Indima Ebalulekileyo Yokhuseleko Lobuncinane Kukhuseleko Lwesizwe

Imisebenzi yokulwa nokhuseleko lwesizwe yangoku, kodwa ukubulawa kwayo kudla ngokudala ungquzulwano olunzulu xa idibana namalungelo eenkonzo kunye nezizwe ezincinane. La maqela (abachazwa ngokholo, ulwimi, okanye ilifa) ngokuxhaphakileyo (ngokungalinganiyo) athwala umthwalo ongalinganiyo ngexesha lokhuseleko oluchaphazelekayo, kuquka ukujongwa, ukuvalelwa kobugxwayiba okungalawulekiyo, nokuhlazeka kwesizwe. Ukungalingani phakathi kokhuseleko oluyimfuneko kunye nemigaqo emincinane yokukhusela abantu abambalwa akukwenzi ukuthemba nje kuphela kodwa kunokuthi kungaphembelela ukukhotyo okuchasene neenjongo zoko zokulwa nokhuseleko. Uphando lubonisa rhoqo ukuba xa amaqela amancinane enciphiswe, amalungu awo alula ukukhuselwa ngokusetyenziswa kwemibutho yabagrobi, nto exhaphaza izikhalo zawo. Ngoko ke, ukulwa kwemiqatha kwemibutho yabantu abakhusela amalungelo abantu abalungele ukulondolo olulungele ukulondolo olulungele ukufezeka; uphako oluqhelekileyo nokuzinziswa lude.

Ukubaluleka Kokukhusela Iintsomi

Unqulo kunye nezizwe ezincinane zikhulisa izithethe kunye nezithethe zamazwe asekuhlaleni emhlabeni wonke. Izithethe, iilwimi, kunye namaziko anegalelo ekuhlaziyweni kwezoqoqosho, ukuthatha inxaxheba, kunye nokuncokola. Ukukhusela la maqela kungundoqo wokusebenzisana kwentlalo, njengoko ukuququzelelwa kunciphisa ubungozi bokuzikhetha nokukhalaza obusetyenziswa ngamagrogrisi. Umzekelo, [iindlela ekhethekileyo] , NOMTHETHOLO NGOKO LWE - NGOKUQOQHANGA NGOKOLEZELEKILEYO [[[FLT:]] igxininise ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ulawulo lwehlabathi oluneentweni olulinganayo lonke lunamava amavane eendle. Ngokungafaniyo, xa kuthelelwa kukhuselwa ugonyamelo oluphakathi kobugrogribi obuninzi, kodwa kuthe nakungavuselwa ulwaphulo-mthetho-mthetho, ukuchana kwemishophu lwezopolitiko olunamandla phakathi kobubu , uluntu olutheneyo oluthe , oluthelela ukuvukeleyo, luye luye

Ucelomngeni Kwimichiza Echasene Neenkqubo Zobunqolobi

Ukulwa nomthetho ofana nokuhlola ubuninzi, uphando oluxhotyisiweyo, kungekho zintlu-ntlu-kunye nomkhosi wokuhlasela okungaphephekiyo okudibeneyo nabemi abambalwa. Ucelomngeni oluphambili lubungozi bomthetho [[FLT: 0] okanye ukhuphiso lonqulo [, apho ukunyanzeliswa komthetho okanye amaqumrhu alumkileyo ajonge uluntu lonke njengokrokrezekileyo ngokusekelwe kuphawu lwawo kuphela. Oku, kugwetyelwa yiKomiti yamaLungelo oluNuni njengokwaphulwa komgaqo wokungadibani, kungakhokelela ekungathembanini nako-kungasebenziyo. Xa abantu abamsulwa beyekwa, behlolwa, okanye bevalelwa nje ngenxa yokuba ngabangumntu othile, abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba imo yotshaba, ukuphaza ingqhinga elingongongokuba yingxaki yokuhlasela kwe-ntlalo.

Olunye ucelomngeni lukukuthintela ukungavumelani kwezopolitiko zezobupolitika. Oorhulumente bangadibanisa uqheliselo loxolo lonqulo okanye ukulwa nohlanga oluneempumlo, besenza amanyala asemthethweni, besenza amanyala asemthethweni. Kumazwe amaninzi, imithetho yobuphekula iye yasetyenziswa ukuphelisa ukungavumelani kwabantu abambalwa, ukuvala izikolo zonqulo okanye ukuvalela imibhiyozo yesithethe phantsi kokhuseleko lokhuseleko. Oku akudibanisi nje kuphela inkululeko engundoqo kodwa kukwanyanzela ukuba angabikho nto ithile ikhoyo, kushiye i-acrenti yolwaphulo-mthetho evalayo. Ingxelo ye-Incopho yolwaphulo-mthetho echasene nobugrogript amaxwebhu amaninzi apho iinkcazelo ezingomthetho ezingombutho ze-“emperestrist" zasetyenziswa ngokungenayo ngokobugrogritiant, inkcunt, inkcubangeno yezo eepolitiki eethe, i-

Ngaphezu koko, ukungabinaso sokubona ngaphaya kunye nokuphendula kwimisebenzi yokhuseleko kubangela ukungathembani. Xa ukuhlasela kusenzeka ngaphandle kolawulo lwejaji okanye xa abantu abavalelweyo bengenatyala, abantu abambalwa abafumani thuba lokuvavanya ukuxhatshazwa kobugxwayiba. Oku kufaka amandla eqhinga kunye neengxelo zohlaselo lwemeko karhulumente, ezithi zifune ukubhaqelela imibutho efana ne-ISYSTA ne-Boko Haram zixhatshaziwe ngempumelelo. Ufundo lwama-2021 kukhuseleko lwezizwe nge-Interrandel ukhuseleko oluneehlolo-mthetho olunekungalawulekiyo lufumani ukuba ukuhlasela okungalawulekiyo nge- 40% kwimimandla echaphazelekayo, ukufumanisa ukuba iziphumo kwendlela yokwenziwa nzima.

Iingozi Zocalucalulo

Owona mngcipheko ukhawulezileyo yi isohlwayo esiqokeleliweyo. Kwiziphumo zohlaselo lwabanqolobi, abasemagunyeni badla ngokuhlasela lonke uhlanga okanye uluntu lonqulo apho umenzi wobubi evela khona, ukubeka imithetho emiselweyo, ukubeka amatyala, kunye nentengo edibeneyo. Le ndlela, ibhalwe ngokucacileyo phantsi komthetho wobuntu behlabathi lonke kumaxesha amaninzi, ibhalwe kakhulu Ilungelo loluntu Watch kwiindawo ezifana neXinjang, ink, iRokya, kunye nokuphatha koluntu kumazwe aseNtshona emva kwe-9/11. Isohlwayo isohlwayo ithel-o kumalungu elungele ukuthembana kwamalungu eentlalo.

Ucalucalulo lukwabonakala nakumanani afanayo emithetho echasene nobugrogrisi. Uhlolisiso oluvela kuManyano aMasipala lubonisa ukuba amaSilamsi asengozini yokubhekiswa kwinkqubo yokuthintela nokumiswa kwaye ahlolwe phantsi kolawulo lobugrogrisi kunamalungu ezinye iinkonzo, nangona kuthelekiswa namanani afanayo olwaphulo-mthetho olukhoyo. Oku kubonakala eUnited States, apho ukusetyenziswa kwe-FBI kumaSlam kuthe nakwii-Sulumane ngokugqithisileyo kubangela ukuba amaSulumane aseMelika abekwe kwimiqathango yokuhlasela. Imikhwa enjalo iqinisa ingqiqo yokuba urhulumente ulwano kunqulo okanye ubuhlanga, kunokuba ibonakale kwingcamango ethile engokobundlobo, njengoko abantu bebona oko kusisongelo, kwaye yenza ukuba abantu bathandabuzane nenkokeli-mathe kunye nenkokeli boloyiko ngenxa yoloyiko olukhoyo, yaye benziwa ngabantu abanoloyiko.

Ekugqibeleni, ugwebo lwezoqoqosho nolwentlalo oluya phambili kwezobuphekula ludla ngokukhula ngamanyathelo okhuseleko. UBuncinane bobume babamelwane abachanabeke kwimisebenzi emikhulu babona ukuhla kotyalo, ukulahlekelwa yimisebenzi, kunye nokwahlukana kwentlalo. Xa abantu abaselula bengenamathemba ezoqoqosho kwaye bevakalelwa kukuba uluntu lubajonga njengabagrogrisi abanokwenzeka, ukusetyenziswa kwamaqela ayingozi athembisa injongo kwaye abe ngamalungu anamandla. Ingxelo yeZiko loManyanzelo ezoqoqosho noxolo ifumanise ukuba amazwe anemigangatho ephakamileyo yocalucalulo nxamnye nabambalwa ayenamathuba aphezulu obugrogrisi, abonisa ukuba ucalucalucalu, ucalucalulo lungumqhubi wogonyamelo.

Imisebenzi yezobuphekula obulungeleleneyo

Indlela yokulwa namalungelo abantu elungelelanisa ulawulo lobuphekula ifuna ukwakhiwa kwangabom kunye notshintsho lobuchule. Ezi ndlela kufuneka zincanyathiselwe kwinkqubo, kuqeqesho, nakumsebenzi wemihla ngemihla ukutshintsha ukusuka kungquzulwano ukuya kwimodeli yobudlelane. Ngapha koko zinenkcukacha, iindlela ezinokusetyenziswa ezixhaswa zizifundo kunye nezenzo ezingcono ezivela ehlabathini jikelele.

Iindlela ezisekelwe kuluntu kunye nolwakhiwo lokuthembana

Ezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokulwa nezobuphekula zifak' imali eninzi i-actones zobudlelane. Kunokuba baphathe abantu abambalwa njengabakrokrelekileyo, amagunya kufuneka ababandakanye njengezixhobo ezixhaphakileyo. Oku kufuna incoko eqhubekayo neenkokeli zonqulo, abameli bebhunga, kunye nemibutho yabemi. Umzekelo, i- imigaqo ye-OSC [iphereast] kwi-projectal kunye ne-'i-croitism icebisa ukuba amalungu ebutho lengingqini asoloko ephakamisa izikhalazo zengini kwaye anikele igalelo kwimiqathango zokhuseleko ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindelela. Kulo lwamaqumrhuluneli amaqela amaqela asekuhlaleni phakathi kwamaqela eencwadi nama-Rhavicelksi, ukukhuthaza ukulwa kwe-RG.

Unikezelo kunye neSisombululo esikwiNdlela yokuXhasa

Abaphathi boqeqesho abasebenzisa ubuchule bokuphengulula kunye nesinye isisombululo sempikiswano zingakhusela iziganeko ezincinci ekunyukeni kwingxaki yoluntu ngokubanzi. Xa umsebenzi wokhuseleko uphosakele ``umzekelo, ukuhlasela okungenaluvelwano kwindawo yokunqula ```intethelelo yasekuhlaleni'' nokuhlawula urhulumente, kunye nesibopho sokuphengulula kunye noqeqesho, zinokuphinda zakhiwe kwakhona intelekelelo. Oku kuyaphikisana kakhulu nezenzo zokugquma iingcinga-calucalucalulo ezininzi. Imo yaseCanada yokuzikopela emva kokuba ityala leMaher Arar iyafundisa: urhulumente wakhupha ukucela uxolo nokuhlawula okusemthethweni, nto eyanceda ukunciphisa ulawulo lwezibonelo kunye nokuvula ikhondo lentlalo kwixa elizayo.

Umatshini ocace gca, olawulayo nonokuphendula

Ngaphandle kokuziphendulela, ucalucalulo luyanda. Oorhulumente kufuneka bamisele amaqumrhu azimeleyo ajongene noomatiloshe abasebenza ngokucokisekileyo kwimisebenzi yokuhlola imisebenzi yobuphekula yokuthobela amalungelo abantu. La maqumrhu kufuneka aquke abameli abasuka kwimimandla encinane kwaye abe namandla okufumana amaxwebhu angaphantsi kwepesenti kwaye ancomela amatyala. Umzekelo, i-Netherlands, ineSigqeba soMbutho solawulo sobukhonya-mkhosi esikhupha iinkcukacha zonyaka kwimisebenzi yolwaphulo-mthetho eyaphulwa buhlanga nonqulo, ebangela ukuba kuqwalaselwe uphando lukawonke wonke. Uphicompululo lungachaza apho iprofixel eyenzekayo kwaye luvumela ukuba kungene inyathelo lokuthembeka ngaphambi kokuba ukholo luqhawuke.

Enye into ebalulekileyo yile [[NT.0] ikhuthaza ukuba umthetho ochasene nobugrogrisi uquke “umtya ongalawulekiyo” wokungavumeli ukujoliswa kwemiqathango ekhuselekileyo. Ekulandeleni kwawo, imithetho kufuneka ifune iinkundla ezikhokelayo zibonise injongo, ukukrokrela phambi kokuhlola okanye ukuvalelwa, kwaye inike uhlolo olukhawulezileyo. IKhomishini yezizwe ngezizwe ezizimeleyo incopho yokuhlola abantu abangekho mthethweni. Inkundla yenkundla yezomthetho icebisa ukuba kuquke “umthetho wokungalawuleli-luvo olungenaluvo-luvo” oluthe ngqo lokungamela ixhoba okusekelwe kwiempawu ezikhuselweyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, imigaqo enjalo ikhomba ekhokelayo yokuhlasela i-odongagosa-mthetho yephondo ye-New York City.

Ubuchule benkcubeko noqeqesho lwamalungelo abantu

Igosa ngalinye elibandakanyekileyo ekulweni nobugrogrisi .ukusuka kubaphengululi abanobuchule bokuyila ukudibana namapolisa asentolongweni ukuya kugada abagcini-ntolongo . kufuneka afumane uqeqesho oluziphindaphindayo, ukuthand'a inkcubeko, ukucalucalula, kunye nomthetho wamalungelo abantu. Olu qeqesho kufuneka luquke imithambo-nkqubo esekelwe kwimodyuli, ukulungiselela iziphumo zocalucalulo, kunye nokuqhubana ngokungqalileyo neenkokeli zoluntu ezincinci. Amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu aye amkela imigaqo yeYurophu yawamkela amapolisa namalungelo amancinane, nto leyo egxininisa ukubaluleka koluvolu hlobo lwezo-medialu , isebenzisa unxibelelwano phakathi kweenkonzo zokhuseleko kunye nezobuhlanga/othoni. Ukuvavanya kwezohlolo zoqeqesho lobuhlanga phakathi kweminyaka emibini, ngexesha eli-60.

I-DSD ejoliswe ekuKhuseleni iNkcubeko yeNkcubeko

Ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa jikelele, iinkqubo ezithile ezisebenzayo zinganciphisa umonakalo. Umzekelo, ngexesha lokubanjwa okanye ukuphengululwa kwendlu, abaqwalaseli abasuka kuluntu banokubakho ukuqinisekisa inkqubo elandelwayo. ENigeria, imodeli ye- “Acttivegation Prefelition sethiyezo zombini imikhosi yokhuseleko kunye neenkokeli zonqulo zisetyenziswe ekuchaseni imisebenzi yezobuphengululi nxamnye ne-Bharam, ukubonelela ubumnini bobulali kunye nokunciphisa izityholo zokuxhatshazwa. Ngokufanayo, gengen-otadrothotho-ocer [[ iqinisekisa ukuba amabhinqa asuka kuluntu acuphiswanga phantsi kokuhlola kwezithethe, ukukhathalela umgangatho wokwenza ingxhwanguquququ

Iimbono Zezizwe Ngezizwe Nentsebenziswano

Akukho lizwe linokulinganisa ukulwa ne-CTC kunye nokhuseleko oluncinane. Imilinganiselo yezizwe ngezizwe kunye nentsebenziswano zinikezela ngesiseko kunye noxinzelelo olufunekayo ukugcina imigangatho. IZizwe ezimanyeneyo zidlala indima ephambili ngeKomiti yayo ye-Trogrisism [i-CTC]] kunye ne-"FLT:1] kunye neyayayayayayayamanyeneyo * * * * i-i-I-Treferemper Igunya lomsebenzi (CITFF)**. I-UN Global Counter-Troristy Strategystection, eyamkelwa yi-mathelela ngokucacileyo yi-Atrorgistssion eUnited States ngowa 2006, iqonda ngokucacileyo ukuba “ingenakuhlulwa ngamandla omkhosi, ukunyanzelwa komthetho, ukulawulwa komthetho kuphela, nobukrelekrele bobucala babiza iimeko ezilungele ukwandiswayo, kuquka ukusetyenziswa komthetho oqhelekileyo, kunye nokuchatshayo olungeyo oluqhelekileyo, kunye nolukuchatshayo olungelweyo oluqhelekileyo.

Iqumrhu lengingqi likwafak ’ isandla ngokubalulekileyo. I-Organity for Security and Conection in Europe (OSCE) iveze ukhokelo oluneenkcukacha kumsebenzi wobupolisa boluntu kunye nokhuseleko lonqulo oluncinane, olusetyenziswayo nge-Ofisi yeDemocratic Institions kunye namalungelo abantu (ODIHR). I-OSCE rhoqo ihlalisa imibutho apho amalungu alawula imisebenzi ekulinganiseni ukhuseleko namalungelo abantu, kunye nemisebenzi yawo yasemasimini inikela uncedo lobugcisa bobugcisa bobugcisa obungasese. Umzekelo, kwiNtshona Balkans, i-OCE ixhasa inkqubo yokhuseleko yoluntu oluncinci oluncitshisiwe ukhuselo lwamazwe olw

[[FLT: 0] I-Afrikan Union ye-Afrika Center ye-Afrikan Certical for the Study and Research on Terrorism (ACRT) idibanise amalungelo amancinane kumthetho wayo wemodeli wokulwa nobunqolobi, kunye i-Council yaseYurophu[ iConvention ekuthinteleni ubuGrorisi ifuna ukuba athathe amanyathelo okuhlonela amalungelo abantu, ngomthetho onamandla ovela kwiNkundla yamaLungelo oluntu e-Europe enika imilinganiselo enyanzelelwayo. [[[FLT]] I-GOPGOGOGOG [FFFFFFF] [FFFF]], uqulutyo lwamazwe angama-30, luvelise “uthelela amanyathelo afanelekileyo okukhusela amalungelo oluntu, umgaqo okhuseleko oluluvo oluthe ngqo, oluquka ulawulo olungaluthi, oluquka ulawulo oluthelelayo, oluthe luquququququ, oluthe, olu

Intsebenziswano yebhanya-mvume ikwayimibandela. Amazwe afumana uncedo lokulwa nobugrogrisi obusuka kumalungu angundoqo afana ne-United States, i-European Union, okanye i-United Kingdom aya ebona ukuba amalungelo abantu anxulumene neempahla zoncedo. Leyahayins Leya-Leats [ e-US ayaluthintela uncedo kumkhosi wangaphandle okanye kumaqela amapolisa ayenze ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu, okungaquka uqheliselo olugqithisileyo oluchasene neqela labantu abambalwa. Ngokutshona, le mithetho iye yakhokelela ekuqeqesheni amawaka abasebenzi bokhuseleko bangaphandle ngokwezithethe zamalungelo abantu kunye nokukhutshwa koncedo oluchaphaze kumaqela okubandakanya ukubulala kobuhlanga okanye ukubulala okugqithisileyo.

Noko ke, intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe ikho neengxaki. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa intsebenziswano echasene nobuphekula ukuze anyathelele i-Crobestia isebenzisa ubuchule bamanye amazwe obusetyenziswayo okanye ubugcisa bokuhlola ukucinezelwa. Ityala le-Uyghurs eXinjiang, apho amagunya aseTshayina aye asebenzisa intetho egqwetha ubuphekula ukuthethelela ukujongwa kwabantu, iinkampu, kunye nokunyanzeleka komsebenzi onyanzelekileyo wohlanga oluncinane lwamaSilamsi, umiliselwe njengesilumkiso esicacileyo. Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe iye yazama ukuphendula ngenxa yemibango ye-Phondo, nangona iBhunga lamaLungelo loLuntu liphumele izigqibo zokumiselwa kwemilo ezikhoyo ze-UN, liphumele izigqibo zolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye libingelene. Isifundo semithetho-mthetho yezopolitiko ihlala ityala phambi koorhulumente bezizwe.

Isiphelo: Ukuze Unqabiseko Olupheleleyo

Uxinzeleleko phakathi kolawulo lobuphekula kunye nokhuseleko lonqulo kunye noluntu oluncinane alunakuphepheka. Ngokwamkela iindlela zokusebenzisa amalungelo abantu zokwenza uluntu, ukubonakala, ukuqeqeshwa, nokuphendula ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezantsi, kungenza zombini ukhuseleko kunye nokudibana kwentlalo-ntle. Ubungqina bucacile: xa amagxathu amaqabane athembekileyo kunokuba akrokrele, ubulumko buhamba ngokukhululekileyo, ukuncipha okugqithisileyo, kunye nokuzinzisa lonke ibutho labantu ngokuchasene neengxelo zamaphekula, ukubonakala kwamaqela amaphekula, ukungazinziswa. Amazwe afaka kulo mgaqo alungeleneyo awawaphumeleli nje kuphela amalungelo awo oluntu kodwa anokuthenjwa ixesha elide okusisisulu sokhuseleko olusebenzayo. Kwixesha elizintsonko lwehlabathi lonke, ubuchule bokuphumelela akumangaliswanga kukuzichatshanelo, kodwa ekuwa ekukhuseleni kwemigxongo.

Ukuphinda kufundwe, i-Ofisi yeZizwe ezimanyeneyo yoMkhomishinalelwa oPhezulu wamalungelo abantu (OHCHR) iphepha lenyaniso kumalungelo abantu kunye nezobugrogrisi obuchaseneyo nolwaphulo-mthetho inika ushwankathelo olubanzi lwemigangatho esebenzayo, lo gama [ iKhomishoni yeInternational Commission of Jurschs [ inika uhlalutyo olucacileyo olusemthethweni lwezenzo zobuzwe. Ezi zixhobo zixhobisa abenzi beenkqubo, abenzi benkqubo, abenzi, abenzi, kunye nabaxhasi bezixhobo bokwakha imigaqo yokulwa nobuchule bokwenza ukhuseleko olungarhwaphili olunye lokhuseleko lolunye, kodwa luphumele zozibini kwimviso.