Ukuqonda inkqubo yenkundla kubalulekile kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo kwiinkqubo zomthetho, nokuba ungummangalelwa, ummangalelwa, ummeli, okanye ummi onenkxalabo. Olu khokelo lunentsingiselo lukhula kumacandelo angundoqo eengxoxo zomthetho, iindidi eenkundla, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeenkundla, kunye namanyathelo asebenzisekayo onokuwathabatha ukuze ulawule inkqubo ngentembelo. Ukusuka ekufakeni isikhalazo sokufuna isibheno, isigaba ngasinye sifuna ingqalelo enonophelweni kwimithetho ebhaliweyo nemithetho emiselwe imiyalelo. Ngokuchaza inkqubo, eli nqaku lizimisele ukukunceda ufikelele kwimeko yakho engokomthetho oyazileyo kwaye uyilungiselele.

Imboniselo yendlela yenkundla

Inkqubo yenkundla isebenza njengesiseko somthetho, iqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni kulawulwa ngokufanelekileyo nangokungaguqukiyo. EUnited States, ijaji isebenza kumanqanaba orhulumente worhulumente naworhulumente, ngalinye elinemigangatho yalo kunye negunya. Iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo zibekwa ngokwamaqela ngohlobo lomthetho eziwuthethayo kunye nohlobo lwempikiswano ezizicombululayo. Iinkundla eziqhelekileyo ziquka iinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho, ezisingatha amatyala achasene nesizwe; iinkundla zamakhaya, ezicombulula iinkundla zeentsapho, ezithetha ngoqhawulo mtshato, ilungelo lokugcina umntwana; iinkundla zemoto, eziqhuba imicimbi encinane ethetha ngokuchasanayo; kunye neenkundla ezincinane zemali eziva iingxoxo zezomthetho, ezisingatha iinkundla zemali ezichaphaza ngokusetyenziswa komthetho.

Ukuqonda ukuba yiyiphi inkundla enegunya kwityala lakho elinye lamanyathelo okuqala nawona abalulekileyo. Inkundla ibhekisela kwigunya lenkundla lokuva umbandela othile osekelwe kwinzululwazi yelizwe, kwimibandela yemibandela, okanye kwimali ephikisanayo. Umzekelo, inkundla yephondo ayinakuva ityala elilula lomnini-mhlaba eliphantsi komthetho wesizwe, kwaye inkundla encinane ayinako ukongamela ngaphezulu komda wayo (ngokunjalo i-$5 000 ukuya ku-10 000 kuxhomekeke kurhulumente).

Kwisiqalo esongezelelekileyo kwisakhiwo senkundla, tyelela U.S. iphepha elisemthethweni kwindima yenkundla kunye nolwakhiwo.

Inkqubo Yomthetho: Hamba Ngenyathelo

Inkqubo engokwasemthethweni ibandakanya amaqondo aliqela achaziweyo, abalulekileyo kwisigqibo setyala ngalinye. Nangona ukulandelelana okuchanileyo kungahluka ngokolawulo nohlobo lwamatyala, amatyala amaninzi olwaphulo-mthetho alandela indlela efanayo. Ukuqonda la maqondo kunceda ukuphelisa amava enkundla kwaye kunciphisa ixhala ngoko kumele kulindelwe.

Ukukhalaza

Le nkqubo iqala xa ummangali-mthetho (kwityala lasekuhlaleni) okanye umtshutshisi (kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho) efakela uxwebhu olusemthethweni kwinkundla. Kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, olu xwebhu lubizwa ngokuba sizikhalazo kwaye luchaza izityholo zommangaleli, isiseko esisemthethweni setyala, kwaye isiqabu safuna (ngokufana nemali okanye imiyalelo). Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, umtshutshisi ufaka ulwazi okanye umangalela ummangalelwa ngetyala elithile.

Inkonzo yenkqubela nempendulo evela kumKhuseli

Xa isikhalazo sithe saqukunjelwa, ummangalelwa kufuneka axelelwe ngokusemthethweni. Eli nyathelo, elaziwa njengenkonzo yenkqubo, liqinisekisa ummangalelwa ukuba ufumana ukhuphelo lwesikhalazo kunye nesicelo sokuvela okanye ukuphendula ngenani elichaziweyo lentsuku (ngokuqhelekileyo 20 ukuya kuma-30). Ummangalelwa ngoko kufuneka afake impendulo `````empendulo'' ngokuqhelekileyo avume okanye akhanyele ityala ngalinye, okanye aqhutywe ukuphikisa into yokuba isikhalazo asiphumeleli kwingxelo esemthethweni. Ukungaphumeleli ekugwetyweni okungagqibekanga nxamnye nommangalelwa.

Ukufunyanwa Kwezinto

Ukufunyaniswa kwengxelo yexesha elininzi nenxalenye enzulu yolwamkelo. Omabini amaqela atshintshisana ngolwazi aze aqokelele ubungqina bokwakha amatyala awo. Izixhobo zokwaziswa ziquka ukubuza (imibuzo ebhaliweyo), izicelo zokuvelisa amaxwebhu, ukudityaniswa (iingxelo zomlomo ezithathwe ngaphandle kwenkundla), kunye nezicelo zokuvunywa kwenkundla. Eli candelo libalulekileyo ekutyhileni izibakala, ukuvavanya amandla etyala lakho, kunye nengxoxo yokufakelwa kwengxelo. Iinkundla ngokungqongqo zinyanzelisa imithetho yokufumana izinto, kwaye ukungaphumeleli kunokuthi kukhokelele kwimiqathango.

Intshukumo zangaphambili

Phambi kokuba ityala liqalise, iqela lisenokuyifakela intshukumo zangaphambili ukusombulula imiba ethile engokwasemthethweni okanye ukuxinanisa umlinganiselo wetyala. Intshukumo eqhelekileyo iquka ukuthatha inyathelo lokugxotha, ukuthatha inyathelo ukwenzela umgwebo wesishwankathelo (ukucela inkundla ukuba ilawule isekelwe kwizibakala ezingenakukhanyelwa), kunye nentshukumo zokuphelisa ubungqina (kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho). Ezi zintshukumo ngamanye amaxesha zingayicombulula ngokupheleleyo imeko ngaphandle kwemfuneko yokulingwa, ukugcina ixesha kunye nendleko.

Ukuvavanywa

Ityala kukuvavanywa okusesikweni kobungqina phambi kwejaji okanye abachopheli-tyala. Omabini amacala anikela iintetho zokuvula, amangqina, ukubiza amangqina, ukuchaza imiboniso, nokunikela iingxoxo zokuqukumbela. Ijaji iyalawula kwimicimbi, imisela kwiimpikiswano ezicacileyo, kwaye iyalela abachopheli-mgaqo-nxaxheba kumthetho osebenzayo. Kwityala lebheri (ngaphandle kwenkundla yabachopheli-tyala), ijaji yomibini igqiba izibakalazo ize isebenzise umthetho. Izigwebo zinokuhlala iiyure ezimbalwa ukuya kwiiveki eziliqela, kuxhomekeke ekuntsonkothelweni kwetyala.

Umgwebo nesigwebo

Kwityala labanye abantu, xa kufikelelwa isigqibo, ityala liza kunikwa isigwebo. Kwityala lasekuhlaleni, isigwebo simisela ityala, yaye xa kuyimfuneko, ityala lomonakalo limele lifunyanwe linetyala okanye lingabi natyala. Emva kwesigqibo, inkundla iqalisa ukugweba, nto leyo engomthetho osemthethweni ochaza iziphumo. Isigwebo siquka ukuhlangulwa, njengokuhlawulwa kwemali, umyalelo, okanye, kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, isigwebo sokubanjwa okanye ukugwetywa.

Inkqubo Yesibheno

Ukuba elinye iqela likholelwa ukuba inkundla yetyala yenze impazamo esemthethweni eyachaphazela isiphumo, bangafaka isibheno kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Izibheno azikokuqulunqwa kwakhona; zijolise ngqo kwinkundla esezantsi ukuba iwusebenzisa ngokuchanekileyo umthetho. I-apulant (umbutho onomtsalane) inikezela ingxubusho emfutshane ebhaliweyo, kwaye inkundla edlulisa iingxoxo zomlomo phambi kokukhupha isigqibo. Iziphumo ezinokwenzeka ziquka ukuqinisekisa umgwebo, ukuwubuyisela umva, ukuphinda umva kwetyala ukwenzela ukuqulungela okuthengiselwa phambili, okanye ukulungisa isindululo esigunyaziweyo. Izibheno zingathatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka ukugqiba isigqibo.

Ukuntywila okunzulu kwinkqubo yezibheno bona Isikhokelo se-Legal Information Institute kwinkqubo ye-'FLT' [[FLT: 1].

Iindima Eziphambili Kwinkqubo Yenkundla

Ukuqonda iimbopheleleko zomntu ngamnye obandakanyekileyo kunokukunceda ukwazi oko umele ukulindele nendlela omele uqhubane ngayo nabo.

ABagwebi

ABagwebi balawula inkundla, beqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ulandelwa yaye ityala liqulunqwa kakuhle. Balawula ngokweentshukumo, balawule inkundla yenkundla, bafundise amajaji, yaye, kwiinkundla zokuchophela iinkundla zesihlalo, bagqibe iziphumo. Abagwebi bamele bangakhethi buso baze basekele izigqibo zabo ngokusuka kubungqina nomthetho osebenzayo.

Iiattorney

Ii-athorney zimela izilangazelelo zabaxhasi bazo, zinika icebiso elingokwasemthethweni, zilungiselela amaxwebhu, zize ziwathethele kwiimeko zabo zonke ezingokwasemthethweni. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, abamangalelwa banelungelo lokufumana igqwetha, kwaye ukuba abanamali, inkundla kufuneka imisele umkhuseli kawonke-wonke. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, amaqela angakhetha ukuqesha igqwetha okanye ukuzimela ngokwawo (pro se). Iinkundla ezininzi zinikela izibonelelo zomntu ozimeleyo, kodwa inkqubo inokuba yinkimbinkimbi kwanangoko kukhokelo.

I-Jurors

Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, iqela labemi (ngokuqhelekileyo 6 ukusa kwe-12) likhethwa ukuba liphulaphule ubungqina kwaye lizimisele ukusekela kuphela kwizibakala ezinikelweyo. Abagwebi bayalelwa ngomthetho yaye ngabom ngasese ukuba bafikelele isigqibo. Ukukhonza kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala ngumsebenzi wezequmrhu, kwaye abachopheli-jaji kufuneka bahlale bengakhethi baze baphephe impembelelo yangaphandle.

Abenzi Beenkundla

Oomabhalana benkundla bayawulawula umsebenzi wolawulo lwenkundla. Bagcina iirekhodi ezisemthethweni, bacwangcise ukuchotshelwa kwetyala, bamkele iifama, bancedise nabagwebi ngamaphepha. OoClerk bangaphendula imibuzo ebhaliweyo kodwa abakwazi ukunikela icebiso elingokwasemthethweni. Ukuba ufaka ityala, iofisi yomabhalane yindawo yokuqala yokutyelela iifomu kunye nexesha elimisiweyo.

UlwimiLanguage

Abalawuli bagcina ucwangco enkundleni, baqinisekisa ukuba bonke abathathi-nxaxheba bakhuselekile, yaye balawula ukugcinwa kwamagosa asentolongweni.

Abachongi

Abacholacholi beendaba benkundla benza iingxelo ezivakalayo zazo zonke iziganeko. Ezi ngxelo ziyimfuneko ekubheneleni nasekulondolozeni irekhodi. Kwezinye iinkundla, kusetyenziswa iinkqubo zokushicilela ze-millic, kodwa intatheli enengxelo ikho kuzo zonke iinkundla nezivavanyo ezisemthethweni.

Iintlobo Zeenkundla Nezityholo Zazo

Iinkundla zilungelelaniswe kwithala leencwadi ezahlukeneyo kunye nezohlobo lokusingatha iinguqu ezininzi zemibandela yomthetho ephakamayo. Ukwazi inkundla elungileyo ukulibhala phantsi ityala lakho kungagcina ixesha kwaye kuthintele ukugxothwa.

Iinkundla Ezimanyeneyo

Iinkundla zomanyano zisingatha amatyala abandakanya imithetho karhulumente, umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., izivumelwano, iimbambano phakathi kwamazwana, okanye amaqela asuka kumaphondo awahlukeneyo (ulawulo lweziko lommandla) xa ixabiso lempikiswano lingaphaya kwee-$75 000. Inkqubo yesebe iquka iinkundla zesithili (umgatho wezomthetho), iinkundla zesiphaluka-mfazwe (inkqubo yezomgaqo-mthetho yengingqi), kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States.

Iinkundla Zelizwe

Iinkundla zephondo zithetha ngobuninzi beempikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni, kuquka umthetho wentsapho, iimpikiswano, iimbambano zokonzakalisa umntu, iprobate, kunye nenkoliso yamatyala. Urhulumente ngamnye uneenkundla zakhe eziphambili, eziqhelekileyo ezinamatyala (ngokufuthi zibizwa ngokuba zizikhulu, ziziphaluka, okanye iinkundla zesithili), iinkundla zetyala, kunye nenkundla ephakamileyo yeli lizwe. Iinkqubo nemithetho yenkundla yenkundla yeli lizwe ingahluka kakhulu ukusuka kwiphondo ngalinye ukuya kwelinye.

Iinkundla ezizodwa

Iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zigxininisa kwiintlobo ezithile zamatyala, zinika iinkqubo ezilungelelanisiweyo zomthetho kwaye zisoloko zidibanisa iinkonzo zentlalo. Imizekelo iquka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Inkundla yeBankiptacy: Yinkundla yequmrhu ephatha izijungqe zokungabikho koshishino phantsi koMthetho weBhankipropec.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkundla yeTax: iva iimpikiswano phakathi kwabaqeshi berhafu kunye nenkonzo yengeniso yangaphakathi (IIRS).
  • Inkundla yosapho: isingatha uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukuxhasa umntwana, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, kunye nogonyamelo lwasekhaya.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkundla yeJuvenile: Inyanga nabancinane abatyholwe ngobuhlongandlebe okanye imicimbi yokuxhomekeka (ukusebenzisa/ukungavumelani).
  • Inkundla yeziyobisi: inika enye indlela engaphaya kwentambo kubenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho abangenabundlobongela neengxaki zokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi, idityaniswe nolawulo logwebo.

Kuludwe lweenkqubo ezikhethekileyo zenkundla, tyelela iziko lesiZwe leeNkundla zikaRhulumente kwiphepha elikwizigwebo ezicazulula ingxaki.

Ukulungiselela Imbonakalo Yenkundla

Enoba ungumbutho, ulingqina, okanye ungumgwebi, ukulungiselela kunokukunciphisa ngokuphawulekayo uxinezeleko kwaye kuphucule amava akho. Nawa amanyathelo asebenzisekayo omele uwathabathe phambi kwayo nayiphi na inkangeleko yasenkundleni:

Isinxibo neNkxaso

Nxiba ngendlela elungeleleneyo neyobugcisa . "Xa unxibe kakuhle" nxiba impahla yeshishini. Kuphephe impahla engaqhelekanga njenge-body, i-tuns, okanye iminqwazi. Yima xa ijaji ingena, thetha ngokucacileyo nangentlonelo, kwaye soloko ubiza ijaji ngokuthi “Imbeko yakho.” Yithi thule icell phone yakho kwaye phepha ukuhlafuna intsinga okanye ukutya enkundlani.

Yazi Ityala Lakho

Hlola onke amaxwebhu anxulumene netyala lakho. Ukuba ungumbutho, yiza nemibhalo yazo zonke izibongozo, iimpendulo zofuno, kunye nalo nabuphi na ubungqina obuceba ukubunikela. Ukuba unegqwetha, xubusha ngetyala kusengaphambili kwaye wazi oko umele ukukulindela. Kumaziko azimeleyo, iiwebhsayithi ezininzi zenkundla zinika amaziko okunceda okanye iifomu.

Ukufika Kusemsinyane

Cwangcisa ukufika malunga nemizuzu engama-30 ngaphambi kokuba uchotshelwe. Zinike ixesha lokuhlola ukhuseleko, ufumanise inkundla echanekileyo, uze ujonge umabhalane okanye i-cailvif. Ukufika emva kwexesha kungaphumela ekulibaziseni ukuva okanye kwanomgwebo ongagqibekanga.

Lawula Amaxwebhu Nobungqina

Lungisa amaxwebhu akho kwifayile okanye kwii-tab ezibhalwe phantsi. Ukuba unemiboniso, yiza nemibhalo emininzi (eyejaji, enye yeqela eliphikisanayo, enye yeyakho). Ukuba uceba ukubiza amangqina, nenkcazelo yabo yoqhakamshelwano kwaye uqinisekise ukuba baza kuvela. Ubungqina obufana nefoto okanye iividiyo, qinisekisa ukuba zikwifomati ecacileyo kwaye zizisa ugcino-khuseleko.

Ukuqonda Ingxelo Yenkundla

Musa ukuphazamisa xa abanye bethetha. Linda ixesha lakho lokuthetha nejaji. Xa usondela kwisihlalo, buza “Ngaba ndingaya?” Ungaphikisi nejaji okanye necebo eliphikisayo. Ukuba ulingqina, wuphulaphule ngenyameko umbuzo uze uphendule kuphela oko kubuzwayo.

Olunye Utshintsho Olukhokelela Kulwimi Oluqhelekileyo

Asiyonto yonke impikiswano ekufuneka iye kwityala. Iindlela ezisetyenziswayo zokuyilwa kwetyala (ADR) zingalondoloza ixesha, imali namandla angokweemvakalelo. Iinkundla ezininzi zifuna amaqela ukuba azame i-ADR ngaphambi kokuba ityala licwangciswe.

Isicwangciso

kwi-mediation, ilungu lesithathu elingathathi-nxaxheba (ummeli) linceda amaqela anxibelelana aze athethe ngesigqibo esamkelekileyo. Umlamli akagqibi ngetyala kodwa wenza kube lula ukuxoxa. Intetho iyimfihlo kwaye inokusetyenziswa nakweliphi na iqondo. Ingakumbi kumthetho wentsapho nakwimicimbi emincinane.

Ushenxiso

I-Arbitrotion yinkqubo ecwangcisiweyo apho ummisi-mikhosi ongathathi-nxaxheba (okanye iqela) eva ubungqina kwaye enze isigqibo sokubophelela okanye sokungabopheleli. Ukurhoxisa kungavunyelwana ngamaqela kwisivumelwano okanye agunyaziswe ngumthetho wenkundla. Ngokuqhelekileyo kukhawuleza kwaye kuxabisa kancinci kunetyala, nangona isigqibo sinokuba namalungelo alinganiselweyo okubhenela.

Ingxoxo Yokuhlalisa

Izivumelwano ziyakwazi ukuxoxa ngokuhlaliswa ngqo okanye ngamagqwetha azo nangaliphi na ixesha. Amatyala amaninzi ahlala ngexesha lokufunyanwa kwento okanye kwingqungquthela yangaphambi kwentlanganiso yomthetho. Isivumelwano sokuhlalisana sisivumelwano esiphelisa ukumangalelwa; xa sityikityiwe, amaqela afaka ifayile yokugxothwa nenkundla.

Ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluninzi nge ADR, bona ushwankathelo lweMelika Bar Association yempikiswano ekunokukhethwa kuyo kwesombululo.[FLT: 1]

Imigaqo neMiqathango eQhelekileyo

Amagama asemthethweni anokubadida. Ngeli ngezantsi ngamanye amagama adla ngokusetyenziswa odibana nawo enkundleni:

  • [[UMTL:0] Umthetho ocacileyo: Umntu ozisa ukumangalelwa kwetyala.
  • [[UMTL:0] Idefanti: Umntu omangalelwayo okanye obekwa ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Complait: Uxwebhu lokuqala oluqala imeko yempukane.
  • Ityala : Isityholo esisemthethweni esikhutshwe liqumrhu elikhulu labachopheli-tyala kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Affidavit: A uxwebhu olubhaliweyo lwezibakala.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] ISubpoena: Umyalelo wenkundla ofuna umntu ukuba anikele ubungqina okanye avelise amaxwebhu.
  • Ubungqina obugqithisiweyo obuthatyathwe ngaphandle kwenkundla, obusetyenziswa kakhulu ekufumaneni.
  • Isigqibo esicacileyo: [[FTL:1] Isigqibo esenziwe ngaphandle kwemvavanyo xa kungekho mpikiswano yokwenene yento ephathekayo.
  • Appal: Isicelo sokuba inkundla ephakamileyo ihlole isigqibo senkundla esezantsi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukungasileli Imida: Ixesha elilinganiselweyo apho ukumangalelwa kumele kugcinwe khona.

Ukuqhelana nala mazwi kunokukunceda uqonde amaxwebhu nemiyalelo yenkundla evela kwigqwetha lakho.

Amacebiso Kulwazi Olumxeba

Ukuba ukhetha ukuzimela ngokwakho (pro se), qonda ukuba uza kugcinwa kwimilinganiselo efanayo njengegqwetha. Iinkundla zinika izibonelelo ezizincedayo, kodwa umthwalo ukuwe ukuze ufikelele yonke imiqathango emiselwe ixesha uze ulandele le mithetho. Cinga la macebiso:

  • Yiya kwiziko lenkundla yasekuhlaleni lokuzinceda okanye kwi-website. Ezininzi zinezimvo, imiyalelo neevidiyo.
  • Yiya kwinkundla ukuze uqwalasele iziganeko ezifanayo nezo uzenzayo.
  • Lungisa uze ugcine ikhalenda yayo yonke imihla emiselweyo (amaxesha aphantsi, imihla yokuva, ukufumanisa imilinganiselo).
  • Ukuba uziva woyisiwe, funa umelo lwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo (iinkonzo ezingekho mthethweni) apho igqwetha lisingatha iinxalenye ezithile zetyala lakho.
  • Sukuyityeshela imiyalelo yenkundla okanye ungaphumeleli ukuphendula kwintshukumo.

Isiphelo

Ukunyanzela inkqubo yenkundla kusenokuba nzima, kodwa ukuqonda iinkqubo, iindima, kunye nobuncwane obukhoyo kunika abantu amandla okufikelela iimeko zabo ezingokwasemthethweni ngentembelo. Ukuba uyasivala isikhalazo, ukukhusela ityala, okanye usebenza njengejaji, ukulungiselela kungundoqo. Khumbula ukuba akuwedwa oonobhala, amaziko oncedo, kunye nemibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni ekhoyo ukukukhokela. Inkqubo yokugweba, ngoxa ingafezekanga, yenzelwe ukucombulula iingxabano ngobulungisa nangoxolo. Ngokuzixhobisa ngolwazi nangokufuna uncedo olufanelekileyo xa kuyimfuneko, ungahamba ngendlela esemthethweni ngobuchule nokulawula okungakumbi.