlwaywa kobulungisa obuqhelekileyo kwaye echaphazela ngokungenalusiko.

Iintsika eziqhelekileyo zokuziphendulela ziquka ukunqanda (ezibini eziqhelekileyo nezingqalileyo), ukuchaphazeleka (njengokuvalelwa entolongweni okanye ukugadwa ngombane), ukubuyiselwa kwakhona (ngemfundo, unyango, kunye nokuqeqeshwa emsebenzini), kunye nempindezelo (isohlwayo esikhoyo), kunye nokugxininisa ukubuyiselwa kobulungisa, apho abaphuli-mthetho balungisa intelekelelo ngqo kumaxhoba kunye nabantu abahlala kunye nabantu. Kodwa ukuxhomekeka kwenkqubo ekuboshweni kubangele ukugxekwa ngokuqatha. I-United States inesantya esiphezulu sokuvalelwa kwalo naliphi na ilizwe eliphucukileyo, elinoluntu abaphantselwe zizigidi ezibini emva kwemivalo. Imithetho encinane, emithathu yemiqatha, kunye nemfazwe yeziyobisi iqulethe abantu basento eninzi ngaphandle kobungqina obucacileyo bokukhuseleka kawonke.

Ukuziphendulela kufuneka kusetyenziswe ngokungaguqukiyo kuwo onke amanqanaba ebutho labantu. Xa izityebi okanye abantu abanamandla bephepha iziphumo . Ngokufaka isibongozo, okanye ngokungenaso sohlwayo esithe ngqo, ukuthemba uluntu kwinkqubo kuyatshangalala. Ngokuchasene, xa urhulumente exhathisa imigudu yakhe yokumangalela, isenokuphula amalungelo asekuhlaleni afanele ukukhusela. Umgaqo wokulungelelanisa okanye ukunyanzelisa. Umgaqo wesohlwayo kufuneka ufanele ufanele ufanele ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nomntu owenzekileyo.

Ukudibana Kwamalungelo Abemi Nolwaphulo - mthetho

Ukudibana kwamalungelo abantu kunye nokubekwa kwetyala kolwaphulo-mthetho ngummandla apho inkululeko nokhuseleko ludibana khona . kwaye zisoloko zingqubana. Zombini ezi zinto ziyimfuneko kwidemokhrasi esebenzayo, kodwa umlinganiselo othatyathwayo ukuze kunyuswe ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke unomngcipheko wokuphazamisana nenkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Olu xinezeleko alululo lutsha; luye lwabumba imigaqo ye-avalprudenti yomthetho ukususela ekusungulweni kwayo. Kodwa kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ulungelelaniso luye lwatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo ukuxhasa umthetho, ingakumbi emva kowandiselwa kwe-9/11 kwaye ebudeni bomsebenzi wemfazwe yeziyobisi.

Imizekelo Yengxabano

Imizekelo emininzi ephindaphindwayo ibonisa indlela ukuphenduliswa kwetyala kolwaphulo - mthetho okunokusongela ngayo amalungelo abantu:

  • Iinkqubo zobuphengululi - uphando lweMisa, kuquka ukuqokelelwa okukhulu kweminxeba yeminxeba kunye nokungasetyenziswa kweminxeba, kwagunyaziswa phantsi koMthetho we USA PATRIOTT. Nangona kwakujoliswe ukuthintela ubugrogrisi, iinkqubo ezinjalo zilulaza ukuvalela uphengululo lweSine loMthethweno-Mthethweno-Msebenzi we-USA Freedom, zizama ukubuyisela iingqikelelo kodwa zishiyeke zikhuphiswane.
  • Isigwebo esincinci sobuGcisa--le mithetho ifuna ukuba abagwebi banyanzelise amatyala athile asentolongweni asisigxina, basuse ityala lejaji. Ngokungathethekiyo bachaphazela abamangalelwa abaMnyama nababhilangeneyo baseSpaniya, nto leyo ekhokelela kwizahluka-shiyano zobuhlanga ekuvalweni. IKhomishini ye-S.I-ASCIIIIIII ibhale ingxelo ngokuphindaphindiweyo yokuba abantu abamnyama bafumana izigwebo ezingamashumi amabini% kunabembeba kumacala afanayo.
  • Ukumisa-ne-frisk iinkqubo – kwizixeko ezinjengeNew York, amapolisa asebenzisa ukumisa kunye ne-frisk ukukhangela izigidi zabantu, inkoliso yabafana abanombala. Iinkundla zafumana inkqubo engavumelaniyo nemithetho kuba yayixhomekeke kwi-univerdifications kwaye yaphula imfuneko yeSine Somphetho wokukrokreleka kwabantu ngabanye.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukufumana ingeniso – izigqibo zomthetho zokunyanzelisa ukuqhutywa kohlanga kunokuba ukuziphatha kungangqubani nokhuseleko olulinganayo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba abaqhubi abantsundu badla ngokutsalwa, bahlolwe, babanjwa kunabaqhubi abamhlophe, kwanaxa belawula indlela abaqhuba ngayo.

Ezi mfazwe azizizo nje kodwa ziimpawu zenkqubo ezisoloko zixabisa ukuphumelela kwamalungelo. Ucelomngeni kukuyila amanyathelo okuziphendulela asebenzayo ngaphandle kokucinezela. umsebenzi we-ACLU kwi-mfihlo kunye nolawulo unika uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lwendlela iindlela zokhuseleko zale mihla ezinokuthi zingene ngayo kwinkululeko yamakhaya.

Iimbambano Zembali Nohlolisiso Lwetyala

IQumrhu Lamalungelo Abemi

I-Civil Rights Movement of the 1950 ne 1960 inika isibona-kubona esinamandla okubona uxinezeleko phakathi kolwaphulo-mthetho namalungelo abantu. AmaMelika aseAfrika ayegwetyelwa ukunqatshelwa ukuphatha okulinganayo phantsi komthetho, kodwa xa agxekayo . Ngokukhululeka, uhambo oluphezulu, kwaye abanjwa ngenxa yokumeneza, ukuphazamisa uxolo, okanye ukwaphula imithetho esesikweni. Kumazwe amaninzi asemazantsi, umthetho wawusetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokucinezela ukuchasana nomthetho. I- “Bull” Connor eBirming, eyayinegunyaza amapolisa ukusebenzisa imibhobhozo kunye nezinja ezilwayo eziluxolo, izenzo ezazikho ngokomthetho phantsi kwemithetho yasekuhlaleni kodwa ezingokokuziphatha.

Amatyala angundoqo enkundla ngexesha elililo achaza kwakhona imida yamandla amapolisa. [[FLT: 0] Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabetha izikolo ezohlukeneyo kodwa ezilinganayo, kodwa ukunyanzelisa okufunekayo iminyaka yongenelo lwamaqumrhu. ISivumelo samalungelo [[FLT:] kunye noMthetho [[FLT:] wamaLungelo] oMkhosi [[FLT] [FLT] olinganayo] waphumelela, kodwa awuzange uphelise ubundlobontshongo bamapolisa okanye ubuhlanga. Umbutho ngokwawo ubalase okokuba asebenza ngezonothotho lwezonomo-otho, kufuneka uphumele ngaphandle kolawulo lwe-othopolitiki, kunye nolawulo luka-Martinbergin. UKumkani umbhali we-Ernerton umbhali-mthetho oqhelekileyo, apho umele uthethelelo lomthetho oluqhelekileyo, umele usebenze khona.

Imfazwe Yokusebenzisa Iziyobisi Nokuxinana Kwabantu

UMongameli Nixon wavakaliswa nguMongameli uNixon ngo-1971 kwaye wakhula nguMongameli Reagan ngoo 1980, imfazwe yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi yaguqula inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho lwaseMerika. Izigwebo ezikrakrayo zetyala leziyobisi . Qhakathisela ubuncinane obufunekayo bokuphatha icocaine () kwaye zabangela ulwando oluphawulekayo kubemi basentolongweni. Impembelelo yobuhlanga yaba mandundu: nangona imilinganiselo efanayo yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kwiintlanganiso zobuhlanga, amaBladabi abanjwa aza avalelwa kwaye abanjwa kwimigangatho ephezulu kakhulu. I-100-to1 ukuqhekekana phakathi kwecrack ne-cocaine, kamva yancitshiswa ukuya ku-18-1 ngoMthetho we-Faill Senestifing Act ka-2010, ibonisa indlela ikhethe lobuhlanga elaziswe ngayo kumthetho.

Imfazwe yamapolisa eMichiza yandisa amapolisa ngokuwabeka phantsi intengo yempahla yasekuhlaleni, kungekho mvume, kunye nomthetho onamandla kwimimandla efumana imali ephantsi. Ezi ndlela zokwenzakalisa ukuthembana phakathi koluntu kunye nokugcinwa komthetho. Ukuhambelana kotshintsho kuphucukile kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kunye nokulawula ukuhlaziywa komjuxuzo, ukunciphisa izigwebo, kunye nokucima iingxelo zemali. Kodwa amafa okuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi aseleyo: i-United States inabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezi-2, 3 kwintolongo, inani elingenakulinganiswa namanani abantu abangabantu abanombala. Ukutyhala kwemithetho ehlahlela utshintsho, kuquka nomthetho wokuqala weSiteko 2018, kumela ukuzama ukubuyisela ulungelelwano, kodwa umsebenzi omninzi.

Imisebenzi yokulungelelanisa amalungelo nokuphendula

Ukufumana uxhathiso oluzinzileyo kufuneka indlela ephindiweyo engancami ukhuseleko lwenkululeko okanye oluchaseneyo. Ezi ndlela zilandelayo zibonise isithembiso kwiinkqubo zehlabathi lokwenene:

  • i-community policy - Lo mzekelo ugxininisa ulwalamano lokwakha phakathi kwamagosa kunye nabemi, unciphisa imbono yethu epheleleyo. Amapolisa aba ngabanciphisi bengxaki kunokuba athabathe imikhosi. Iinkqubo ezifana nemigudu yeSebe lamaPolisa laseCamden County iye yakhokelela ekunciphiseni ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nezikhalazo ezimbalwa zehambo evakalala.
  • [[NTLA] Umahluko kunye noxanduva lwemilinganiselo – iikhamera zomzimba-okanye iibhodi zolawulo lwasekuhlaleni, kunye nengxelo enyanzelekileyo yokusetyenziswa kweziganeko zomkhosi yenza ukuphendula ngaphandle kokuthembela kwimicimbi yangaphakathi. Ugcino-lwazi-lungachonga imilinganiselo yekhethe okanye amandla agqithisileyo phambi kokuba zikhule.
  • [ Isigwebo sokuphumla [Esikhundleni sempendulo yesohlwayo, ukubuyiselwa kobulungisa kuzisa amaxhoba, izaphuli-mthetho, kunye namalungu oluntu ukulungisa umonakalo. Le ndlela iye yaphumelela kwiinkundla zabantwana nakulwaphulo-mthetho oluphantsi, inciphisa ukuncitshiswa koluvo kunye nolwaneliseko phakathi kwamaxhoba.
  • utshintsho olugunyaziswayo – ukuphelisa ubuncinane obufunekayo, ukunciphisa ubude besigwebo kwityala elingenabundlobongela, kunye nokwandisa ezinye iindlela ezinokusetyenziswa kunokuvalelwa (njengeenkundla zeziyobisi kunye nokunganyanyezelwa kwengqondo) kunganciphisa inani lentolongo ngoxa kugcinwa ukuphendula.
  • [[NTLA: 0] Imfundo yamalungelo omthetho - Uqeqesho olugxininisa umthetho womgaqo-siseko, ukukhutshwa komgaqo-siseko, kunye nokucalucalulwa okucacileyo kungathintela ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke. Ezinye izikolo zamapolisa ngoku ziquka uqeqesho olusekelwe kwimo yemoyeni olufanisa amava ehlabathi lokwenene.

Akukho nanye kwezi ndlela zodwa eyaneleyo. Kufuneka basebenze kunye phakathi kwesakhiwo esibanzi esixabisa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kunye nenkululeko yabemi. Ama-odolome kunye noomasipala abaye basebenzisa utshintsho olubanzi .Njengokuba benciphisa ibheyile yemali eNew Jersey okanye bephanda ngokuzimeleyo ukudubula kwamapolisa, --imodeli ezifanele ukufundwa.

Imfundo nomanyano

Ibutho eliwaqonda kakuhle amalungelo nembopheleleko yalo lixhotyiswe bhetele ukunyanzela ukuba liphendulelwe xa loo malungelo esongelwa. Imfundo idlala indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo. Imfundo yamaqumrhu alawulayo egquma iBhili yamaLungelo, isakhiwo senkqubo yokulawula ityala, kwaye imbali yokulwa namalungelo asekuhlaleni inika abafundi amandla okuba abemi abanolwazi. Iinkqubo ezifana ne- Constigational Rights Foundation[ inikela iimvavanyo zenkohliso kunye nezifundo ezibandakanyayo ezibonisa ukufaneleka okusemthethweni, inika abantu abaselula amava ezandla ekulinganiseleni amalungelo nokuphendula.

Ngaphandle kwamagumbi okufundela, amanyathelo okubophelela abantu akhuthaza ukuba abantu babe nenxaxheba kwizigqibo zobupolisa. Iiholo zedolophana, iibhodi zokuhlola abantu, kunye noqingqo-mali oludityanisiweyo luvumela abemi ukuba bayile inkqubo. Iintlangano ezinjengeNaACP Legal Defense Fund ne-Iprojekthi ye-Innocence zinika amathuba okuthatha inyathelo elingqalileyo kunye nenkxaso esemthethweni. Xa abemi beqonda indlela imithetho echaphazela ngayo ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla, kwaye benokuthi bakhuthaze ngayo utshintsho, banokuba luvavanyo olunamandla kurhulumente okhohlaselelekileyo.

Ukubhala kwamanani kukwabalulekile. Kwixesha lokuhlola nokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi, ukwazi amalungelo akho ngokuphathelele ukuzimela, ukuphengulula, kunye nobungqina bamanani kubalulekile. Izikolo kunye nezinto ezingeyongeniso zinika iziphakamiso “ekwazini amalungelo enu” xa nisebenzisana namapolisa, into enokuthintela ukungqubana nokuphehlwa okungekho mthethweni. Imfundo ayithathi indawo yotshintsho lwesakhiwo, kodwa yenza ukuba kufuneke ukuba kugcinwe ukhetho olunolwazi oluzinzileyo ukuze kuxhaswe oko.

Isiphelo

Ulungelelwano phakathi kwamalungelo abantu kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho asiyonto isiphelo esimileyo kodwa yinkqubo eqhubekayo yengxoxo kunye notshintsho. Imbali ibonisa ukuba xa ukuguquguquka kwendlela ejika-jikayo kufutshane nokhuseleko loluntu kusemngciphekweni; xa kujikela kude kumalungelo abantu ngaphandle kokuphendula kokhuseleko olufanelekileyo, ukhuseleko lukawonke wonke lungaphela. Undoqo kukuyila inkqubo ehlonela isidima sikamntu ngamnye ngoxa eqinisekisa ukuba abo babangela umonakalo babekwe imbopheleleko kumgangatho ofanelekileyo nolungeleleneyo. Oku kufuna ukuphaphakamiso kubemi, ingqibelelo kumagosa, kunye nokuzinikela kokusesikweni okungaphaya kwemijikelezo yezobupolitika. Ngokubandakanye nezi zifundo, ukubhalisa intloko, kunye nokuvocalula okufundiswayo, kwaye uvoteko olunolwaziyo lunganikela kwibutho apho inkululeko kunye nolungelelwano olungekho lungelelwano lwezo.