Ukumisela Amalungelo Alinganayo: Oko Ummi Omele Wazi

Umgangatho Wamalungelo: Isiseko Sobulungisa Nokusesikweni

Amalungelo okulingana asizozinto ezingenakuchazwa; zizinto eziluncedo zokukhusela eziqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu unokuhlala ngesidima, abe nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwibutho labantu, yaye akhululeke ekuphathweni ngokungekho sikweni. La malungelo akhusela abantu ekucalucalulweni okusekelwe kwibala, ubufanasini, ubulwelwe, unqulo, imbonakalo yesondo, nezinye iimpawu zobuqu ezinzulu. Kubemi, ukuwaqonda la malungelo linyathelo lokuqala ekwakheni uluntu apho ithuba lingamiselwanga kwangaphambili ngokobuni. Olu khokelo lunikela uhlolisiso olucokisekileyo kumalungelo alinganayo, izakhiwo ezisemthethweni ezibaxhasayo, indlela olusebenza ngayo ucalucalucalulo, nendlela eqinile onokuwakhuthaza ngayo ukuba kubekho ihlabathi elinobulungisa.

Liyintoni Ngokwenene Amalungelo Okulingana?

Embilinini yawo, amalungelo okulingana aqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu uphathwa kakuhle ngenxa yokuba engubani. Ahlala kumgaqo wokuba bonke abantu baxabiseke ngokufanayo kwaye banelungelo lokukhuselwa ngokufanayo phantsi komthetho. La malungelo athe amiselwa kwizivumelwano zesizwe, imimiselo, namalungelo abantu azweni jikelele. Agubungela zombini ukulingana [ukulingana] (ukunceda wonke umntu) kunye nokuphelisa ukulingana kwemisebenzi [ (ukwamkela ukuba amaqela ahlukeneyo asenokufuna ukuphathwa ngendlela elinganayo ngokwenene, umzekelo, iindawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo zomntu oneziphene zokukhubazeka). Kwakhona amalungelo afuna urhulumente kunye nooomanygoduko, iinkonzo zezezezemali, kunye neenkonzo zezemfundo, kunye nokufikelela kwezemfundo kawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke.

Kubalulekile ukwahlula amalungelo okulingana kwingcamango ebanzi yamalungelo abantu. Ngoxa amalungelo abantu equka amalungelo oluntu, ezobupolitika, ezoqoqosho, entlalo, nangokwenkcubeko, amalungelo okulingana agxininisa ngokukhethekileyo ekunqatyisweni kocalulo nokukhuthazwa kwamathuba alinganayo.

Ukubaluleka Kwamalungelo Alinganayo

Umbandela wamalungelo okulingana kuba asisiseko sedemokhrasi esebenzayo kunye nebutho labantu abasebenzisanayo. Ngaphandle kwawo, ucalucalulo olulawulwayo lungabangela ubuhlwempu obugqithisileyo, ugonyamelo, nokuzikhetha ngokwentlalo. Nazi izizathu eziphambili ezibangela la malungelo ayimfuneko:

• Ukumanyana noxolo: Izinhlangano ezikhusela amalungelo okulingana zifumana imfazwe encinci kwaye zithembana kakhulu phakathi kwabemi. Xa abantu bevakalelwa kukuba inkqubo ilungile, basenokuba nenxaxheba kubomi boluntu kwaye bathobele imithetho.
• [[UMTL: 0] Ukuvula iingcinga zomntu ezikhoyo: ucalucalulo lunetalente yenkunkuma. Ngokususa imiqobo, ukulingana kwamalungelo kuvumela abantu ukuba banikele ngobuchule neengcamango zabo, eziqhubela ekuphuculweni nasekukhuleni kwezoqoqosho.
• Ukhuseleko lwamaqela anokukhuselwa: amalungelo okungalingani asebenza njengekhusi kumaqela amancinane, amabhinqa, abantu abaneziphene, abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, kunye nabanye abaye bajongana nengcinezelo ngokwembali. Banikela uncedo olusemthethweni xa ikhethe lisenzeka.
• Ulawulo kunye ne-Arhente: ukwazi amalungelo akho kukunika amandla okuvavanya ukungabikho kokusesikweni. Kuguqula ixhoba localulo libe ngumthwali wamalungelo osebenzayo onokuthi afune ukuphenduliswa.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Esemthethweni Ekhusela Amalungelo Omgangatho

Ubuchule bezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, umthetho wesizwe, kunye namalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko axhasa amalungelo okulingana. Ukuqonda ezi nkcukacha kukunceda wazi ukuba ufanele ufune phi ukhuseleko nendlela yokubeka ityala lamaziko.

Izivumelwano Zamalungelo Abantu Ehlabathi

Umthetho wehlabathi umisela umlinganiselo wehlabathi wonke wokulingana. Ezi zixhobo zilandelayo ziphambili zinyanzelisa amazwe ahlazisayo ukuba angalwamkeli ucalucalulo aze akhuthaze ukulingana:

• ISibhengezo soMhlaba Samalungelo Abantu (UDHR): samkelwa ngo-1948, Inqaku 2 lithi wonke umntu unelungelo lokufumana amalungelo “ngaphandle kokwahlula naluphi na uhlobo, njengohlanga, umbala, isini, ulwimi, unqulo, uluvo, imvelaphi yobuzwe okanye yentlalo, impahla, ukuzalwa okanye esinye isimo.” (Jonga umbhalo opheleleyo kwiwebhsayithi yeZizwe []
• Umnqophiso wezizwe ngezizwe ongobuLungu kunye namalungelo ezobupolitika (ICCPR): Inqaku lama-26 lidlulela ngapha nangapha kwamalungelo kuMnqophiso, liqinisekisa ukukhuselwa okulinganayo phambi komthetho kwaye lithintela ucalucalulo nakweliphi na icala.
• Ukuphelisa Zonke Iintlobo zocalucalulo lobuhlanga (ICERD): Kufuna amazwe ukuphelisa ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kuzo zonke iintlobo zalo nokukhuthaza ukuqonda phakathi kwezizwe.
• Ukususwa kwazo zonke iintlobo zocalucalulo kuMabhinqa (CEDAW): ibizwa ngokuba ngumthetho wezizwe ngezizwe wamalungelo amabhinqa, ithetha ngocalulo kwezobupolitika, kwezoqoqosho, kwezenkcubeko, nakubomi bentlalo.
• ISindululo samalungelo abantu abaneziphene (CRPD):[ simisela ukuba ukukhubazeka kuyinxalenye yokwahlukahlukana kwabantu kwaye sichaza ukuba kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ukufumaneka, ukufakwa, kunye nendawo yokuhlala elungeleleneyo.

Ezi zivumelwano zisenza izivumelwano ezibophelelekileyo kumazwe azivumelayo. Zikwamisela nesiseko sokunganyaniseki: abemi banokusebenzisa inkqubo yokubika yemibutho yezivumelwano ukuze bagcine oorhulumente babo benoxanduva.

Umthetho wesizwe nokhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko

Imithetho yamakhaya iguqulela imigaqo yezizwe ngezizwe kumalungelo anyanzelekileyo. Ngoxa inkqubo yezomthetho yelizwe ngalinye yahlukile, nantsi imizekelo ebalaseleyo yemithetho yesizwe ekhusela ukulingana:

• United States – Umthetho wamaLungelo oMsebenzi wowe-1964: IsiHloko seSihlomelo se-VII sokwalela ucalucalulo lwemisebenzi esekelwe kuhlanga, umbala, unqulo, isini, kunye nemvelaphi yesizwe. Kamva ukurhoxiswa nezigqibo zenkundla zandisiwe ukuquka ukukhulelwa, ukukhubazeka (amaMelika anezenzo zokukhubazeka), kunye nobudala (i-Agenti kwi-Scrinity Act). I- IKhomishini esebenzayo (EOC).[FLT] iqinisekisa le mithetho.
• i-United Kingdom – Umthetho we-Enity Act 2010: ngumthetho omnye obanzi odibanisa iinxalenye ezisithoba ezingundoqo zomthetho. Ukhusela abantu kucalucalulo olusekelwe kwiimpawu ezisithoba ezikhuselweyo: iminyaka, ukukhubazeka, ubufana, ukusekwa komtshato, ulwalamano lomtshato kunye nomanyano lwamakhaya, ukukhulelwa kunye nokukhulelwa, uhlanga, unqulo okanye inkolelo, isini, kunye nembonakalo yesondo. Umgangatho kunye neKhomishini (EHRC) [FLT] yongamela ukuphunyezwa kwayo.
• -ICanada-iCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (19982) kunye noMthetho waMalungelo Oluntu wase Canada: Icandelo 15 leSiqendu liqinisekisa ukulingana phambi naphantsi komthetho, ngelixa uMthetho wamaLungelo woluntu ugqubuthela imisebenzi emiselwe ngurhulumente. Imithetho yamalungelo abantu yePhondo inika ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo.
• [[FLT: 0] I-Eupanean Union – i-Exatificial Directives: I-EU yamkele imiyalelo ethintela ucalucalulo kwimisebenzi nasekufumaneni iinkonzo ezisekelwe kuhlanga, imvelaphi yobuhlanga, unqulo, inkolelo, ukukhubazeka, ubudala, kunye nembonakalo yesini.
• Emazantsi Afrika – umGaqo-siseko (1996): Umgaqo-siseko wasemva komGaqo-siseko unecandelo elilinganayo elinamandla (Ulwahlulo 9) eliquka zombini ilungelo jikelele lokulingana kunye nokwalela ucalucalulo olungekho sesikweni, kunye namalungiselelo okuvuma.

Ukuqonda Ucalucalulo: Iindlela Nemizekelo

Ucalucalulo alusoloko lucacile. Ukuqonda iindlela zalo ezahlukeneyo kubalulekile ekuchazeni ukwaphula umthetho nokuthatha inyathelo. Nazi iindidi ezingundoqo, nemizekelo ecacileyo:

Ucalucalulo oluthe ngqo

Oku kwenzeka xa umntu ephathwa kakuhle ngenxa yeempawu ezikhuselekileyo. Umzekelo: [[FLT: 1] Umqeshi akavumi ukuqesha umfazi ofanelekayo ngenxa yokuba ekhulelwe, okanye umninindlu akavumi ukuqesha ityala kumqeshi ngenxa yobuhlanga babo. Ucalucalulo olungqalileyo ludla ngokuba lubumshosha.

Ucalucalulo Olungangqalanga

Oku kwenzeka xa inkqubo ebonakala ingathathi-nxaxheba okanye iqhelisa ngokungenalusini iqela elinophawu olukhuselweyo, kwaye inkqubo ayiyondlela yolungelelwaniso yokufumana injongo esemthethweni. Umzekelo: Imfuneko yomsebenzi yokuba bonke abaqeshwa basebenze ngokungacalulanga ngandlela-thile ngokuchasene nabaqeshwa abangamaYuda okanye abakwi-Adventi abagcina iSabatha. Omnye umzekelo wodidi uyimfuneko ephezulu kwimisebenzi ethile eshiya amabhinqa amaninzi namaqela esizwe ngaphandle kokuyimfuneko yomsebenzi.

Ukukhathazwa

Ukukhathazwa kunxulumene nehambo engafanelekanga enxulumene nento enxulumene nenjongo okanye isiphumo sokwaphula isidima somntu okanye ukwenza isidima somntu, inkohlakalo, ihlazo, ihlazo, okanye imekobume engalunganga. Oku kuquka ukuthuka, amahlazo ahlazisayo, ukubonisa izinto ezizokisayo, okanye ukoyikisa umzimba. Isampuli edla ngokutshabhisa intetho yomntu asebenza naye okanye ukugxeka imbonakalo yakhe yesini.

Ukuxhotyiswa

Ukuxhatshazwa kwenzeka xa umntu ephathwa kakubi ngenxa yokuba eye wakhalaza ngocalulo okanye waxhasa isikhalazo somnye umntu. Isampuli: Umqeshwa onikela ingxelo yokuhlaselwa ngokohlanga uyagqithwa ekugqibeleni ngenxa yokunyuselwa okanye ukuhlaziywa okungeyomfuneko. Ukuxhatshazwa akuvumelekanga kuba kuphazamisa inkqubo yokwandiswa kwemisebenzi.

Ucalulo lwenkqubo

Oku kubhekiselele kwimodeli yendlela yokuziphatha, iinkqubo, okanye imisebenzi eyinxalenye yesakhiwo sombutho okanye ibutho, idala kwaye iqhubekeka nokungabikho kokulungileyo kwamaqela athile. Isoloko ibotshwa ngempazamo kodwa ibotshelelwe ngokunzulu. Umlinganiselo:[ Iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi lwemfundo ezithi ngokungenalusini ziqukuqela kubafundi abancinane kwiklasi yomgangatho osezantsi, okanye iqesha iinethiwe system ezixhomekeke kwigama-mo-m kwaye zikhupha abantu abangaphantsi kwamaqela akhoyo. Idilesi yesixokelelwano ifuna utshintsho kwimithetho, iinkqubo, nenkcubeko, hayi ukuziphatha nje kwabantu ngabanye.

Indlela Abemi Abanokuwathethelela Ngayo Amalungelo Omgangatho

Kukho amanyathelo acacileyo onokuwathabatha, ukususela kwisenzo somntu ngamnye ukuya kudibanisa izibopho.

Zifundise Wena Nabanye

Ulwazi lusisiseko sempumelelo yokufunda. Funda imithetho enxulumene ne-intanethi kwilizwe lakho kunye nemithetho yamalungelo abantu. Qonda imbali yocalulo `njengemizabalazo yokulingana kwesizwe, ukulingana kwamabhinqa, okanye amalungelo esiphene. Yabelanani ngoko ukufunda kwakho nabahlobo, intsapho, kunye nabo usebenza nabo. Khawucinge ukuthatha izifundo kwi-intanethi kwimithombo ehloniphekileyo njenge [FLT]] Courtera’s Rights of Human Rights [[FLT: 1]] okanye [[FLT:]

Inkxaso yeQumrhu loLuntu

Imibutho emininzi engeyoyarhulumente isebenza ngokungakhathali ukukhuthaza ukulingana nokucel ’ umngeni ucalucalulo. Cinga ngokunikela, ukunikela ngokuzithandela, okanye ukunyusa amaphulo ayo. Imibutho engenakukhanyelwa iquka i-American Civil Libersions Union (ACLU), i-Amnesty International, i-Human Rights Watch, iNaACP Eccle Legin Defense, kunye namaqela asekuhlaleni alwela amalungelo abantu. E-UK, imibutho efana neKhomishini ye-Equality ne-Human Relity ne-Ruman Trust ingundoqo.

Ukunikela Kwiziganeko Zoluntu Nokuxilongwa Kuluntu

Amalungelo okulingana alotshwa yintetho yesidlangalala. Ukubakho kweeholo zedolophu, iintlanganiso zezikhululo, neentlanganiso zebhunga lesixeko apho kuxoxwa khona ngemibandela yokuthelekisa. Xa oorhulumente bemisela imithetho okanye imigaqo emitsha, amaxesha okuphendula abantu asoloko evumela abemi ukuba banikele impendulo. Yenza ilizwi lakho live ngotshintsho olucetyisiweyo kwimithetho echasene nokungavumelani, izenzo zamapolisa, okanye izifundo zasemva kwesikolo.

Qhagamshelana nabameli bakho Ababeluleki

Umthetho kunye nokugcinwa komthetho kuxhomekeke kwinjongo yezopolitiko. Bhala, biza, okanye i-imeyili abameli bakho ukuba ubakhuthaze ukuba:

• i-oct-displaning wirect-discnationnel [[
• inkxaso-mali yamalungelo abantu [[FLT:]] [[FLT:]]] Izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ezingekamkelelwa kwilizwe lakho
imigaqo yokuvota-mvume yokunga ngokomthetho echaphazela ngokungenamsebenzi [FLT] [FLT:]] [FLT]] [FLT]]

Xela Ucalucalulo Xa Ulubona

Ukuba ucalucalulo okanye ulubone, uxwebhu lwesiganeko (umhla, ixesha, amangqina, okwenzekileyo) kwaye ufake isikhalazo ngomzimba ofanelekileyo ````````I-EOC'''''''' e-UK, okanye i-EHRC kwi-UK, okanye i-mo/inkundla yamalungelo abantu. Ukunikela ingxelo akuyomeko yakho kuphela; kuyila ulwazi olunokutyhila imilinganiselo yenkqubo kwaye kukhokelela kwiinguqu ezinzulu.

Qeqesha Izenzo Ezingamkelekanga Emsebenzini Nakuluntu Oluhlala Kulo

Ukuqhatha kwenzeka nakwimimiselo yemihla ngemihla. Thetha xa uva iziqhulo okanye amagqabaza achuliweyo. Khuthaza umqeshi wakho ukuba amkele uqeqesho olwahlukileyo kwaye aqinisekise ukuba iinkqubo zokuqeshwa zicace gca. Zivotelwe ukukhonza kwiikomiti ezahlukeneyo okanye uqalise iqela labasebenzi abasebenzi. Kuluntu lwakho, xhasa amashishini afaka izinto eziphambili kwaye abize abo bangaqeshwanga.

Imithombo Yokufunda Nezenzo Ezingakumbi

Ukwandisa ukuqonda kwakho amalungelo okulingana luhambo oluqhubekayo. Ngezantsi kukho ubuncwane obuphezulu obunika inkcazelo enegunya, ukhokelo olusemthethweni, namathuba okuganana.

• I-ofisi yamaLungelo oluntu yeZizwe ezihlangeneyo (OHCHR): Indawo esembindini yezivumelwano zamalungelo abantu, iziphumo zokhokelo, nolwazi olucacileyo lwelizwe. I-Ohchr.org
• I- Justice eququality (EJI): Imisebenzi yokuphelisa ukuvalelwa kwento eninzi kunye nokungekho sikweni kobuhlanga eUnited States. Iingxelo zabo kunye nezixhobo zemfundo zintle kakhulu. i-eji.org
• Amalungelo abantu Ajongwa: Angundoqo wehlabathi lonke we-NGO ophanda kunye neengxelo ngokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamalungelo abantu ehlabathini lonke. Ukutyelela ngexesha elifanelekileyo.org
• Amnesty International: oyaziwa ngamaphulo ayo, iingxelo, kunye neengcangca eziphucukileyo zobuProfethi. Inikezela ngoovimba bokulingana kwelungu, ukwahlulela ngokwesizwe, kunye namalungelo e-LGBTQ. [[FLT:] Intelekelelo.org
• IKhomishini Yakho Yamalungelo Abantu Elizwe: Izizwe ezininzi zinesizwe esinamaqumrhu amalungelo abantu (NHRI) anika ukhokelo lwasimahla, iindlela zokukhalaza, kunye nezinto zokufundisa. Phengulula “iKhomishini yamalungelo abantu ye-“APPPT +.”
• Incwadi: “Intsha Jim Crow” nguMichelle Alexander (uhlanga kunye nokuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi),“ Half the Sky” nguNicholas Kustof noSheryl WuDunn (amalungelo kunye namandla abafazi), “Disability project” ehlelwe ngu Alice Wong.

Isiphelo: Amalungelo Omgangatho Amele Athethelelwe Sithi

Amalungelo okulingana akasaxhomekekanga kwizipho ezikhoyo; azizikhuseli eziqinileyo ezifuna ukuhlala ziphaphile kwaye zithathe amanyathelo asebenzayo kubemi. Ukusuka kwisiseko somthetho wehlabathi jikelele ukuya kwisenzo sobuqu sokuthetha nxamnye nentetho yekhethe, umlo wokulingana ulwelwelwe kwiinjongo ezininzi. Ngokuqonda izixhobo ezisemthethweni ezikhoyo, uqonda iindidi ezininzi zocalulo, kwaye uthabathe amanyathelo okuzimisela okuxhasa utshintsho, ungasuka ekubeni ngumxhasi wamalungelo osebenzayo ukuya kumalathisi wemithetho esebenzayo. Isithembiso sokulingana sisokuba wonke umntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba uvela kwimvelaphi yakhe, angaphila ubomi besidima kunye namathuba. Ukuxhasa eso sithembiso kungumsebenzi obalulekileyo, kwaye ilungelo lommi ngamnye.