Ukwazisa: Isiseko sikarhulumente Olungeleleneyo

Urhulumente ngamnye, ngokwendlela yakhe, usebenzisa igunya elikhulu ($hovisi, ukunyanzelisa umthetho, amandla emikhosi, namalungelo abantu bawo asisiseko. Eli gunya libalulekile ekulondolozeni ucwangco, ekunikezeleni izinto zikawonke-wonke, nasekukhuseleni ukhuseleko lwesizwe. Kodwa elo gunya linye, ukuba alihoywa, ukuba liba sisixhobo sokucinezela, ukonakala, okanye ukuzilawula. Ucelomngeni olungundoqo lwemithetho-siseko lukukuqinisa ulawulo ngokufanelekileyo ukuze usebenze kakuhle ngoxa ukwakhiwa kwelizwe lisebenza ngokunempumelelo, lisenza ukhuseleko olunamandla ekuxhaseni elo gunya. Kodwa kumele kusetyenziswe iMagna Carta nge1215 ukuya ku-U.S. umGaqo-siseko wewaka wewaka wewaka, okanye abantu baye bazama ukuzama izakhiwo ezilungiselelwe ukuchitha izithuba kunye nokulawula igunya, ukuhlola nokuzimela, ukulingana kwemali, ukuvuleka kwe-judia, kunye nokuvula iinkqubo zorhulumente ezintsha kodwa basebenzisa ubuchule bokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezisetyenziswa nakusetyenziswa kwezo.

Ukuqonda Amandla Karhulumente

Ukuqonda indlela amandla alungelelanisiweyo ngayo, umntu kufuneka kuqala aqonde oko kukuthi liyintoni ngokwenene igunya likarhulumente. Ngengqiqo ebanzi, igunya likarhulumente lingumsebenzi osemthethweni wokwenza nokunyanzelisa izigqibo ezinyanzelisayo kumhlaba kunye nabemi. Izakhono zezobupolitika njengoThomas Hobbes noJohn Lockes zalibeka eli gunya kulawulo umnqophiso woluntu [[[FLT]] [[FLT]] [1] ingcamango yokuba abemi bayavuma ukulawulwa ngenxa yokukhuselwana nokukhuselwana nokulungelelana kweqela elinye; ulawulo oluphithiweyo oluzinzileyo. Xa eso sivumelwano sophulwa ngobuchule okanye ulawulo olungalawulekiyo, ukulingana kolawulo oluphantsi kolawulo oluphezulu, i-drocketles, i-aced , i-acedrou, i-aced proces.[2] kwaye i-A.[3] Ii-omstiki yemithetho ekhoyo, ezithenwayo, i-ogcunt, i-ogcunt, i-

Ukwahlukana Kwamandla

Esona sakhiwo sihlala sisesona sitsha sokwahlula igunya likarhulumente kukwahlula amagunya, kuchazwe ngokudumileyo yintanda-bulumko yaseFrentshi uMontesquieu kumsebenzi wakhe wonyaka wewaka elingu1748. Umoya woMthetho [. UMgaqo-siseko wasetyenziswa yi-Montesquieu waphikisa ukuba ukunikela ulawulo, ulawulo lwempatho, kunye nemisebenzi yokugweba kwizandla ezifanayo ikhuthaza ubuzwilakhe. Ukunqanda oku, wacebisa ukuba umsebenzi ngamnye wabelwe kwisebe elahlukileyo, elizimeleyo. Lo mgaqo wafakwa kwiU. uMgaqo-siseko kwaye kamva wamkelwa zezinye iidemo zolawulo eziphambili ezikhoyo ehlabathini lonke. Ingciso ingciso ilula, akukho sebe elinye lingalawulayo. Isebe ngalinye linikwe ngokungenamdlalo lomthetho wolawulo lwegunya, kodwa lixhomekeke kwezinye iinjongo ezibizwa ngokuba nguJames: [Foten.""" i-ftiotemplity .[3]

Amasebe Amathathu Neendima Zawo

  • Isebe eliphumezayo: Limangalelwe ngokumisa imithetho, ukuqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe, nokuyalela imikhosi exhobileyo. Kwinkqubo yomongameli, umphathi onegunya uzimele kwindlu yowiso-mthetho; kwiinkqubo zepalamente, umphathi onegunya ukhutshelwa ukusuka kwaye uphendule kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Amandla omphathi-mthetho okuthatha inyathelo ngokukhawuleza kwaye alungelelaniswe ngokuyimfuneko yokuba asebenze kwimida yemithetho-siseko.
  • [[NTLA:0] Isebe elinomthetho: Imbopheleleko yokwenza imithetho, uqingqo-mali, kunye nokuvelela umphathi ophetheyo. Imithetho inika iprojekthi yokulungiselela iinjongo ezahlukeneyo ukuze kuviwe kwaye imigaqo kawonke-wonke ixakekise. Amandla ayo okutshintsha izithuba ajongwa ngomphathi ophetheyo nojongisiso lwezomthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iluncedo kwaye isekelwe kwisiseko somthetho.
  • [[NTLT:0] Isebe le-Judicial: itolika imithetho kwaye isombulula iimpikiswano. Ijaji ezimeleyo ixhasa umthetho ngokuqinisekisa ukuba abemi namagosa karhulumente baphantsi kwemigangatho esemthethweni. Iinkundla zingayiphelisa imithetho engqubana nomgaqo-siseko, inika ukhuseleko oluchaphazelekayo nxamnye nomthetho-mthetho okanye nomphathi ochuku.

Esi sakhiwo se-trartite silungelelaniswe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ngamazwe ahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, uBukhosi obumanyeneyo abunakwahlulwa okusesikweni kwamandla kwimodeli yase-U.S., ukanti umgaqo-siseko wabo ongabhalwanga kunye nejaji elizimeleyo linika imiqathango enenjongo. Ukujonga ngeenkcukacha indlela ulwahlulo lwamagunya lusebenza ngayo eUnited States, bona umphathi woburhulumente [[FLT: 0]] Isikhokelo sendlu yeWhite House kumasebe amathathu .]

Iipeksi Nolungelelwano

Ukwahlula amagunya ngokwawo akwanele; isebe ngalinye kufuneka libe nendlela yokuxhathisa ukungenelela kwabanye. Le nkqubo yokuvelela nokuzibamba yaziwa njengeecheki kunye nolungelelwaniso. Idala amandla aqhubekayo engxoxo kunye nokulalanisa, inyanzelisa amasebe ukuba asebenzisane ngeli lixa ethintela nabani na wawo ekufumaneni igunya elingathintelwanga. Iindlela kunye nolungelelwano zakhiwe kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla karhulumente .

Umatshini wokukhangela ongundoqo kunye nokwenza umatshini wombane

  • I-Exective Veto: Umongameli okanye umphathi-mikhosi angala ukutyikitya ityala elidluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho, alithumele emva ukuze liphinde liphinde licingisiswe. Oku kunika umphathi omkhulu welizwi ekwenzeni umthetho kodwa angangena-pane (ngokufuthi ngesithathu esiphezulu esibini), ukulondoloza igunya elipheleleyo lesebe lewisomthetho.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ulawulo oluphezulu olunobungangamsha: Ikhompathiswa ingaphanda izenzo zolawulo, iqinisekise okanye ingalwamkeli amadinga, ivunywe okanye ishenxise amagosa ngenxa yehambo engafanelekanga. La mandla awathathi nje nxaxheba; abumba ukuziphatha kwegunya ngokudala iziphumo zokwenene zokuxhatshazwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Impinda yeJodicial: IiNkundla zingabetha imithetho okanye imiyalelo yesebe eliphetheyo eyophula umthetho. Uphawu 1803 U.S. Ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo . Marbury v. Madison wamisela lomgaqo, echaza ukuba "kugxininiswe kwiphondo kunye nomsebenzi wesebe lejaji ukuchaza oko umthetho." Ukususela ngoko, uhlolo lwetyala luye lwanwela kwimimandla emininzi yedemocrali. Funda okuninzi [[FLT:]]/MBhoverbry v.[FLT]
  • [[UMTL:0] Isivumelwano kunye neNgqiniseko: kwiinkqubo ezininzi, umphathi olawulayo ubeka iijaji, amalungu ekhabhinethi, namanye amagosa aphezulu, kodwa kufuneka aqinisekiswe. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba amadinga aphantsi kohlalutyo nocoselelo lukawonke-wonke.

Ezi nkqubo azifezekanga. Ukubekwa komgangatho othe tyaba kungayitshintsha inkqubo, kwaye izenzo zolawulo kumgaqo wamanye amazwe nokhuseleko lwesizwe zisoloko zijongana novavanyo oluncinci. Noko ke, ubuchule obungundoqo bokuhlola nokulinganisela buye bangqinelana nokumelana, ukunika isakhiwo apho amandla asoloko evavanywa kwaye elungelelaniswe.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuwonke - wonke

Akukho nkqubo yokuhlola urhulumente enokuthi iphumelele ngaphandle kokuthenjiswa nokunikwa ulwazi ngabemi. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kuwonke-wonke kusisixhobo sesithathu esikhulu ekuxhatshazweni korhulumente, kuba iqinisekisa ukuba abo banegunya banokuphendula ngqo ebantwini. Xa abemi bevota, bengena kwiiholo zedolophu, bedibanisa amaqela olawulo, okanye benenxaxheba ekuvuselelweni nguwonke-wonke, bafaka iimfuno zabo namaxabiso kwinkqubo yokwenza izigqibo. Oku akuphuculi kuphela inkqubo kodwa kwakha ukuthembana ngokwentlalo, kwanenza ukuba amagosa asebenzele ekuthini angabi natyala.

Iindlela Zokwenza Ubungqina Obunenjongo

  • Unyulo: Ngokuthe rhoqo, ngokukhululekileyo, kunye nokhetho olufanelekileyo luyeyona ngqikelelo ibalulekileyo kumandla. Zivumela abemi ukuba bathathe indawo yeenkokeli eziye zaphelelwa yithemba labo nokuphawula indlela abafuna urhulumente ayithabathe. Ukujika okukhethiweyo, nokungaphindi kwe-germander kubalulekileyo ekwenzeni unyulo lube nempumelelo.
  • Amatyala ePublic: Oorhulumente abaninzi ngoku babamba ukuvakala, bakhupha iinkqubo zemposiso zogqabazi, kwaye balungelelanisa iindibano zabemi kwimibandela ebalulekileyo. Ezi nkqubo zinika abantu ilizwi elingqalileyo ekulungiseni imimiselo nemithetho, ingakumbi kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni enjengendawo, inkqubo yemekobume, kunye noqingqo-mali.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuququzelela kunye noluntu: amaphephandaba azimeleyo, amaqela ajongileyo, amaqumrhu asebenzayo, namaqonga e-intanethi andisa inkxalabo kawonke-wonke kunye nokubhenca ububi. Uluntu olunenzondelelo lusebenza njengenkqubo elumkisayo kwangoko, lulumkisa abemi ukuba baxhatshazwe ngaphambi kokuba bakhule.
  • Ukuthatha Inxaxheba okungagqibekanga: Izixhobo zophando ezinceda kwi-intanethi ukucela, ukuvula kogcino-lwazi, kunye neeholo zedolophana ezizizo. Ngoxa ungeno lwamanani lungandisa ukufumaneka, lukwanyusa inkxalabo malunga nemfihlo yogcino-lwazi kunye nenkcazelo ephosakeleyo, ifuna ukuzilawula ngocoselelo.

Kuhlalutyo olunzulu lwendlela idemokhrasi yokwabelana ngeendawo eqinisa ngayo ukuphendula, iZiko leZizwe Ngezizwe leDemocracy kunye ne-Electoral Uncedo (I-IDEA) lipapasha iingxelo zonyaka kwizalathiso zoburhulumente ezibonisa ukuganana kwabemi ehlabathini lonke. Isitshixo sikukuba izikhuseli ezisebenza kakuhle xa abantu benikela ingqalelo.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo esisemthethweni

Umthetho ophantsi kovavanyo nolungelelwano lumthetho ophezulu, kwaye umgaqo wokuba akukho namnye, kuquka namagosa aphezulu, ongaphezulu komthetho. Umiselo oluqinileyo lomthetho olumisela imida ecacileyo yomsebenzi karhulumente, lunika iinkqubo zokulungisa xa loo mida inqamlezekile, kwaye luqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isetyenziswa ngokungaguqukiyo. UmGaqo-siseko ngawona maxwebhu aphezulu asemthethweni kumazwe amaninzi, achaza amalungelo akhuselweyo kwaye akhulula amagunya esebe ngalinye. Ngaphandle komgaqo-siseko, imimiselo yolawulo, kunye nezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe zidala ulwando olungaphezulu lomthetho.

Imigaqo Esisiseko Yomthetho

  • Izenzo zoMthetho: zonke izenzo zikarhulumente kufuneka zibekwe kumthetho obekwe ngaphambili, owaziwayo ekuhleni. Oku kuthintela umthetho ozizo buqu kwaye kuvumela abemi ukuba baxele kwangaphambili indlela iza kuziphatha ngayo imo. Umphengululi ongokwasemthethweni Tom Bingham wachaza isibhozo se-principles, kuquka ufikelelo, ukungadibanisi, kunye nokubekelwa komthetho okusesikweni.
  • Inkqubo ye- Ilindelekile: Abantu ngabanye banelungelo lokuphawula ngokusesikweni nokuva phambi kokuba urhulumente abahluthe ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Inkqubo elindelekileyo yindlela yokuhlola esetyenziswayo ethintela isohlwayo esikhawulezileyo, esifihlakeleyo kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba ummangalelwa angazikhusela.
  • Imithetho kufuneka isebenze ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba imeko, ubutyebi, okanye imvelaphi. Lo mgaqo uyalela ukunyanzeliswa kolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye ufuna urhulumente athethelele naluphi na unyango.
  • Inkundla ezizimeleyo: kufuneka ikhululwe kuxinzelelo lwegunya okanye lomthetho. Uzimele-mthetho lukhuselwa bubomi (okanye amagama abekwe ixesha elide), ukhuseleko lomvuzo, nokukhutshwa ekususweni kwezobupolitika. Xa ijaji ilalaniswa, inkqubo yokuhlola iqala ukungaphumeleli.

ISibhengezo soMhlaba samaLungelo abantu, esamkelwa yiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngo-1948, sisebenze njengesilingo sokwakhiwa kwamalungelo asemthethweni ehlabathini lonke. Ungafunda umbhalo opheleleyo kwiphepha elisemthethweni . Amazwe afake le migaqo kumthetho wasekhaya, njengakumalungelo omgaqo-siseko okanye kumalungelo abantu, akhuseleke ngakumbi nxamnye ne-ejaji.

Ukucaca kwengxelo nokuphendula

Kwanemithetho ecwangcisiweyo engcono ayinamsebenzi ukuba uwonke-wonke awuboni ukuba isetyenziswa njani. Ukubonakala gca kukukhanya okudiza: xa izigqibo zikarhulumente, ukuchitha, kunye ne-data yomsebenzi zivulekile ukuvavanywa, amagosa angonwabi kakhulu ukuba angenele ubuqhophololo okanye asebenze ngokwakhe. Ukuziphendulela kuhambisana nokubonakala ngokucacileyo. Kuthetha ukuba kukho iziphumo zokwenene zokungahambi kakuhle, nokuba ngophicotho, ukungxengxeza kolwaphulo-mthetho, ukurhoxiswa, okanye ukoyiswa komkhethelo.

Izixhobo Zokudlulisela Ecace Gqitha

  • Inkululeko yolwazi Imithetho (FOI): Le mithetho inika abemi ilungelo lokucela nokufumana amaxwebhu karhulumente, ngaphandle kokhuseleko okanye ukhuseleko lwelizwe okanye lwemfihlo. Amazwe afana neSweden aye anemithetho yeFOI ukususela kwinkulungwane ye-18; i-U.S. iwise umthetho wenkululeko yolwazi ngo19666. Imithetho ye-FAI inika abemi beentatheli, abaphengululi, nabaxhasi bokutyhila ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, kunye nokuxhaphaza.
  • Oorhulumente abaninzi ngoku bapapasha uqingqo-mali, ii-octive, kunye neevoti zowiso-mthetho kwikhompyutha efundeka ngomatshini. Ii-portal zogcino-lwazi zivumela nabani na ukuba ahlolisise ukusebenza kukarhulumente. I-Open Government Prineship, iqumrhu lezizwe ngezizwe, inkqubela kule ndawo.
  • [[Uphicotho-zincwadi oluthe rhoqo kunye neengxelo: amaqumrhu ophicotho-zincwadi azimeleyo `````I-ofisi ye-Akhawunti' kaRhulumente)' (GAO) okanye i-Ofisi yoPhicotho-zincwadi yeSizwe e-UK/20] ngokucokisekileyo ihlolisisa iinkqubo zikarhulumente ukwenzela impumelelo kunye nokulawula. Iingxelo zazo zingokwawonke wonke, kwaye amasebe kufuneka aphendule kwiziphumo zawo.
  • Imithetho ekhusela iWistleer Protections: ekhusela abasebenzi abaxela ububi ekuphindeni bakhuthaza abangaphakathi ukuba baqhubeke nobungqina bokonakala okanye bokungakhathali. Ukhuseleko olunamandla luyinxalenye engundoqo yemekobume entle yokuziphendulela kwimekobume.

Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe efana ne Transparency International ipapasha isalathisi se- i-Corruption Percyptions , edwelisa amazwe asekelwe kwindlela owonakele ngayo amacandelo kawonke-wonke. Ii-entlobo ezinkulu zinxulumene kakhulu nokubona gca kwanenkqubo yokuphendula. Noko ke, namazwe anemithetho eqinileyo ajongene neengxaki ezintsha. Zinje nemali emnyama kwezobupolitika, ukwenza kwemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yesigqibo, kunye nokunganyaniseki okunqamlezileyo, nto leyo efuna utshintsho oluqhubekayo lokujongelwa.

Isiphelo

Ukulungelelanisa amandla angaphakathi korhulumente akuyonkqubo yoyilo lwexesha elinye okanye iseti yamalungiselelo asisigxina. Yinkqubo eqhubekayo, esebenzayo efuna ugcino nokuhlala uphaphazamiso. Ukwahlukana kwamandla kwenza isiseko sokwakha; uvavanyo kunye nezilinganiso ziqinisekisa ukuba isebe ngalinye lihlala ngaphakathi kwendlela yalo; ukuthatha inxaxheba kolawulo-lulawulo-lumelo; ukubekwa kwemithetho elawulayo ecwangcisiweyo; kwaye ukubekwa ngomthetho okucwangcisiweyo nokunyanzeliswa kwayo. Oku kuxhomekeke kokuzinzisa kwelinye icala kuxhomekeke kubuthathaka nokungaguquguquki komnye umntu, kuyakwazi ukunyuka kwenkululeko phakathi kwenkqubo yonke. Umzekelo, ukucinezelwa kwenkululeko (imbonakalo yokubonakala) kunokwenza kube lula ukubetha kwesebe, nto leyo eyenza ukuba kusebenze ngendlela elungeleyo. Ngokungafaniyo, xa zonke izinto ezikhoyo, zikhuthaza umjikelezo, kunye neenkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokuzinziswa kolawulo loburhulumente, yaye ngamanye amaxesha abenzi bendlela yokuzilungisa, ngamanye amatyala alungele ukusetyenziswa ngokusetyenziswa kakubi, manzinziwa ngokusetyenziswa kolwazi olulungeleneyo.