Ukusetyenziswa Kwenkqubo Yokusingqongileyo

Umthetho wokusingqongileyo umi njengesiseko solawulo lwangoku, olwenzelwe ukunciphisa izinto ezingentle zoshishino kunye nokukhusela ikomkhulu lendalo. Iinjongo zawo ezingundoqo zidlulela ngaphaya kokuthotyelwa; ziquka isiseko esibanzi sokuqinisekisa impilo kawonke-wonke, ingqibelelo yendalo, kunye nokulingana. Ngaphandle kolawulo olunamandla, intlekele yezo ziqhelekileyo `exabeneyo'.

Umthetho osebenzayo wemeko-bume uphumeza iinjongo ezininzi ezingundoqo ngexesha elinye:

  • Ukunciphisa ukuchanabeka kungcoliso oluyingozi, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa amanani okugula kokuphefumla, umhlaza, kunye neengxaki zokuphuhliswa. Intlangano yempilo yomhlaba wonke [ iqikelela ukuba ungcoliseko lomoya lulodwa lubangela izigidi zabantu abafa ngaphambi kwexesha ngonyaka, umthwalo obangelwa ngokungenakulinganiswa namazwe aphantsi naphakathi.
  • Ukulahleka kwezilwanyana nezityalo kuphazamisa ukufuduka komngubo, ukuhlanjululwa kwamanzi nokulawula imozulu.
  • Ukuphinda kusetyenziswe izinto ezinokuphinda zivuselelwe kuhlala kukwimida efunekayo. Ukuloba kakhulu, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nokukhutshwa kwamanzi acocekileyo kufuneka kumiselwe ulawulo ukuze kuthintelwe ukuwa kwesiseko sovimba.
  • Ukukhuthaza ukuphumelela kwezoqoqosho ngokudibanisa iindleko zobuqu neendleko zentlalo. Xa amashishini ehlawulela ungcoliso aludalayo, akhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemveliso ecocekileyo, nto leyo ekhuthaza ukuvela kwezinto ezintsha.

Ingxaki, noko, isekuyimiseleni le mithetho ukuze bafeze iinjongo zabo zokukhusela ngaphandle kokubeka indleko engenakulinganiswa kwimizi-mveliso ethile okanye kuluntu oluthile. Oku kungundo wokulinganisela.

IiCore Treaffs Ekwenzeni Inkqubo Yokusingqongileyo

Abenzi benkqubo basebenza ekudibaneni kwamaxabiso akhuphisanayo: ukwanda kunxulumene nokulondolozwa komgangatho, ukuthelekisa ubuchule, kunye nokuzilawula kwasekuhlaleni kunye nokusebenzisana kwehlabathi. Ukurhweba ngakunye kubandakanya abaphumeleleyo nabangaphumeleliyo, kwaye ubuchule bokwalathisa bukunciphisa ixabiso lenani labantu loluntu ngoxa kugxininisa inzuzo yemekobume.

Ukukhula Kwezoqoqosho Ngokuchasene Nomgangatho Wemekobume

Owona xinzelelo luzinzileyo kwinkqubo yemeko-bume lunxulumano olucingelwayo phakathi kwemveliso yezoqoqosho nemekobume. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi imithetho engqongqo inyanzelisa iindleko zokuthotyelwa, inciphisa ukhuphiswano, kwaye ingakhokelela ekulahlekelweni yimisebenzi qha kwicandelo elisetyenziswayo njengemigodi, ukwenziwa kwemveliso, kunye nemveliso yamandla. Umzekelo, uGcino-moya oluNcocileyo lweSinyuso soMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi we-Alenzelo woMkhosi woMkhosi we-1990 waveliswa ngabaxhasi bezoshishino ukubangela ukuwohloka okukhulu kwezoqoqosho.

Ngoko ke, ubungqina obungaguquguqukiyo bubonisa ukuba imithetho ecwangciswe kakuhle isoloko ivelisa iziphumo zezoqoqosho ezifanelekileyo. Uvavanyo lwephawu lwe- U.S. Ukhuseleko lwemekobume i-Arhente lufumanise ukuba iingenelo ze-Ceather Air Act eziphezulu ukusuka ngo-1990 ukuya ku-20202020 zexabiso elingaphezulu ngexabiso le-30 ukuya ku-1, ngenxa yokuphepha inkcitho yenkcitho yempilo kunye nemveliso ephezulu yomsebenzi. Ngaphezu koko, ummiselo ungabhenela: iPorter Hyposis icebisa ukuba imilinganiselo eqinileyo kodwa ethambileyo yokusebenza kwemekobume inqwelo-moya ezintsha ukuphuhlisa ukuphucula ubuchule nokuphucula ubuchule nokuvelisa iimarikes zemveliso eziluhlaza. Isitshixo kukuphepha ukuphepha ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho ephezulu yemithetho ephantsi yemithetho ephantsi evumela ukusetyenziswa kwiminxeba.

Kodwa ke, amaxabiso atshintshileyo asahlala ekho. Abantu abaxhomekeke kwimigodi yamalahle okanye kwimingxuma yelahlelo bajongana nokungahlali kakuhle kwezoqoqosho. Indlela elungeleleneyo yokuthomalalisa imigaqo-nkqubo kufuneka ngoko ke ithotywe kwemiqathango yokukhutshwa kwemali ngoncedo olunamandla oluneenkqubo zokuguqula izinto, ugcino-mali lwezibonelelo, kunye nenetha yokhuseleko loluntu .ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaxabiso enkqubela-mekobume akakhuselwanga ngokupheleleyo ngabasebenzi nemimandla ebuthathaka.

Ingeniso yexeshana elifutshane ngokuphikisana nozinzo lwexesha elide

Imijikelo yezobupolitika idla ngokubangela ukuba icinge kancinane. Amagosa ajongwe ngoxinzelelo lokuzisa iinzuzo zezoqoqosho ezibonakalayo ngexesha lawo, njengemizi-mveliso emitsha okanye imisebenzi yokukhupha oovimba. Kodwa umonakalo omninzi wemekobume uyanyuka kwaye uyacotha ukubonakalisa ($soyilelty, ukwanda kwe-asidi, ukulahleka kwezityalo. Ixabiso eliphantsi elisetyenziswayo kwingozi yexesha elizayo lingukhetho oluqhelekileyo; ukunciphisa imilinganiselo yexabiso lexesha elizayo kunika izizukulwana ezizayo ubunzima obungakumbi, ixhasa imithetho engqongqo namhlanje.

Umzekeliso oqhelekileyo ngulawulo lwentlanzi. Ukwanda kwengeniso emfutshane kukhokelela ekulobeni kakhulu, okuthi kwixesha elide kudilika izitokhwe kwaye kutshabalalise ushishino ngokwalo. Ukuwa kweBhanki Ezinkulu zokuloba i-Agrand Banks cody[ kwiNewfoundland ekuqaleni konyaka ka1990, ixabisa imali engaphezu kwama-30 000 yemisebenzi kwaye ifumana ngokucothayo phantsi kwemiqathango engqongqo. Ukuzinzisa ulawulo lokuvelisa imveliso, ngokusekelwe kwimida yemida, iindawo ezikhuselweyo, kunye nezakhiwo zexesha eliphakathi kwenqanawa ezikhuselayo, `inqanawa zibamba ngokukhawuleza kodwa zifumana izinto zokuziphilisa ezinde kunye nezonyango.

Kukwanjalo nakukhutshwa kwekharbon. Ukutshiswa kwelaphu lelahleko kungenisa iinkonzo zamandla akhawulezileyo, kodwa iziphumo zokuguquka kwemozulu zibangela iindleko ezinyukayo kumashumi eminyaka (ngokwandiswa kwemozulu embi, umgangatho wolwandle, nokuphazamiseka kwemeko-ntle yemo yelimi. Ubuchule bokusebenza kwekharbon, enoba ngerhafu okanye ngentambo yentsimbi, ibeke ngaphakathi ezi ndleko kwiziphumo zexesha elizayo kwizigqibo zangoku, ibeka uqoqosho kumaxabiso ohlalo oluphantsi lwekhabhanti.

Izinto Eziza Kuqala Kubantu Basekuhlaleni Nehlabathi

Iingxaki zokusingqongileyo azifane ziyihlonele imida elawula imimandla. Uluntu lwasekuhlaleni lungajonga ifama yomoya, idama, okanye umsebenzi wemigodi njengomthombo wemisebenzi kunye nengeniso yerhafu, ngoxa izivumelwano zemozulu zamazwe ngamazwe zikhuthaza uthintelo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, imfuneko yehlabathi lonke yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi eshushu eshushu isenokungqubana nelizwe elisakhulayo i’ ilungelo loshishino. Le ngxaki yokungahambelani kwe-mascalar ingucelomngeni olungundoqo lokulawula.

Ngokomzekelo, i-carbon yemvula yase-Amazon yeyomhlaba wonke kunye ne-octrafica eshushu, kodwa abemi basekuhlaleni eBrazil, ePeru, naseColombia bangabeka indawo ephambili yokufuya iinkomo okanye ukulima i-soybean ukuze kusinde ngokwezoqoqosho. Iinkqubo zezizwe ngezizwe ezifana ne-REDD+ (Ukukhulula iMidlalo ebangelwa kukugawulwa kwemithi neFold Degradation) zizama ukudibanisa izithakazelo zasekuhlaleni kunye nenjongo yehlabathi lonke ngokunika intlawulo lwemali elondolozo mahlathi. Impumelelo ixhomekeke ekulawuleni, ekusasazeni inzuzo entle, nokuqwalaselwa kwamalungelo omhlaba.

Ngokufanayo, umbutho wobulungisa bokusingqongileyo uye wabalaselisa indlela umhlaba ongafunwayo osetyenziswa ngayo kwindawo ethile (iLULO) njengendawo yokutshisa umhlaba, izitshiso, kunye nezityalo zemichiza ezihlala kuluntu olufumana imali ephantsi kunye noluntu olunombala. Inkqubo enciphisa ungcoliso lwesizwe kodwa igxininisa imithombo eseleyo kwimimandla esezantsi ejongene novavanyo olungachananga. Ukulungelelanisa usukelo lwengingqi kunye nolwehlabathi kufuna okusesikweni okuqhelekileyo okungachazwangachaphazekanga kakuhle kweminyeneyo kuxhomekeke kwimibutho yabantu abachaphazelekayo kwisigqibo esinentsingiselo.

Uhlolisiso lwetyala olubonisa imizekelo

UMthetho wococeko lomoya: Ingeniso yempilo kunye neNkcitho yezoshishino

Umthetho womoya ococekileyo (CAA) ubeyenye yeyona mithetho yokusingqongileyo ephumelelayo eUnited States, ukusika ungcoliso lomoya oluqhelekileyo ngama- 78% phakathi ko 1970 no-2020 ngelixa i-GDP yakhula ngaphezu kwama-250%. Kodwa indlela ibinengxabano. Izigwebo zemilinganiselo engqongqo yokukhupha igesi kwizithuthi, kumaziko ombane, kunye namaziko oshishino.

Iziphumo ezingaphandle zichaziwe. Ezinye izixelo eziphambili ezithe zangqineka zilukhutsheko olugqithisileyo ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwetechnoloji, izitshisi ze-NOx, kunye nezibaso eziphantsi ze-NOx ezihlaziyiweyo zavela kancinci kunokuba kwakulindelekile. Noko ke, amacandelo athile afana nombane otshiswe ngamalahle anzima, nto leyo ekhokelela ekutyaleni ukuvaleka nokulahlekelwa ngumsebenzi. Ukurhweba ngaphandle komsebenzi kuye kwaba yinkqubela ephawulekayo kubomi babantu basebuntwaneni be-Asmasma, ukufa kwangaphambi kwexesha, kunye nesifo sentliziyo. Ngokunjalo, isifundo esingundoqo sikukuba ukwenziwa kombane okulawula oku: imicimbini okuzinziswayo njengokuthengiswa koshishino lwe-Acid Rain Projectives xa kuhla iindleko ezikhoyo.

Ubulunga bamanzi kunye nokukhutshwa kwezolimo

ICPU) uMthetho weManzi acocekileyo (CWA) kwi-U.S. kunye neSiphendu samanzi seFrame Yokwenza Imilinganiselo engqongqo eYurophu ibeka imida engqongqo kungcoliso olukhutshwa kwimizimba yamanzi. Ukusuka kwifama ethwele i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, kunye nezibulala-zinambuzane . Ingumsebenzi omkhulu oseleyo. Imiyalelo engqongqo ekusebenziseni isichumiso, iziqwenga zentsimbi, kunye nolawulo lwemfuno yemfutho inganciphisa ukuthomalalisa amanzi kodwa inkcitho engqalileyo kubalimini, inciphisa imveliso ye-atogs okanye ifuna ingeniso ebiza imali eninzi.

Umzekelo, iChesapeake Buy Program ifuna amagunya okusebenzisa ukunciphisa ungcoliso. IMaryland ifumene imigangatho yesixokelelwano esiqhubela phambili kunye nesona sococo sithintelweyo. Abalimi bajongana neendleko zokuthotyelwa kodwa kwakhona bayangenelwa kukuphucula impilo yomhlaba kunye nemveliso yexesha elide. Ukurhweba phakathi kokutya okungacocekanga nokucocekileyo kuyinto yokwenene; amaxabiso, ukunyanzelisa, kunye noncedo lobuchule bobuchule kungenza umthwalo ungabi nangxaki, kodwa ukuxinezeleka okusezantsi kuqhubekeka.

Izityalo eziphuma emhlabeni wonke zibangela ukuba iindawo ezifileyo ezikunxweme, ezifana ne-hypoxic quares eGulf of Mexico ebangelwa kukurhoxa koMlambo iMississippi. Ukulungisa oku kufuna ukulungelelaniswa kwemimandla emininzi kunye namacandelo ezolimo, kunye nokuthengwa phakathi kokuphumelela kwezoqoqosho nokusebenza kwemekobume.

Ukutshintsha Imozulu: Ukukhuthala kweCarbon Priciation noshishino lwezemizi - mveliso

Ikharbon crigeting ivunywa ngokubanzi ziingcali zezoqoqosho njengesixhobo esisebenzayo ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi eshushu. Ngokubeka ixabiso kwitoni nganye ye-CO2 ekhutshwayo, yenza iintshukumisa zokuphelisa uqoqosho. Noko ke, ukuvelisa iziphumo kujongene nokuthengwa okuqatha. Ixabiso eliphezulu lekharbon lingakhokelela "kuvuzwa kwegesi eshushu"/ukukhutshwa kwegesi ekhutshwayo ngemithetho engekho mandla, kodwa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ekhutshwayo kunokuncitshiswa kwemiqathango yomhlaba wonke.

IEuropean Union ̱ iMithetho engenisa amandla njenge Trading System (EU ETS) ekuqaleni yafumana ubuninzi obugqithisileyo bexabiso elagcina amaxabiso esezantsi kakhulu ukuba aqhube iinguqu ezibalulekileyo. Utshintsho olufana ne-Markes Stability Reserve ne-screens zinyuse amaxabiso, kodwa ishishini elinombane njengasentsimbi, isamente, kunye ne-aluminum ifumana izabelo ezikhululekileyo okanye imbuyiselo ukunqanda ukuvuza. Oku kunciphisa ubuchule bokusebenza kokusingqongileyo nokulunga kwenkqubo. Okwangoku, ulungiso lomda (CBAMSO) luvela ngendlela yokunyusa umgangatho wokudlala umhlaba, kodwa ludala ungquzulwano lwezoshishino, ngokukodwa amazwe asakhasaphuko.

Enye intengiso ilele kukusasazwa kwerhafu yekharbon. Irhafu yekharbon ephinda-phindekayo --enye ewela ngokungenakulinganiswa kwiintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi, ngokusetyenziswa kwengeniso ukuxhasa ii-Rebate, izibonelelo eziluhlaza, okanye inkxaso kuluntu olubuthathaka. IBritish Columbia ̱ irhafu yekharbon, ebingathathi-nxaxheba kwaye iquka irhafu yabantu kunye namashishini, ibonisa ukuba inkqubo yemozulu emiselwe kakuhle i-atrackethi igcina ukwamkelwa nguwonke wonke ngoxa inciphisa ukukhutshwa kwemichiza.

Imisebenzi Yokurhwebelana

Akukho sixhobo sinye somgaqo-nkqubo esinako ukusombulula zonke iinkxwaleko. Endaweni yoko, icebo elichaza indlela, elisetyenziswa ngolwazi lomongo, linika eyona ndlela ingcono.

Ukuvavanywa kokuchaphazela

Phambi kokwamkela umthetho, abenzi benkqubo kufuneka baqhube uhlalutyo olungqongqo lomgaqo-nkqubo olulawulayo [-RIA) olulinganisa iindleko neengenelo zombini, kuquka amaxabiso angengawo amaqela afana neenkonzo zendalo kunye nenkqubela phambili yempilo. Le nkqubo kufuneka iqwalasele iziphumo zokusasaza.=ohlawula kwaye banceda kwaye bahlole ezinye izicwangciso zomgaqo-ndlela. Ukusetyenziswa kohlalutyo lwengeniso lwemali kunezithintelo (umz., ukucinezela ubomi bexesha elizayo, ukuxabisa indalo ngokweendlela zorhwebo) kodwa banika iplani elungelelanisiweyo yokuthelekisa iinketho.

Uxanduva lolawulo nolawulo

Imithetho ephuhliswa emva kweminyango evaliweyo isoloko ijongene nokuchasana nokusebenza kunye nocelomngeni olusemthethweni. Iinkqubo eziquka ukudityaniswa koshishino, amaqela okusingqongileyo, uluntu oluchaphazelekayo, kunye nezazinzulu zingaveza izisombululo zokudala zize zakhe ubulunga. **Izibonelelo ezisetyenziswayo zolawulo**, ezifana noMthetho weSizwe weNkqutyana yeNkqutyanabume yeNtlalo (NEPA) iinkqubo zokukhusela okanye izigqumamrhuthi ze-oyile ze-oli yesandla ezixhathisayo, zivumela ukuthelekisa urhwebo luxoxwano-mali kunokuba lubekwe. Oku akuqinisekisi ukuba kuvumela ukuba kuvumelane nokunga kungasebenzi.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo esithambileyo nesilungisayo

Imithetho ebhaliweyo yangaphambili iyaphelelwa lixesha njengoko ubugcisa kunye neemeko zezoqoqosho ziguquka. Imigangatho esekelwe kumsebenzi (umz., ifuna umlinganiselo omkhulu wokukhupha kunobugcisa obukhethekileyo). ** Iifekta zokulawula i-Adaptic *** iisiseko solawulo, ezisetyenziswa kulawulo lwendalo, zibandakanya ujongo kunye nohlolo lwexesha, ezenza uhlengahlengiso njengoko ugcino-lwazi olutsha luvela. I-U.S. Confred Evaged Act ̱ i-Candelo lolondololo lwezicwangciso ziquka ulungiso olulungelelanisayo, ukulingana nophuhliso lwentlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo.

Ukubuyiselwa kobugcisa kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wezoshishino

Utyalo-mali lukarhulumente kuphando, inkqubela, kunye nokusetyenziswa (RD&D) kobugcisa obucocekileyo kunganciphisa ixabiso lokuthobela inkxaso-mali ngexesha elidlulileyo. Inkxaso-mali ejoliswe kwintlawulo, ukondla iinkokhelo zokondla amandla avuselelweyo, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokufumana uhlaza encedayo ukwenza imfuneko yezicombululo ezisezantsi zecarbon. Ukuhla okuphawulekayo kumandla ombane nawomoya axabisa imali elishumi elidluleyo kubangelwa ngokwenxalenye yenkxaso eqhubekayo yenkqubo eJamani, eTshayina, kunye neU.S. Ukuguqula okubonakalayo kokuthengiswa kwezinto kungenziwangalawulekiyo kumandla: ubuchule, umzekelo, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya kunye nexabiso lokusebenza.

Indima Engenakucinywa Yokubandakanyeka Kuluntu Lonke

Umthetho wokusingqongileyo ekugqibeleni usuka kumaxabiso kawonke-wonke. Imigaqo esebenzayo ayifuni nje ubuchule bobugcisa kuphela kodwa ikwafuna ubuchule obuphangaleleyo bokuthenga. Indlela yokusebenza yokufumana indlebe yoluntu oluthe xhaxhe.

Noko ke, ukuganana kufuneka kube nentsingiselo, hayi okungangqinelani. Abaxhasi bezobulungisa bokusingqongileyo baye bagxeka ixesha elide imiqobo ethintela ingeniso ephantsi kunye nemimandla emincinane. Izixhobo zedemokhrasi ezisetyenziswayo, ezifana nabemi i̱ iijaji ezikwinkqubo yemozulu okanye ukuhlaliswa kwamandla ahlaziywayo, zinokunika abantu abahlala kwiindawo ezihlala kuzo amandla okwenyaniso okwenza izigqibo. Xa abantu bevakalelwa ukuba inkxalabo yabo iyaviwa, banokuvuma ngakumbi urhwebo oluyimfuneko, olufana neendleko eziluncedo eziphezulu zokutshintshiselana ngezo moya ococekileyo okanye ukuhlaliswa komdla wamandla ohlaziweyo kwindawo yabo.

Isiphelo: Ukuya Kwinguqulelo Elungeleleneyo Nesesikweni

Ukulungelelanisa iintengiso ezisemgangathweni wokusingqongileyo asiyonto yezamayeza kodwa lucelomngeni lwezopolitiko nolwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Akukho nkqubo ingenantlukwano elungeleleneyo.

Kukutshintsha nje okubonisa ukuba amaxabiso okhuseleko lwemeko-bume akafanele awele kweyona isengozini. Adibanisa i-equation ibe yinkqubo elungelelanisayo, inika inkxaso kubasebenzi abafudusiweyo, kwaye inika amandla abantu abahlala apho. Ngokufanayo, iyavuma ukuba iindleko zokungathathi nxaxheba /intlekele, ukuwohloka kwemekobume, iingxaki zempilo yoluntu ``````kufutshane' ukulawulwa kwemiqathango''. Ngokudibanisa uhlalutyo olungqongqo, inkqubo eguqukayo, izixhobo eziguqukayo, kunye nophuhliso oluqhubekayo, abenzi bemithetho bayakwazi ukuqhuba inyathelo lokuzimela kwiziphumo ezixhasa abantu kunye nezizukulwana ezizayo.