Yintoni Inkqubo Engokwasemthethweni?

Inkqubo engokwasemthethweni yinkqubo elungelelanisiweyo ebangela ngayo ibutho labantu, litolike, lisebenzise, liphinde linyanzelise imithetho yalo. Engundoqoni walo, limisela imithetho kunye namaqumrhu agcina ucwangco, akhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye, acombulule iimpikiswano, adlulisele okusesikweni. Kubemi, bayayiqonda indlela le nkqubo esebenza ngayo ayiyo imfundo nje kuphela qha, ichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla, ukungasayini isivumelwano sokuvota kunyulo, ukubonakala enkundleni njengejaji.

Ngokubanzi, iinkqubo zomthetho ehlabathini lonke ziwela kwizithethe ezimbalwa eziphambili. inkqubo yomthetho eqhelekileyo , esetyenziswa eUnited States, iUnited Kingdom, Canada, iAustralia, kunye namanye amaBritane, zixhomekeke kakhulu kwimiqathango ebhaliweyo nemithetho ebhaliweyo, kunye nabagwebi abadlala indima engakumbi yexesha elizayo. Ezinye izithethe ezibalulekileyo ziquka [[FLT:] umthetho wobufundisi [[FLT]] inkqubo yomthetho exhaphakileyo kweminye i-Sulumane], esekelwe kwilizwe laseYurophu nase Latin America, isekelwe kwikhowudi ebhaliweyo nemithetho ebhaliweyo, kunye nemithetho, kunye nemisebenzi esetyenziswa ngabagwebi. [FT]

Akukho nkqubo yomthetho igqibeleleyo, kodwa injongo nganye yokulungelelanisa izilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo: amandla karhulumente amelene nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye, imfuneko yocwangco ngokuchasene nemfuneko yokusesikweni, kunye nokuphumelela kwequmrhu elilawulayo kunye nemfuneko yenkqubo efunekayo. Kubemi, inyathelo lokuqala lokuqhuba nayiphi na inkqubo yomthetho kukuqonda ukwakhiwa kwalo okusisiseko . kwaye kuqalisa kwiinkundla.

Iintlobo zeenkundla: Imboniselo ehamba phambili

Iinkundla ziindawo apho iimpikiswano zomthetho ziviwa ngokusemthethweni kwaye zigwetywe. Ziyinkqubo emiselweyo emisela ukuba yeyiphi inkundla echonga ityala kwaye yiyiphi inkundla enokuhlola isigqibo senye inkundla. Ngoxa amagama nezakhiwo ezithile zahluka ngokwamagunya, inkoliso yenkqubo yomthetho iyakwazi ukungqinelana nengqiqo yentlangano.

Iinkundla zokuchophela ityala (IiNkundla zeQumrhu lokuqala)

Iinkundla zamatyala zilapho kuqalisa khona amatyala. Zinetyala lokumisa izibakala zempikiswano, ukuva ubungqina, nokusebenzisa umthetho ukuze kufikelelwe kwisigqibo. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, inkundla yamatyala igqiba ukuba netyala okanye imsulwa; kumatyala asekuhlaleni, imisela ityala kunye nezonakaliso. Iinkundla zamatyala zisoloko zibekwa phantsi kwemibandela ekhoyo: iinkundla ezincinane [iiiityala] kwiinkundla ezincinane [iityala], [[FLT:]] iinkundla zeentsapho [FLT] [[3] yemiba] yemicimbi yoqhawulo mtshato neyokugcina ityala, [[FLT] kunye neenkundla ezininzi zetyala] ezihamba-mthetho. [FLT]

IiNkundla eziBalulekileyo (IiNkundla zeNgxelo)

Iinkundla zezicelo aziwangeni amatyala amatsha okanye zive ubungqina obutsha. Endaweni yoko, ahlola ingxelo yenkundla yamatyala eqhubeka ukufumanisa ukuba iimpazamo zomthetho zenziwa ezachaphazela iziphumo. Isibheno asilothuba lesibini lokuphumelela ityala, kodwa lithuba lokuhlola ukuba umthetho usetyenziswe ngokuchanekileyo na. Iinkundla zeAppellate zihlala kumacandelo amathathu okanye ngaphezulu abagwebi kunye neembono ezibhaliweyo ezitolika umthetho kunye kunye nemizekelo esoloko ibekwe iqhinga kwiinkundla ezisezantsi.

IiNkundla eziPhakamileyo (IiNkundla zokugqibela)

Kumphezulu wequmrhu lezomthetho lihlala kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Ngokufuthi libizwa ngokuba yiNkundla Ephakamileyo, okanye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yezomGaqo-siseko. Le nkundla ifumana izibheno kwiinkundla eziphantsi kwaye inegama lokugqibela kwimibandela yomthetho wesizwe nomthetho wesizwe. Izigqibo zayo zibophelelekile kuzo zonke ezinye iinkundla ezilawulayo. Kumazwe amaninzi, inkundla ephakamileyo ikwalawula [[FLT: 0] uphengululo lomthetho wezomthetho wecawase-mthetho. [FLT], igunya lokuwisa imithetho echasene nomgaqo-siseko. Imizekelo ye-Famoustiome iquka iNkundlana Ephakamileyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yoBukumkani, neNkulwano yeKwelo yaseKhanada.

Iinkundla ezizodwa

Ngaphaya kwemigangatho jikelele, iinkqubo ezininzi ziquka iinkundla ezizodwa kwiintlobo ezithile zempikiswano. Ezi ziquka iinkundla zenkqubano zemali , iinkundla zerhafu , [[FLT:]] iinkundla zolawulo [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [iiiiinkundla zolawulo] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] iinkundla zezomthetho [[FLT]] [iiiNkulwaniso] [[5] [iiiiiiiinkundla zezizwe zonke zeJajini neNkuvo ye-Culgn. Ezikhethekileyo zizisa umbano olunzulu lwamanyeneyomthetho womthetho. [[FLT]

Indlela Iinkundla Ezisebenza Ngayo: Ityala Elithile Lixhomekeke Kwityala

Ukuqonda indlela elihamba ngayo ityala lenkundla kubalulekile nakowuphi na ummi osenokufuna ukumangalela, akhusele omnye, okanye abe lingqina okanye ijaji.

Isiqhoboshi 1: Ukujija kunye nokukhokela

Ityala liqala xa ummangali (kwimicimbi yamakhaya) okanye umtshutshisi (kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho) efaka uxwebhu olusemthethweni kwinkundla. Kwimeko zabemi, le yi complust okanye ingcebiso[ ichaza izibakala kunye nesiseko esisemthethweni setyala. Umkhomi walapho ngoko uyimpendulo, owaziwa njenge [[FLT:]], oyamkela okanye oyamkela izityholo kwaye angaphakamisa ukuzikhusela. Ukutshintshisana kwala amaxwebhu kubizwa ngokuba yi- iqodi [FLT] [FT]

Isiqhoboshi 2: Uhlolo

Phambi kokuvavanywa, omabini amacala adibana nento yokwenza isiqinisekiso ].

Isiqhobosho 3: Intshukumo yangaphambili neeNgqungquthela

Phambi kokuvavanywa, naliphi na iqela lingafaka izithuba licela ijaji ukuba ilawule kwimiba ethile. imowulo yokugxotha icela inkundla ukuba ilahle ityala ngenxa yokuba alinalo inzuzo esemthethweni. inxaxhi yomgwebo wesishwankathelo [ icela inkundla ukuba ilawule kwelinye iqela kuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene ngamatyala afuna ityala. Iingqungquthela eziphakathi komgwebi negwebi zinceda iimbambano ezicutheneyo, iziso ezisisishwankathelo, kwaye ivavanyele ukurhoxisana okunokwenzeka kokuhlalisa.

Isicatshulwa 4: Ukuvavanywa

Ityala lisesona siganeko singundoqo. Kwityala lebhentshi, ijaji igqiba zombini izibakala kunye nomthetho. Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, ijaji iyalela abachopheli-mthetho kwaye igqibi bagqiba izibakala. Ityala liqala nge [[[FLT: 0]] iingxelo ezivulayo[, zilandelwa kukunikelwa kobungqina /ingqina, amaxwebhu, imiboniso ephathekayo, neembono zolwazi. Icala ngalinye linganqumla amangqina. Emva kokuba bonke ubungqina bunikelwe, amagqwetha adlulisa iimpikiswano . [iFLT]]. Ijaji okanye abagwebi bakwanga ngabom, kwaye ibuyisela [FLT:]

Isiqhobosho 5: Isibheno sePost-Torial kunye nesibheno

Emva kwesigqibo, iqela eliphulukana nequmrhu lingayifayile emva kwemiqathango iintshukumo eziphambili . isiphumo setyala elitsha okanye imvakalelo yomgwebo ngaphandle kwesigqibo [[. Ukuba ezi zingaphumeleli, iqela lingabhenela kwinkundla ephezulu. Izibheno azizenzeki; iqela kufuneka liphawule impazamo esemthethweni eyenziwe ngexesha lokuvavanywa ekwakuchaphazele iziphumo. Ukuba inkundla ye-actellate ifumana eso sigqibo, ingasibuyisela esigwebo, umyalelo omtsha, okanye ilungise umgwebo. Kwimeko ezingaqhelekanga, ngokubhekele phaya kwinkundla ephezulu, kufuneka ibonise iziphumo.

Amagama Asemthethweni Abalulekileyo Afanele Aziwe Ngabo Bonke Abami

Ukusetyenziswa kwamagama asemthethweni kusenokuba yinto eyoyikisayo, kodwa ulwazi olusebenzayo lwamagama angundoqo lunika abemi amandla okunxibelelana ngokunempumelelo namagqwetha, ukuqonda amaxwebhu asenkundleni, nokulandela amatyala. La magama alandelayo ayimfuneko.

Izahlukano Kwityala

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Upoltiff: Umntu okanye iqumrhu eliqalisa ukumangalelana kwelizwe ngokufaka isikhalazo.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Defantint: Umntu okanye iqumrhu elimangalelwayo okanye elimangalelwa kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Intelekelelo/iRespect : isetyenziswa kwiintlobo ezithile zezimeko (umz., isibongozo, inkundla yentsapho) ukwahlula iqela elifuna isiphumlisi (isifundo) kwiqela eliphikisayo.
  • Umnqumli we-: igqwetha likarhulumente elizisa izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngenxa karhulumente.
  • Amicus Curiae: "Umhlobo wenkundla" ongengolungu letyala kodwa onika ulwazi okanye ubuchule ukunceda inkundla kwisigqibo sayo.

Ixesha Elibekiweyo

  • Jouridiction: Igunya lenkundla lokuva ityala. Inkundla kufuneka ibe negunya lomntu onegunya (igunya lokuva uhlobo lomzekelo) kunye negunya lobuqu (igunya phezu kwamaqela) ukuqhuba.
  • [[UMTL: 0] IVEnue: Indawo apho ityala livakala khona. Imithetho yeVenue iqinisekisa ukuba amatyala avavanywa kwindawo elungele amaqela namangqina.
  • Ukuma: Ilungelo elisemthethweni leqela lokuzisa ityala. Ukuma, iqela kufuneka libonise ukuba lifumene umonakalo wekonkrithi enokuthi inkundla ikwazi ukuyilungisa.
  • Intsingiselo yecebo: Inkqubo yangaphambili yovavanyo apho amaqela atshintshisana khona ulwazi nobungqina.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Subpoena: Umyalelo wenkundla ofuna umntu avele enkundleni okanye avelise amaxwebhu.

Iziphumo kunye namadinga

  • Isigwebo : Isigqibo esisesikweni sejaji okanye ijaji kwityala.
  • Isigqibo senkundla esemthethweni, kuquka isicombululo esiyalelweyo (izinto eziyalelweyo, umyalelo, njl.njl.).
  • Appal: Isicelo kwinkundla ephezulu ukuphinda uhlole isigqibo senkundla esezantsi sempazamo engokwasemthethweni.
  • Imposiso: Yisigqibo senkundla yangaphambili esikhokelayo okanye esibopha izigqibo kamva kwiimeko ezifanayo. Status decisis iyimfundiso yokunamathela kwimizekelo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Remand: Xa inkundla edlulisayo ityala ithumela ityala emva kwinkundla evavanyiweyo ukwenzela ingcebiso ezibhekele phaya ezihambelana noluvo lwayo.

Iintlobo Zomthetho

  • Umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho : ulawulo lwehambo eyalelweyo ngurhulumente nesohlwayo sokuhlawulwa, ukuvalelwa, okanye ukuvalelwa entolongweni. Urhulumente ugweba amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho.
  • [[NTLA:0] ISibonelelo soMthetho : imiyalelo yempikiswano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo (abantu, amashishini, imibutho) kunye nokunika amayeza afana nomonakalo wemali okanye imiqathango.
  • Umthetho woburhulumente: uyatolika kwaye usebenzise umgaqo-siseko wesizwe, uchaza amandla karhulumente namalungelo abemi.
  • UMthetho wolawulo: uyalawula izenzo zamasebe karhulumente kunye neenkqubo zezigqibo zombutho ezicel ’ umngeni.
  • [[Umthetho:0] I-Common : uMthetho ophuhliswa ngezigwebo zomthetho kunokuba usetyenziswe yimimiselo okanye ikhowudi.

Indima YaBagwebi, Yamabhokhwe Neyamagcisa Asemthethweni

Ukuqonda indima yabantu abaphambili kwinkundla yenkundla kuyayiphelisa le nkqubo yaye kunceda abemi bazi oko bamele bakulindele.

ABagwebi

Abagwebi balawula inkundla. Kwityala, bayalawula ekungaqinisekini kobungqina, bayalela abachopheli-tyala kumthetho (kwityala labachopheli-tyala), bagqiba iintshukumo, yaye ekugqibeleni bangene ekugwetyweni. Kwinkundla yebhentshi, kwakhona ijaji imisela izibakala. Abagwebi balindeleke ukuba bangabi nalucalucalulo lwamatyala. Kumacandelo amaninzi, abagwebi bamiselwa ngamasebe aphezulu okanye abanyulwa ngabachongi; kwezinye, bakhethwa ngenkqubo esekelwe kwimithetho ephantsi. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [FLT:]] [1] Umgaqo othi abagwebi bazenzele izigqibo ngaphandle kokungenelwa komthetho.

Juries

Kumazwe amaninzi aqhelekileyo, abachopheli-mthetho balelona lintloko lenkqubo yokugweba. Ijaji liqela labemi abaqhelekileyo abanyulwayo ukuva ubungqina nokugqiba izibakala zetyala. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, abachopheli-mthetho bagqibe ngokunetyala okanye ukuba msulwa; kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, igqiba ityala kwaye kwezinye iimeko, imosha. Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala likhuselwa ngomgaqo-siseko nangemimiselo kumazwe amaninzi. Abachopheli-mthetho bathathwa kwiincwadi zovota, iirekhodi zabaqhubi, okanye ezinye iziqendu-mvume zikawonke-wonke, kwaye bathenjiswa ukuba bangacalula. Ukukhonza kwityala kungezinye iindlela ezithe ngqo abathathi nxaxheba kwinkqubo esemthethweni.

Iiattorney

Ama-attorney (akwabizwa ngokuba ngamagqwetha, isiluleko, okanye abalawuli/amapolisa kwezinye iinkqubo) amele amaqela enkundleni. Imisebenzi yawo iquka ukwalathisa abaxhasi, ukwenza amaxwebhu asemthethweni, ukuqulunqa amaxwebhu, ukufumanisa, ukuhlahlela, nokunikela iimpikiswano ezicingweni. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, umtshutshisi unelungelo kwigqwetha; ukuba akanamali, urhulumente unika umkhuseli wabucala okanye icebiso elimiselweyo. I-Attoney ibotshelelwe ngemithetho yemithetho yemithetho engokwasemthethweni, kuquka imisebenzi ye-mfihlolo nokunyaniseka kubaxhasi babo.

Abanye abasebenzi begumbi lenkundla

  • IClerk yeNkundla: Ilawula iirekhodi zenkundla, ucwangciso lokuchonga, kwaye iphumeze izifungo.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-bailiff: Igcina ukhuseleko nocwangco kwinkundla yetyala.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ikharensi yendaba : Yenza intetho eshukumayo yento yonke.
  • [[UMTL:0] IiParegegal kunye nezincedisi zoMgaqo-siseko: Ukuxhasa amagqwetha ngophando, ulungiselelo loxwebhu, kunye nolawulo lwemeko.

Indlela Abemi Abanokukulungela Ngayo Ukuchotshelwa Kwenkundla

Enoba ungumbutho, umfundisi okanye ungomnye, ukwazi ukulungiselela kunokunciphisa ixhala kuze kuncede uphumelele.

Ukuba UliQela (Umfundisi okanye Ummeli)

  • [[FLT: 0] Icebo elifanelekileyo elisemthethweni. Kwimeko ezininzi, ingakumbi ezo zinezibango ezibalulekileyo, igqwetha elinamava liyimfuneko. Ii-atcoms ezininzi zebar zinika iinkonzo ze-'sourtal's'. Kwizinto ezincinci (umz., inkundla encinane) ungazimela wena (pro se), kodwa uqaphele inkcubeko yeprocedtura.
  • Phelisa uxwebhu, iifoto, izivumelwano, uqhagamshelwano, kunye nezinye izinto ezinxulumene nemeko yakho. Yenza uludwe lwexesha leziganeko.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Yazi amaxesha okufika kwexesha. Amatyala enkundleni alawulwa ngemida engqongqo yexesha lokuhamba kweqokobhe, ukuphendula ekufunyanisweni, nokuvela ekuchongeni. Ukunganikwa ixesha elimiselweyo kungaphumela ekugwetyweni okungagqibekanga okanye ekugxothweni.
  • [[UMTL: 0] ufanele uphathe kakuhle. Iinkundla zilindele isinxibo esinentlonelo kunye nesimilo. Yithi jike ijaji "Imbeko yakho" cima umnxeba wakho. Yithi xa ijaji ingena okanye ishiya inkundla.
  • [[UMTL:0] nyaniseka. Ukunika ubungqina obungebobobobobo okanye ubungqina bungakhokelela kwityala lobuxoki kwaye konakalise kakhulu imeko yakho.

Ukuba UliNgqina

  • [[UMTL:0] jonga inkumbulo yakho yeziganeko phambi kokuba unikele ubungqina, kodwa ungaxubushe ubungqina bakho namanye amangqina (ngaphandle kwegqwetha elikubizileyo).
  • wuphulaphule ngenyameko umbuzo ngamnye kwaye uphendule kuphela oko kucelweyo. Musa ukuzenza uzinikelele ulwazi olongezelelweyo ngaphandle kokuba uyalelwe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Yithi thsuphe inyaniso [[UMTL.1] ngokupheleleyo nangokuchanekileyo. Ukuba awazi okanye awukhumbuli, yitsho.

Ukuba Ungumngcwabi

  • [[NTL:0] nikeza ingqalelo esondeleyo ngexesha le-voir (ukhetho) kunye nakulo lonke icala. Musa ukuxubusha ngetyala nomntu. (kuquka nabasebenzi abangoowabo) de kuqaliswe uphando.
  • Sukuqhuba uphando oluzimeleyo. Musa ukuqhuba uGoogle unobumba, amaqela, amagqwetha, okanye umthetho. Isigqibo sakho kufuneka sisekelwe kuphela kubungqina obunikelwe enkundleni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Gcina ingqondo evulekileyo [[UMQONDISO:1] de ube uvile bonke ubungqina kunye nemiyalelo yomgwebi kumthetho.
  • Sebenzela ngokuzinzileyo. Umsebenzi we Jury ngumsebenzi wentlalo, kwaye iijaji ezisesikweni zibalulekile ekuthembeni abantu kwinkqubo yokusesikweni.

Iimbono Eziqhelekileyo Eziphosakeleyo Ngenkqubo Esemthethweni

Ukuzicima ezi nkupho kunokuthintela ukuphoxeka, ukuchitha ixesha nokuphosa inyathelo.

Intsomi: Ndingamangalela nabani na ngento.

Imithetho kufuneka isekelwe kwingxelo esemthethweni. Awunakummangalela umntu ngenxa nje yokuba ukhathazekile; kufuneka ube nengcamango esemthethweni esemthethweni (ingcamango esemthethweni, ulwaphulo-mthetho lwesivumelwano, ukunyeliswa, njl.njl.) kwaye kufuneka ube umile ukuze uzise elo tyala.

Intsomi: Isibheno sindenza ndibe netyala lesibini.

Izibheno zilinganiselwe ekuhloleni ingxelo yamatyala etyala ngenxa yeempazamo ezingokwasemthethweni. Akukho bungqina butsha bunikiweyo, akukho mangqina abizwe ngokuba. Iinkundla zenkundla equlunqa ityala ziqiqa ukuba izinto ezifunyenweyo zichanile ngaphandle kokuba kukho impazamo ecacileyo.

Inkolelo: Amatyala etyala asoloko efuna ityala labachopheli-tyala.

Kwimimandla emininzi, abamangalelwa banelungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala labachopheli-tyala elinzulu, kodwa basenokukwayigxeka loo tyala lifanelekileyo baze bavavanywe ngebhentshi endaweni yoko. Kwityala elincinane, ukuchotshelwa kwamatyala kusenokungabikho.

Intsomi: Ukungcelela kwesihlanu kuthetha ukuba unetyala.

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu soMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. (kwaye nenkxaso efanayo kwamanye amazwe) zikhusela abantu ekunyanzelweni ukuba banikele ubungqina ngokuchasene nabo. Ukusebenzisa eli lungelo kulukhuselo olusemthethweni, kungekhona ukuvuma ityala. Enyanisweni, abatshutshisi ngokuqhelekileyo abavumelekanga ukuba bagqabaze ngokuthula kommangalelwa.

Intsomi: "Inkundla encinci ayiyonkundla yenyani"

Inkundla ethetha into encinane yinkundla yokwenene enemigwebo ebophelelekileyo. Isebenza ngenkqubo eyenziwe lula ukuvumela abemi ukuba bacombulule iimpikiswano ezingephi ngaphandle kwamagqwetha.

Imithombo Efanele Ifundwe Ngabemi

Ngethamsanqa, kukho ubuncwane obuninzi bokunceda abemi balapho baqonde inkqubo yabo engokwasemthethweni.

Ukubaluleka Kokufunda Ngokusemthethweni Kubemi

Ukuqonda inkqubo yomthetho akuthethi nje ukwazi into omawuyenze ukuba umangalelwe okanye ubanjwa.

Ukusuka ekukhonzeni kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala ukuya ekuvoteleni abagwebi, ukusuka ekuceleni isigqibo esingekho sikweni sokulawula ukusa ekukhuthazeni ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho, ummi onolwazi usisiseko sedemokhrasi esebenzayo. Ngokuzinika ixesha lokufunda izibonelelo ezisisiseko zemigaqo neenkundla, utyale imali yokuzikhusela wena nempilo yengingqi yakho.