Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho yinjini yolawulo-demokhrasi, iguqula iingcamango ezingalungiswanga zibe yimithetho ebumba ibutho labantu. Ngexa isoloko ichazwa njengohambo olunemigca, iqhelisela ukusetyenziswa kwendlela enamandla nedla ngokuphikisanayo yengxoxo, ingxoxo, kunye nokulalanisa. Ukuqonda olu hambo asiyonkqubo yemfundo nje yolwazi; kubalulekile nabani na ofuna ukuphembelela inkqubo kawonke wonke, ukuxhasa utshintsho, okanye ukuyiqonda nje indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo. Eli nqaku linika isikhokelo esinesantya esiphezulu kwinkqubo yomthetho, ukusuka kwintluntlukwano yokuqala ukuya kummiselo wokugqibela womthetho, ngelixa kuhlola iinguqu-inqanaba ngalinye, kunye nocelomngeni ezichazayo.

Ukwazisa Kwinkqubo Yomthetho

Embilinini wayo, inkqubo yowiso-mthetho yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ecetyiweyo ifumana uhlalutyo olucokisekileyo kunye nokuvumelana okuphangaleleyo ngaphambi kokuba isebenze. Ibandakanya abagcini-sango abaninzi `iiofisi, amagumbi, kunye nabalawuli abaphezulu ) kwaye ngamanye amaxesha amandla okubumba, ukulibaziseka, okanye ukubulala umthetho. Ngoxa iinkqubo ezizodwa zingafani phakathi kolawulo-demokhrasi, amacandelo esiseko asafana: izicelo, uhlolo lwekomiti, ingxoxo yomgangatho, uxolelwaniso olunqamlezeneyo, kunye nesenzo solawulo oluphezulu. Le nkqubo intluntluntlukwano yenjongo ukunqanda ukukhawula okanye ukuqwalanisa imithetho, kodwa ukuntlukwano kwaloo ndlela isebenza njengomqobo wokuqhuba inkqubela, ukwenza uqhutselo olufanelekileyo naluphi naluphi uqhutlo oluneyo olunempumelelo.

Eli nqaku liza kuhamba kwinqanaba ngalinye lisebenzisa iKhompathimente yase United States njengomzekelo oyintloko, nangona imigaqo isebenza ngokubanzi kwiinkqubo zepalamente kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. Ubuncwane bangaphandle obufana nomphathi-mandla .Gov inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ikhokela [ noxwebhu olusemthethweni lwemithetho esetyenziswayo ngendlela enokwenziwa ngayo [ inika ubunzulu obungakumbi kubafundi abanqwenela ukuqwalasela iingongoma ezinyukileyo zobunyulu.

Isiqhobosho 1: Isivumelwano soMthetho

Uhambo luqala xa ilungu lendlu yowiso-mthetho lisungula izicelo, ezibizwa ngokuba yimali. Noko ke, ingcamango yetyala ingavela kwimithombo emininzi. Amalungu ngokwawo angaxhasa iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwizithembiso zephulo, imicimbi yoogxamesi, okanye ubuchule bobuqu. Amaziko karhulumente asoloko emisela umthetho wokulungisa izithintelo okanye ukuzalisekisa ezona zinto ziphambili. Amaqela anomdla kunye nabaquququzeleli beenkqubo eziziko lomthetho ezinokusetyenziswa ngabaqulunqisi-mthetho njengezawo. Kwanabemi abaqhelekileyo bangakhupha amatyala ngezicelo, izicelo zikawonke-wonke, okanye ngokusebenza ngokuthe ngqo nabameli babo abanyuliweyo.

KwiNgqungquthela yase-U.S., ityala lingaziswa kwiNdlu yabameli okanye kwiNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlalo (ngaphandle kwetyala lengeniso, elimele livele kwiNdlu). Umxhasi welungu ufako lwemali ngoonobhalane begumbi, apho lifumana inani elikhethekileyo (umzekelo, H.R. 1 kwindlu yendlu okanye S. 1 kwiBhunga lendlu yemali (kanye nesihloko esichaza ngokufutshane injongo yayo. Le nkcazelo esesikweni yinyathelo lokuqala likawonke, kodwa umsebenzi wokwenene uqala emva kwemifanekiso. I-Spons idla ngokufuna inkxaso kwasekuqaleni, kwaye isebenza ne-ofisi ye-Oficial trans ukuqinisekisa ulwimi lomthetho-mthetho ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ichaza isandi. Intetho yeqela lekomiti yezothulo okanye i-ogcondsting projectivestings.

Iintlobo zeeBhili nezigqibo

Kubalulekile ukwahlula iindidi ezahlukeneyo zezithuthi zowiso-mthetho. Amatyala kawonke-wonke asebenza kuhlanga lonke, ngeli xesha amatyala obuqu enika uncedo kubantu abathile okanye imibutho ethile. Izigqibo ezilula (H.Res. okanye S.Res.) zichaza injongo yamagumbi omabini ahlukeneyo kwimbambano kodwa angenawo amandla omthetho. Izigqibo ezidibeneyo (H.J.J.Res.. Res.) ziyafana nokunika izimvo nokufuna utyikityo, kwaye ziyasetyenziswa ekucebiseni i-mgqeba. Ukuqonda oku kuya kuqwalaselwa ngendlela echaziwe ngayo.

INgxelo 2: Impinda yeKomiti

Xa kuthe kwaqaliswa, kuthunyelwa ityala kwikomiti emileyo elawula ummandla wayo oyintloko wemibandela, ngokomzekelo, amatyala emali emali yezolimo aya kwiKomiti yeeNkonzo zezolimo, kunye neendleko zokuzikhusela kwiKomiti yeeNkonzo zezoKhuselo. IiKomiti zisoloko zichazwa njenge "iinqwelo-moya" zendlu yowiso-mthetho, kwaye ngesizathu esifanelekileyo. Ziqhuba olona luvavanyo lunenkcukacha zomthetho, ziphethe iindlebe ukuze ziqokelele ubungqina kwiingcaphephe, amagosa equluni, nakumasebe.

Ukuva Nokuphawula

Ngexesha lokuchongwa, amalungu ekomiti abuza amangqina ukuba ahlole amandla emali, ubuthathaka, kunye neziphumo ezinokwenzeka. AmaNgqina angaquka oonobhala bobucukubhede, abaphandi bemfundo, abameli bamashishini, neenkokeli ezingafumani ngeniso. Ingxelo yokuva iba yinxalenye yengxelo kawonke-wonke kwaye inokuba negalelo elikhulu, ngokuphikisana okulandelayo. Emva kokuva, ikomiti iqhubekeka kwicandelo lenkqubo yokuphawula [[FLT: 1] ithe yaqwalaselwa, apho amalungu aphikisanayo anokulungisa kunye nevoti yeenguqu-mali. UMarkups unokuba negalelo elikhulu, ngokungavumelani okuqhubekayo. Izitulo zekomiti zisebenzisa amandla abalulekileyo ekulawuleni iprojectivess ziqwalaywa kwaye ziqhubeka ixesha elide kangakanani nangoko ukuxabana.

Emva kokuchongwa, ikomiti ivota ukuba ingasifaka na isindululo somthetho kwigumbi elipheleleyo. Ingxelo elungileyo iquka umbhalo olungisiweyo, inkcazelo ebhaliweyo (ingxelo yekomiti), kwaye maxa wambi iimbono eziphikisayo. Noko ke, amatyala amaninzi afa kwikomiti . ngaphandle koko ngenxa yokuba asiphumeleli ukufumana ivoti yoninzi okanye ngenxa yokuba isitulo siyayeka ukucwangcisa. Lo msebenzi wokugcina isango ngumthombo ongundoqo wamandla ekomiti. Ngokutsho kwengxelo yenkonzo yophando lwekomiti

Ikomitana

Kwiikomiti ezininzi, amatyala aqale abhekiswe kwikomiti encinci ejongene noku. Iikomiti ezingaphantsi zibamba iindlebe zazo kunye nophawulo, kwaye zingancomela ityala kwikomiti epheleleyo okanye ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa. Olu hlolo lwesibini longezelela olunye umaleko wokuhlola kodwa kwakhona amathuba amaninzi okuba ityala livalwe. Izihlalo zebhoti ezingaphantsi zidla ngokuba ziingcali kumasimi azo, zisenza iingcebiso zazo zibe nobukhulu.

Ingxoxo Yesi-3:

Ukuba ityala lidlulisa ikomiti (ii-creads), kubekwe kwikhalenda yowiso-mthetho ukwenzela ukuqwalaselwa komgangatho. Inkqubo yengxoxo yomgangatho iyahluka ngokuphawuleka phakathi kwendlu nendlu yendlu, ibonisa ubungakanani bayo eyahlukileyo nezithethe zayo. Endlini, iKomiti yemithetho enamandla ikhupha i- umthetho obeka imibandela yengxoxo: ixesha elivunyelweyo, elilungeleneyo, nokuba naziphi na iingongoma zocwangco zidityanisiwe. Umthetho uqala wamkelwa yivoti enkulu yendlu. Kuyi costation, ngokuphikisana, impikiswano isoloko ingenamkhethelo ngaphandle kokuba [[FLD:] imvume yesivumelwano [FT:3] okanye i-FFFFFFF]

IMithetho eGqityiweyo

Ngexesha lengxoxo yomgangatho, amalungu acebisa ukuba kulungiswe ukutshintsha uxwebhu. Kwindlu, iKomiti yeMimiselo ingaluthintela ulungiso kwezo zimiselwe kwangaphambili, umkhwa owaziwa ngokuba "ngumthetho ovaliweyo"" kwiNdlu yeeNtsimbi, inkqubo yokulungisa ivulekile, ivumela abaququzeleli ukuba banikele nakuphi na ukurhoxiswa kwe-injini (ukurhoxiswa) kumthetho, yaye ngamanye amaxesha ukungagunyaziswanga kwalowo umiselwe yi-adenti (abatshati) bavunyelwe ukuba akukho nto ithile.

[[NTL:0] i-filibuster luphawu olwahlukileyo lweNdlu yeNtlanga. I-senetor ingabamba umgangatho ungagqibeki okanye ithintele ivoti. Ukuphelisa i-filbuster, iNtlanga kufuneka ifake i-rate, efuna ukuvota okuphezulu okungama-60% e-authom (isiphumo 60% yee-arhente). Iityala ezininzi ezinkulu zibulewe okanye zitshintshiwe ngokuphawulekayo sisisongelo se-ntsonga. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-filicbuster kunyuke ngokugqithisileyo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubizeni utshintsho. Ukucacisa, bona le ngxelo epheleleyo, bona le mbali [[FLT:]

Emva kokuqukumbela, amavoti egumbi kwimali yemali nakweziphina izinto ezilindileyo. Endlwini, amavoti akhutshelwa ngombane. Kwindlu yendlu yamavoti, uvotelo oluqhelekileyo. Uninzi olulula (50% dibanisa enye) luyafuneka ukuze kudlulelwe kulo kwiimeko ezininzi, ngaphandle kwemilinganiso ethile yoqingqo-mali efuna intlawulo ephezulu. Ukuba uthe wadlula, uyaphenjelelwa (umgangatho) kwaye uthunyelwa kwenye igumbi.

Isiqendu 4: Elinye Icandelo

Kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho ze-biadral, irejista kufuneka idlulise omagumbi omabini ngendlela efanayo ukuqhubekeka. Igumbi lesibini liphinda inkqubo: uhlolo lwekomiti, ingxoxo yomgangatho, iinguqu, kunye nevoti. Kodwa igumbi lesibini lisenokuba nezona zibalulekileyo ezahlukeneyo, ukuqulunqwa, kunye nenkqubo. Ngenxa yoko, isoloko igqithisa uhlobo olwahlukileyo lwemali. Xa kusenzeka, irejista ayikanga umongameli. Endaweni yoko, ingena kwicandelo langasemva nelokuvota ngamanye amaxesha libizwa ngokuba [[FLT:] i-pang: igumbi eliphumayo lingalwamkela utshintsho, okanye lingathumela olunye uhlobo lwe-credients. Ukuba iikhompanethi ezimbini azikwazi ukuvumelana.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba kwinkqubo yepalamente efana neyoManyano, "yenye igumbi" (indlu yeNkosi) inamagunya alinganiselweyo okulibazisa kodwa hayi asisigxina somthetho, kwaye inkoliso karhulumente kwindlu esezantsi iqinisekisa ukudlula. E-U.S., indlu neNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso iyalingana, yenza ukunqamleza okuneminqamlezo kubaluleke kakhulu.

IKomiti yeNgqungquthela 5:

Ikomiti yenkomfa liqumrhu lokwexeshana eliyiqela elincinane lamalungu asuka kuwo omabini amaziko − ebizwa ngokuba "ii-ofisi" okanye "ii-Masters" `ityunjwe ngumphathi. Iphulo labo kukuxolelanisa umahluko phakathi kweNdlu neNdlu yeNgqungquthela yemithetho. Iikomiti zeNgqungquthela zisebenza emva kweminyango evulekileyo, zivumela iingxoxo ezicacileyo ezinokuvelisa ulalaniso lokuba akukho gumbi lingadlulanga linye.

Ikomiti ivelisa ingxelo ye- yoxolo, equka ulwimi olulungelelanisiweyo kunye necala elidityanisiweyo. Le ngxelo ithunyelwa emva kwamagumbi omabini ukuze kuvotelwe okanye phantsi. Izinyusi azivunyelwa kweli nqaku; amalungu kufuneka amkele okanye angayifuni yonke impahla. Oku "kuthabatha okanye uyishiye" kunika abanikezeli abaninzi inkxaso. Iingxelo zengqungquthela zidla ngokuba nkulu kwaye zintsonkothile, yaye ngamanye amaxesha ziquka amalungiselelo angazange abekho kuguqulelo lwantlandlolo, umqheliso owaziwayo "ukuthobela ububi." noko ke, ikomiti yengquthela ihlala iyinkqubo ebalulekileyo yokuquququzelisa.

Isicatshulwa 6: Ukunconywa kokugqibela

Emva kokuba ingxelo yenkomfa ivunyiwe ngamagumbi omabini, ityala libhalisiwe kwiphepha lesikhumba ngemiqukumbelo nentsayino, kwaye ityikitywe nguMthetheli weNdlu yeNdlu kunye noMongameli weCala (uMongameli oPhawulayo). Ithi ke inikwe umongameli. Kweli thuba, isebe lowiso-mthetho ligqibile umsebenzi walo, kodwa umphathi unesigqibo sokugqibela.

ISeta 7: Isenzo sesigqeba

Umongameli (okanye irhuluneli kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho) kufuneka aqwalasele ityala elithunyelwe yiKhonkxa. UmGaqo-siseko wase-United States unika umongameli izinto ezininzi anokuzenza phantsi kweGatya I, iCandelo 7. Umongameli angacinga ngolu hlobo:

  • Uphawu lomthetho. Ithatha ukusebenza kwangoko, kumhla wexesha elizayo ochaziweyo, okanye emva komlinganiselo wexesha leentsuku ezingama-90.
  • [[FLT: 0] Unyuso lomthetho. Umongameli ubuyisela ingqungquthela ngokuphikisa. Ungqungquthela ungazama ukudlula iveto nge ``3' covote kwigumbi ngalinye. Ukuba iphumelele, ityala liba ngumthetho ngaphandle kotyikityo lomongameli. Ukungalawuleki imigudu inqabile kwaye iphumelele ngaphantsi kwe 5% yexesha ngokwembali.
  • thabatha nyathelo. Ukuba iBhunga lisebuqulwini, ityala liba ngumthetho emva kweentsuku ezilishumi (iiCawa ezisusiweyo) ngaphandle kosayino lomongameli. Ukuba iBhunga linxulumene ngezo ntsuku ezilishumi, ityala alibi ngumthetho , oku kwaziwa njenge i-pocket veto[. Ingxowa ayinakubekwa ngaphakathi ngenxa yokuba iBhunga alifumaneki ukwamkela umyalezo.

Ngamanye amaxesha oomongameli bakhupha uluvo oluchaza indlela abawuchaza ngayo umthetho okanye olubonisa ukuba ngawaphi amalungu abangayi kunyanzelisa. Ngelixesha bephikisanayo, ezi ngxelo azibopheleli ngokomthetho kodwa zingaphembelela abameli besebe abalawulayo. I-ofisi ye-Akhawunti ye-Akhawunti ye-Rhulumente ibino ukubhaliswa komthetho womthetho womthetho othile wokwenziwa komthetho [, ingenayo imbambano yemithetho yesiseko.

Isiphelo: Ukuzanyazanyiswa

Ukumisela i-groupthera yowiso-mthetho kufuneka umonde, ubuchule, nokuyiqonda ngokunzulu imithetho ebhaliweyo kunye neempembelelo zobupolitika. Iqonga ngalinye linika onke amathuba kunye nemiqobo. Imali ingabulawa ngokuzolileyo kwikomiti, igcinwe ngumgcini-mthetho, ilungiswe ngokungaphaya kobungqina, okanye ifakwe ngaphaya komzuzu wokugqibela. Kodwa inkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba iimbono ezininzi ziyaviwa, ukuba iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga ziyancitshiswa, kwaye loo mithetho inandipha inkxaso esekelwe kumandla avulekileyo.

Kubemi nabameli, ukuqonda olu hambo linyathelo lokuqala elikhokelela ekugananeni ngokunempumelelo. Enoba ngokuqhagamshelana nommeli, engqinelana, okanye ekulungelelaniseni iphulo likawonke-wonke, abantu bangaphembelela umthetho nanini na. Kwanabo bafuna nje ukuqonda indlela urhulumente wabo asebenza ngayo, inkqubo yemithetho inika isibonakude esinamandla kubuchule bokulalanisa nedemokhrasi. Le milo intsonkothile, kodwa iyantsonkotha, kodwa iyasebenziseka qha kwaye iyakwazi ukuqhuba isiseko solawulo lwezentlalo-ntle.