Amaziko alawulayo ngamaziko anamandla abumba phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi banamhlanje. Ukusuka ekutyeni nasekuphefumleni kwakho, ukusuka kukhuseleko lwendawo yakho yomsebenzi ukuya kukhuseleko logcino-mali, amaqumrhu alawulayo amisela aze anyanzelise imithetho ekhusela impilo yoluntu, aqinisekise okusesikweni, kwaye agcine ucwangco kwiinkampani ezingenakubalwa. Ukuqonda indlela aba bameli abavelisa ngayo imimiselo eyimfuneko nabani na ofuna ukuba nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi kwaye aphembele imigaqo echaphazela ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla.

Inkqubo yokumisela imithetho yinkqubo entsonkothileyo kodwa ecace gca eyenzelwe ukulungelelanisa imfuneko yomgaqo osebenzayo nemigaqo yokuthabatha inxaxheba nokuziphendulela. UMthetho we-Administrative Procedure (APA) ulawula inkqubo amaziko asekuhlaleni aphuhlisa ngayo kwaye anike imigaqo. Lo mthetho wesiseko, owiswe ngowe- 1946, usebenza njengako abanye abaphengululi abasemthethweni bakugqala njengohlobo "lwesigqeba" lomthetho wolawulo we-U.S.

Yintoni Ebalulekileyo Kulawulo Lwabantu Yaye Kutheni Lubalulekile?

Amaqumrhu olawulo lugunyaziswe yiNkqutyana yeeNkqutyana ukuba amise kwaye anyanzelise imithetho ethile. Aba bameli basemagunyeni, kurhulumente, nakummandla ngamnye oneembopheleleko ezingafaniyo kunye namagunya azimeleyo. I-APA isebenza kumasebe olawulo oluphezulu orhulumente kunye namaqumrhu azimeleyo. Imizekelo iquka i-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA), i-Food and Drug Administration (FRA), i-Occumentation Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), kunye neKhomishoni ye-Exchangentine (ECC).

Impembelelo yemithetho ininzi. Iinkqubo zenza izigqibo malunga nokukhuselwa kwemeko-bume, izibonelelo zezithuthi, i-inshorensi yempilo, ukhuseleko lokutya, imigangatho yezindlu, kunye nokungena kwe-intanethi. Ezi zigqibo zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo abantu, amashishini, kunye nabantu bonke abahlala kwi-intanethi. Ngenxa yokufikelela oku ngokubanzi, ukuqonda indlela amaziko ayila ngayo imithetho efuna impumelelo kwizivumelwano zentlalo-ntle.

IAPA ichaza ukubekwa komthetho njengenkqubo "yokusetyenziswa komthetho, ukunyibilikisa, okanye ukuphinda ubekwe umthetho," kunye "umthetho" kuchazwe ngokubanzi ukuquka nayiphi na intetho ecacileyo okanye elula okanye iziphumo ezithile zexesha elizayo eyenzelwe ukuzalisekisa, ukuchaza, okanye ukumisela umthetho okanye inkqubo." Xa ikhutshwe ngokufanelekileyo, le mithetho ithwala amandla kunye nesiphumo somthetho, ibophelela amaqela alawulwayo kunye nabameli ngokwabo.

ISiseko soMgaqo-nkqubo: UMthetho woLawulo

UMthetho woLawulo umela ukhuseleko olusisiseko kumthetho wolawulo waseMerika. I-APA yenza isiseko sokulawula abameli kunye neendima zabo. Le dilesi inxulumene nokwahlulwa kwamagunya kwaye ithintela igunya elingathintelwayo kwimimandla ethile karhulumente.

NgokweAttorney General’s Manual on the Administrative Procedure Act, iinjongo ezisisiseko zomthetho ziquka ukufuna amaqumrhu oluntu ukuba agcine ulwazi lwentlangano yawo, iinkqubo, kunye nemithetho; ukulungiselela ukuba nenxaxheba ekuququzeleleni ulawulo; kunye nokuseka imilinganiselo efanayo yehambo esesikweni yomthetho kunye nokwenza imiyalelo.

Amalungu Angundoqo e-APA

IAPA iquka iimfuno zokupapasha isaziso sokwenziwa komthetho ocetyiswayo nokokugqibela kwiBhayibhile yoManyano, kwaye inika amathuba okuba uwonke-wonke agqabaze kwizaziso zokwenziwa komthetho ocetyiswayo. Ngokungakumbi, iAPA ifuna imithetho emininzi yokuba nomhla ozinzileyo osebenzayo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba amaqela alawulayo anexesha elaneleyo lokulungiselela ukuthobela iimfuno ezintsha.

Ngaphandle kweenkqubo zolawulo, iAPA ithetha ngezinye izenzo zombutho ezifana nokukhuthaza iinkqubo zomgaqo-nkqubo, amalayisensi, kunye nemvume, kwaye inika imilinganiselo yokuhlola ukuchongwa komthetho ukuba umntu uchaphazeleke kakubi okanye uphazanyiswe linyathelo lombutho. Le ndlela ibanzi iqinisekisa ukuphendula kuyo yonke inkqubo yolawulo.

Iintlobo Zokwenza Umthetho

Asiyiyo yonke imithetho eyenziweyo kwinkqubo enye. I-APA inkcukacha ezisetyenziswayo kwiinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zemithetho kunye neemfuno zokwenziwa komthetho ongacwangciswanga, apho kukhutshwa khona uninzi lwemithetho yesebe. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela zohlukeneyo kunceda kucacise indlela abameli abasebenza ngayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.

Comment

Inkqubo yokumisela umthetho engacwangciswanga ikwabhekiswa kuyo njenge "nonice kunye namagqabaza" ukubekwa kwemithetho. Le yiyona nkqubo iqhelekileyo esetyenziswayo ukwenza imimiselo emitsha. Le nkqubo ibandakanya amanyathelo amaninzi angundoqo aqinisekisa ukuba mhlophe kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kuwonke-wonke.

Okokuqala, umbutho kufuneka unike isaziso sokubekwa kwemithetho ecetyiweyo, epapashwa kwiFederal Register. IFederal Register "impapasho esemthethweni yemihla ngemihla yemithetho, imithetho ecetyisiweyo, kunye nezaziso zamasebe kunye nemibutho yoManyano, kwakunye nemiyalelo yegunya eliphetheyo namanye amaxwebhu omongameli.

Isaziso sokumisela imithetho ecetyiweyo kufuneka siquke: (1) ingxelo yexesha, indawo, kunye nohlobo lomthetho kawonke-wonke; 2) ibhekisela kwigunya elisemthethweni eliphantsi kwemigaqo ecetyiweyo; 3) mhlawumbi amabinzana okanye indlela yomthetho ocetyiswayo okanye inkcazelo yemiba nemibandela ebandakanyekileyo; kunye nedilesi yeInternet yesishwankathelo samagama angengaphezu kwekhulu ubude bomthetho ocetyiswayo, ngolwimi olucacileyo.

Emva kokupapashwa, umbutho kufuneka unike abantu abanomdla ithuba lokuba babe nenxaxheba ekuthobeleni umthetho ngokuthobela ugcino-lwazi olubhaliweyo, iimbono, okanye iimpikiswano kunye okanye ngaphandle kwamathuba okuthetha. Eli xesha lokugqabaza kuwonke wonke lisisiseko sokumisela ulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ukwenza umgaqo-mthetho

Nangona imithetho ibhengezwa kwinkqubo yokubekwa komthetho okungacwangciswanga, kwimeko ezisikelwe umda, amasebe karhulumente kufuneka alandele iimfuno ezisesikweni zomthetho, ezisuka kuphela xa iBhunga lifuna ukuba ukwenziwa komthetho kuqhubekeke

Xa kuyimfuneko ukumisela imithetho esesikweni, inkqubo iba yenziwa yazinzo kakhulu. Iinkqubo zoncedo kufuneka zibendakanyeke kwiinkqubo ezifana nokuvavanywa, zinika amaqela amathuba okunikela amatyala awo ngobungqina obudluliselwa ngomlomo okanye ngenkqubo kunye nesikhokelo sokunqamleza. Ezi zenzo zengamela ligosa lombutho okanye uMgwebi woMthetho woLawulo.

Ezinye Iindlela Zokwenza Umthetho

Amasebe omanyano angafaka imithetho edityanisiweyo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kuquka ukwenza imithetho esemthethweni, ngokungacwangciswanga (indawo edityanisiweyo ne-653) ulawulo, ukwenziwa kolawulo oluyintlanganisela, ukwenziwa kolawulo lokugqibela, kunye nokuxolelwana komthetho.

Ukubekwa kolawulo olunemiqathango kumela indlela encedisanayo apho abameli babuzana nabantu abanomdla namaqela ebudeni beqondo lokuphuhliswa. Injongo kukunyusa ubuchule bokulawula nokunciphisa inkcaso elandelayo ngabangenisi bemibutho ekuqaleni kwenkqubo, ivumela umbutho kunye nezilangazelelo ukuba zifikelele ukuvumelana ngaphambi kokupapasha umthetho ocetyisiweyo.

Inkqubela Yomthetho: Inyathelo Ngenyathelo

Ukuqonda amanyathelo angeenkcukacha okumisela imithetho kuyanceda ekuyekeni ukulawulwa kwemithetho kuze kutyhile amathuba amaninzi okuganana esidlangalaleni.

Inyathelo 1: Ukwazi Imfuneko Yokuphinda Uthethe

Inkqubo yokumisela imithetho iqala xa umbutho uchaza imfuneko yemimiselo emitsha okanye iinguqu kwekhoyo. Le mfuneko ingavela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo: izigunyaziso zombutho, izigqibo zenkundla, izibongozo ezivela kumaqela kawonke-wonke okanye oshishino, ukuvela kwenkxalabo yempilo okanye yokhuseleko, iinguqu zobugcisa, okanye imisebenzi yophando kunye nenkqubo yophando yeli sebe.

Imigaqo-nkqubo isoloko iqhuba uphando lokuqala nokuhlalutya ebudeni beli nqanaba, iqokelela inkcazelo, idibana neengcaphephe, ivavanya ububanzi bengxaki efuna ukuyithetha. Ngoxa abameli ngokuqhelekileyo benengqiqo ngexesha lokuqalisa, iimeko ezithile zifuna ukubandakanyeka kwasekuqaleni, ingakumbi xa izenzo ezicetyiweyo zibandakanya iingcebiso ezintsonkothileyo okanye ezininzi.

Inyathelo Lesibini: Ukuhlakulela Umthetho Ocetyiswayo

Xa imfuneko imisiwe, abasebenzi besebe baqalisa ukwenza umthetho ocetyiswayo. Oku kubandakanya uphando olunzulu, uhlalutyo lwezoqoqosho, nokuthethana neengcali zobugcisa. Iinkqubo kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba imithetho yazo ecetyiweyo ihambelana negunya labo lomthetho ziqwalasele iziphumo ezinokubakho kwabo bafaka ityala.

Ngexesha lenkqubela, abameli basoloko belungiselela amaxwebhu axhasayo kuquka uhlaziyo lomgaqo-nkqubo, uhlolo lwexabiso, kunye neengcaciso zesiseko esisemthethweni sesenzo esicetyisiweyo.

Inyathelo 3: Ukupapasha Isaziso Sokwenziwa Komthetho Okucetyiswayo

Iqumrhu likhupha iSaziso soMthetho oPhambiliweyo (NPR), epapashwe kwiFederal Register, ukuchaza nokucela amagqabaza kawonke-wonke ngesenzo esicetyisiweyo solawulo. Le mpapasho iphawula isiqalo esisemthethweni sexesha lokugqabaza kukawonke-wonke kwaye ibangela iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zemithetho.

Imithetho nemigaqo ekhutshwe okanye etyunjwe ngamaqumrhu olawulo asekuhlaleni ipapashwa ngokwendlela yokulandelelana kweziganeko kwiFederal Register. Yakuba igqitywe, imithetho nemigaqo ebhengeziweyo ilungelelaniswe ngesihloko kwimpapasho eyahlukileyo ebizwa ngokuba yiKhowudi yeMimiselo yeFederal.

Inyathelo 4: Ixesha Lokugqabaza Kubantu Bonke

Ixesha lokugqabaza kukawonke-wonke mhlawumbi lelona qondo libalulekileyo lokuthabatha inxaxheba. Akukho xesha lincinci elichaziweyo ukwenzela ixesha lokugqabaza ukuba lihlale livulekile, kwaye liyahluka ngokwendlela enzima yomthetho. Amaxesha amaninzi amagqabaza aphela phakathi kweentsuku ezingama-30 nezingama-60, kwaye amanye aphinda avuleke ukuba umbutho ukholelwa ukuba kukho ixesha elaneleyo lokuba uwonke uphendule.

Kwizenzo ezibalulekileyo zolawulo, amaxesha amade amagqabaza ayanconyelwa. "izenzo zolawulo" njengoko zichazwe kuLungelelo olunoLawulo oluPhezulu 12,866, njengoko izongezwa nguLungiselelo olunoLawulo oluPhezulu 13,63, amasebe kufuneka asebenzise ixesha lokugqabaza elimalunga neentsuku ezingama-60.

Nabani na angafaka igqabaza likawonke-wonke kumgaqo ocetyiswayo wombutho. Akuyomfuneko ukuba ube yimfundo, ingcali, okanye kwanomntu owaziyo zonke iingingqi kunye nokuphuma kwenkqubo ekuyo. Oku kufumaneka kuqinisekisa ukuba iimbono ezahlukeneyo zazi inkqubo yomgaqo-nkqubo.

Inyathelo 5: Ukuzikhumbuza Nokusabela Kumagqabaza

Emva kokuphela kwexesha lokuphendula, amaqumrhu ajongene nomsebenzi onzima wokuhlola onke amagqabaza anikelweyo. Xa ixesha lokugqabaza liphelile, amaqumrhu aqalisa ukuqwalasela amagqabaza anikelweyo. Isebe kunye/okanye iinkomfa eziqeshwe nguhlelo lombutho kwaye ahlulane amagqabaza esebenzisa iindlela eziliqela zokuphendula.

Bachonga amagqabaza afakwe njengenxenye yokubhala okanye yokwenza amaphulo eleta kunye. Bakwahlula amagqabaza obude abe zinxenye kwaye bathelekise nawo namacandelo omthetho azakutshintsha ukuba umbutho uzakwamkela iingcebiso zamagqabaza. Le nkqubo ivumela amalungu abasebenzi, ajonge amacandelo athile omthetho ngokobuchule bawo, ukusabela lula ngakumbi kumagqabaza anxulumene nawo.

Ingxakeko kufuneka ziqwalasele zonke "umbandela obalulekileyo onikezelweyo" ngexesha lokugqabaza, kwaye kufuneka ziphendule ngandlela ithile kuzo zonke iintetho ezifunyenweyo. Noko ke, azifuneki ukuba zithathe nasiphi na isenzo esingqalileyo ngokuphathelele umthetho ngokwawo.

Izikhululo zolawulo ziwathatha nzulu amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, kwaye ingakumbi amagqabaza amatsha kunye nohlaziyo oluphakanyiswe kumagqabaza kawonke-wonke angazange aqukwe kuhlalutyo lwantlandlolo lwamaqumrhu ngexesha lophuhliso lomthetho. Oku kusabela kuqinisekisa ukuba imimiselo ingenelwa kulwazi olumanyeneyo nakumava adityanisiweyo.

Inyathelo 6: Ukuvakalisa Umthetho Wokugqibela

Ukuba isibonelelo sigqiba ukukhupha umthetho wokugqibela, siphuhlisa umbhalo womthetho kunye nentshayelelo echaza isiseko somthetho nenjongo kwaye siphendula kuyo yonke imibandela ebalulekileyo ephakanyiswe kumagqabaza. Isibonelelo siqukumbela umthetho ngokupapasha umthetho wokugqibela kunye nesiqalo kwiFederal Register.

Isaziso kufuneka sikhankanye umhla womthetho osebenzayo, ekufuneka ukuba ibe yiintsuku ezingama-30 emva kokupapashwa kwencwadi ebhaliswe kwiBhayisho yoManyano. Kwimithetho engundoqo njengoko ichazwe kwiCongregational Review Act, umhla osebenzayo kufuneka ube yientsuku ezingama-60 emva kokupapashwa.

Ukupapashwa komthetho wokugqibela kufuneka kuquka uhlalutyo lwazo naziphi na iinkcukacha ezifanelekileyo okanye ezinye izinto ezinikelwe nguwonke-wonke kunye nokuthethelela uhlobo lomthetho wokugqibela kukhanyiselwa amagqabaza afunyenwe ngumbutho.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuwonke-wonke: Ilizwi Lakho Kwinkqubo

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kukawonke-wonke akuyonto nje engokwesithethe, kodwa kuyinxalenye esisiseko yolawulo lwedemokhrasi enokuthi iphembelele ngokunentsingiselo iziphumo zolawulo. Ukuqonda indlela yokuthabatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kunika abemi amandla okubumba imithetho elawula ubomi babo.

Isizathu Sokuba Kubaluleke Ukugqabaza Esidlangalaleni

Izicelo zifunwa ngokusemthethweni ukuqwalasela onke amagqabaza aphantsi phambi kokugqiba umthetho. Nangona oku kungathethi ukuba onke amagqabaza aza kukhokelela ekutshintsheni, abameli kufuneka baqwalasele isiqinisekiso esicacisiweyo, esisekelwe kubungqina abayifumanayo. Le mbopheleleko esemthethweni ithetha ukuba amagqabaza alungiselelwe kakuhle anokuba nempembelelo yokwenene kwiziphumo zomthetho.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba inani lamagqabaza kuphela alisigqibi isigqibo sombutho. Ubunjani bungaphezulu kunobuninzi. Izimvo ezinika ugcino-lwazi olutsha, zichaza iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga, zinika ezinye iindlela eziluncedo, okanye iimbono ezikhoyo ezingazange ziqwalaselwe ziphenjelelwe.

Indlela Yokufumana Amathuba Okugqabaza

Uninzi lwababoneleli lunceda uluntu ukuba lubone amathuba okugqabaza ngemimiselo ecetyisiweyo. IRegister kaManyano, epapashwa yonke imihla ngemihla, iquka yonke imithetho ecetyisiweyo evulekileyo ukuze kuthethwe uwonke-wonke. Ngaphezu koko, imithetho.gov isebenza njengendawo ephakathi apho uluntu lungakhangela khona imimiselo ecetyisiweyo, amaxwebhu okuxhasa ukufikelela, kunye nokufaka amagqabaza ngekhompyutha.

Imibutho emininzi yorhwebo, unxulumano, kunye namaqela obugcisa ajonge inkqubela-phambili kwimimandla yawo enomdla kwaye alumkise amalungu ayo ukuba afumane amathuba okuphendula. Ukuthobela izilumkiso ze-imeyili ngeMithetho.gov okanye ukulandela amaziko athile kungakunceda ukuba uhlale wazi ngemigaqo efuna ukukunceda.

Inkcazo Ephumelelayo

Amagqabaza kawonke wonke aluncedo aneempawu eziliqela. Bachaza ngokucacileyo indawo ekuqaleni kwala magqabaza, banikela iingcamango ezingqalileyo nobungqina obungqalileyo bokuxhasa loo ndawo, baze bathethe ngomgaqo ocetyiswayo kunokuba bathethe ngawo ngokubanzi.

Amagqabaza aquka amava obuqu asekelwe kwizibakala kunye nobungqina anokuba namandla ngokukhethekileyo. Abonisa iimpembelelo zehlabathi lokwenene kunye namaqumrhu ancedayo aqonda indlela iingcebiso zawo eziza kubachaphazela ngayo abantu kunye namashishini okwenene. Amagqabaza obugcisa anika ugcino-lwazi olutsha, achaza iimpazamo kuhlalutyo lombutho, okanye acebisa ezinye iindlela ezikhethekileyo zokuzichaza axabiseke kakhulu.

Amagqabaza anokuba mafutshane okanye anzulu, angathetha ngenkalo ezithile zomthetho ocetyiswayo okanye izicelo zonke, kwaye angaxhasa okanye axhase indlela yombutho. Isitshixo kukunikezela ngegalelo elincinci elinceda umbutho wenze isigqibo esithe saziwa.

Ukuthobela Igqabaza Lakho

Inkoliso yamasebe karhulumente amkela amagqabaza ngeMithetho.gov, nangona abanye benokulwamkela ugqabaza nge-imeyili, i-fax, okanye iposi. Xa bethobela ngemithetho.gov, kuza kufuneka unike ulwazi olusisiseko oluquka igama lakho, isixeko, urhulumente, nelizwe. Le nkcazelo iba yinxalenye yengxelo kawonke-wonke.

Ungangenisa amagqabantshintshi ngqo kwibhokisi yokubhaliweyo kwi website okanye phakamisa uxwebhu. Le nkqubo yamkela iifomati zefayile eziqhelekileyo quka Microsoft Word ne PDF. Lumka kumhla wogqabazo, njengoko unikezelo lwasemva lungenakuqwalaselwa.

Iimfuno zoLawulo noLwaziso

Ngaphaya kweemfuno ezisisiseko zeAPA, ugcino nohlahlo olongezelelekileyo lusebenza kwizenzo ezininzi zolawulo, ingakumbi ezo zinempembelelo enkulu kwezoqoqosho okanye kwezentlalo.

Impinda yesebe eliphetheyo

Ngendima yabo engokomGaqo-siseko, oomongameli base-U.S. bangazama ukuphembelela izindululo ezithile zomgaqo-siseko phambi kokuba zigqitywe. Kwi-Ofisi yoMongameli enoLawulo oluPhezulu yi-Ofisi yoLwazi neMicimbi yoLawulo (OIRA), ugunyaziso lwamagunya alawulwa ngumphathi ojongwa ngokubanzi njengosebenza kwimigaqo yohlolo lomgaqo-siseko.

Imiyalelo yeGunyaziso, ingakumbi uLungelelo loLawulo oluPhezulu noLuyalelo loLawulo oluPhezulu 138663, imisela iimfuno ezongezelelekileyo zabameli abalawulayo. Le miyalelo ifuna ukuba abameli bahlole iindleko neengenelo zezenzo ezibalulekileyo zolawulo, baqwalasele ezinye iindlela zolawulo, kwaye balungelelanise namanye amaqumrhu ukuphepha imimiselo engqubanayo okanye yokuvelisa.

Uhlalutyo lokulawula

Kwimithetho ebalulekileyo yezoqoqosho ````imithetho engundoqo'')) kwaye isebenza kuqoqosho lwezigidi ezingama-100 okanye ngaphezulu (izikhululo kufuneka zilungiselele iziphumo zomthetho ezizinkcukacha. Olu hlolisiso luhlola amaxabiso neengenelo zomthetho ocetyiswayo kunye nezinye ezifanelekileyo, ukunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba imimiselo iyasebenza kwaye iyimfuneko.

Uhlolo oluchaphazela ulawulo luquka uhlolo lwendleko ezithe ngqo kwizinto ezilawulwayo, iindleko ezingangqalanga kubathengi okanye kwamanye amaqela, iingenelo ngokwempilo, ukhuseleko, ukhuseleko lwemekobume okanye ezinye iinjongo, kunye neziphumo zokusasazwa kwamaqela okanye amaqela awahlukeneyo.

Umthetho Olawulayo

UMthetho woLawulo oLawulweyo ufuna ukuba abameli baqwalasele impembelelo yemithetho yabo kumashishini amancinci, kwimimandla emincinane karhulumente, nakwimibutho emincinane engangeni ngeniso. Xa umthetho uza kuba nempembelelo enkulu kwezoqoqosho kwinani elikhulu lezinto ezikhoyo ezincinane, amasebe kufuneka alungiselele uhlalutyo lomthetho olunobugocigoci obunganzima kangako.

Ulawulo lwequmrhu

IKhomishini igcina iindlela eziliqela zokulawula imibutho. IKhomishini yeNkqutyana ivumela ukuba ihlole iBhunga leMpatho-ngquthela iphinde ingayivumeli imithetho engundoqo ekhethekileyo elungiselelwe ukupheliswa. Ngaphezu koko, iikomiti zombutho zisoloko ziphulaphula imimiselo yemibutho kwaye zinokuphembelela ukulawulwa ngabakhweli benkqubo okanye umthetho omtsha.

Iimfuno ze Phendla

Ngelixesha ukwenziwa kwesaziso kunye nomthetho kungumgaqo ongagqibekanga, iAPA iqaphela iindidi ezithile apho ezi mfuneko zingasebenzi. Ukuqonda ezi zimvo ziluncedo ekuchazeni ukuba kutheni ezinye izenzo zolawulo ziqhubeka ngaphandle kwamaxesha okugqabaza kowonke-wonke.

Ezikhethekileyo

I-APA ikhulula iindidi ezithile zemithetho ukusuka kwisaziso kunye neemfuno zesaziso. Ezi ziquka imithetho ebandakanya imisebenzi yomkhosi okanye yemicimbi yamanye amazwe, imicimbi enxulumene nolawulo lombutho okanye abasebenzi, kunye nemithetho ephathelele impahla kawonke-wonke, iimali-mboleko, iimali ezinika uncedo, okanye izivumelwano. Iinkundla zichaza ezi zimkhethe ngokucuthayo ukulondoloza amathuba okuthabatha inxaxheba kuwonke wonke.

Imithetho ejolise ekujoliswe kuyo kunye neyokutolika

Ingxamiseko ingakhupha imithetho ekhoyo, imithetho etolika, kunye neengxelo jikelele zomgaqo-nkqubo ngaphandle kokulandela iinkqubo zesaziso kunye nenkqubo. Imithetho yemithetho yezomthetho ilawula imisebenzi yangaphakathi yombutho ngaphandle kokuchaphazeleka okungundoqo kwamaqela alawulwayo. Imithetho yokutolika ichaza indlela umbutho oyiqondayo ngayo imimiselo ekhoyo okanye imimiselo ngaphandle kokudala iimfuno ezintsha ezisemthethweni. Iingxelo-nkqubo jikelele zivakalisa iinjongo zommeli ngaphandle kokubophelela umbutho okanye amaqela alawulwayo.

Umahluko phakathi kwezi ntlobo zikhululweyo nemithetho yowiso-mthetho efuna isaziso nengcaphulo ingabukhali kwaye isoloko ithanda ukuncitshiswa enkundleni. Iinkundla zisebenzisa iimvavanyo zokusebenza ukufumanisa enoba umthetho udala amalungelo amatsha okanye iimfanelo ezintsha, apho isaziso nenkcazo ifunekayo.

Unobangela Olungileyo

IAPA ivumela abameli ukuba batsibe isaziso kunye neenkqubo zokufumana "unobangela olungileyo" ukuba ezi nkqubo "zilungele ukusetyenziswa, aziyomfuneko, okanye zichasene nomdla woluntu." Ii-arhente kufuneka zichaze unobangela olungileyo wokuzimisela kwazo, kwaye iinkundla zijonge iingcaciso ngokuthandabuzayo ukunqanda ukuxhatshazwa komahluko.

Unobangela olungileyo unokubakho kwiimeko zongxamiseko ezifuna isenzo esikhawulezileyo, xa umthetho ulutshintsho oluncinci lobugcisa olungenakuvelisa ingcaciso enentsingiselo, okanye xa isaziso negqabaza zinokuthi zoyise injongo yomthetho (njengemithetho ethetha ngokuphepha irhafu enokuthi isetyenziswe ukuba ibhengezwe phambi kwexesha).

Isenzo

Xa umthetho usebenza, amaqumrhu atshintsha ekubeni aphumeze umthetho aze aqinisekise ukuba ngaba imithetho iphumeza iinjongo zawo nendlela ezichaphazela ngayo amaqela alawulwayo.

Uncedo lokuNceda

Amaziko amaninzi anikela ukhokelo lokunceda amaqela alawulwayo aqonde yaye athobele iimfuno ezintsha. Olu ncedo lungaquka ukutolika amaxwebhu okhokelo, iincwadi zokuthobela, iintlanganiso zoqeqesho, ii-webinar, nokubuzana ngokungqalileyo nabasebenzi beziko.

Uhlolo

Izixhobo zisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukuqwalasela ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo yazo. Ezi zisenokuquka uhlolo oluqhelekileyo, olufunekayo luxelwe zizinto ezilawulwayo, uphando, kunye nohlalutyo logcino-lwazi. Ubuninzi nobunzulu bokujonga kuxhomekeke kwiingozi ezibandakanyekileyo kunye noovimba abakhoyo kwisebe.

Izenzo Zonyanzelo

Xa amasebe echaza ukwaphulwa komthetho, anezixhobo eziliqela ezikhoyo. Ezi zinto zisuka kwiindlela ezingacwangciswanga ezifana neeleta ezilumkisayo kunye neenkomfa ezivumelanayo, kuquka izenzo ezisesikweni eziquka isohlwayo solawulo, ukumangalelwa kwamakhaya, kwezinye iimeko, amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Amasebe amaninzi alandela ukufika konyanzeliso olungqongqo, agcine izigwebo eziqatha xa esebenzisa imfundo kunye noncedo xa ephulwa ngokweenkqubo ezincinane okanye ezokuqala.

Izibongozo Zokucelwa

Emva kokuba umthetho ugqibile, amaqela anomdla angacela umbutho ukuba uphinde uqwalasele okanye ulungise umthetho. Ezi zibongozo kufuneka zinikele inkcazelo entsha okanye iimpikiswano ebezingakhange ziqwalaselwe ngaphambili. Ngoxa abameli bengafunekanga ukuba bazinike ezi zibongozo, kufuneka basabele, yaye maxa wambi izicelo zikhokelela ekulungiseni iinkqubo ezintsha zokulungisa iingxaki zolungiselelo.

Imithetho ye-arhente yokuHlola iMithetho ye-Arhente

Iinkundla zinendima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba abameli balandela iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo baze benze ngokwegunya labo elisemthethweni xa bemisela imithetho. Ukuqonda uhlolo lwezomthetho kunceda ukucacisa iingqikelelo kunye nokulungelelana okunyanzela amandla esebe.

Ukuma Nokulinda

Ukucela umngeni umthetho enkundleni, iqela kufuneka lime/intsingiselo kufuneka libonise ukuba umthetho ubangela umonakalo ocacileyo onokuthi ulungiswe sisigqibo senkundla. Iingxaki zokuyilawula ziziswa emva kokuba ulawulo lugqitywe kodwa phambi kokuba lunyanzeliswe, nangona ezinye iingxaki zivela kwimeko yokwalathisa.

Impinda eCwangcisiweyo

Iinkundla zihlola ukuba ngaba abameli balandela iinkqubo ezifunekayo, kuquka ukunikela isaziso esaneleyo, ukunika ithuba elifanelekileyo lokugqabaza, nokuphendula kumagqabaza abalulekileyo. Ukuphulwa kwemithetho kungakhokelela kwiinkundla kwimithetho engekho mthethweni kwaye kufuna ukuba abameli baphinde banikele ingcebiso ngokuchanekileyo.

Impinda esezantsi

Iinkundla ziphinda zihlole umcimbi wemithetho yeziko phantsi komgangatho "wesigqeba nesiguquguquko". Lo mlinganiselo ubekelwe ixesha ubuza ukuba ngaba isebe liyixilonge i-data enxulumene nento ekhoyo, licacise unxibelelwano olufanelekileyo phakathi kwezibakala kunye nesigqibo esenziweyo, lize liqwalasele iinkalo ezibalulekileyo zengxaki. Iinkundla aziluthathi indawo umgwebo wazo kwimibutho kodwa ziqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokwenza kwesigqibo sombutho isengqiqweni kwaye ixhaswa kakuhle.

Uqhawulo-

Xa ihlola indlela etolikwa ngayo ngumbutho womthetho ongaqondakaliyo osetyenziswayo, iinkundla zisebenzisa ngokwesithethe iChevron bekence, zixhasa ukuchazwa koorhulumente abafanelekileyo kwanokuba inkundla ithe yawuchaza ngokwahlukileyo lo mthetho. Le mfundiso yamkela ubuchule bamaqumrhu kunye nokuphendula kwezopolitiko ekwenzeni izigqibo zesebe eliphetheyo. Noko ke, inkqubo kunye nomlinganiselo weChevron elilibazisayo iye yaguquka ixesha elide kwaye ihlala iyindawo ebalulekileyo yomthetho wolawulo.

Ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni

Ngeli xesha eli nqaku ligxininisa kakhulu ekubekeni ulawulo, amasebe karhulumente kunye nawo asekuhlaleni adala imimiselo echaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla ngokuphawulekayo. Amazwe amaninzi aye amkela inkqubo yawo yolawulo efuziselwe i-APA karhulumente, nangona eneenguqu ezibonakalisa inkxalabo ezicacileyo nezinto eziza kuqala.

Izenzo zolawulo lobuRhulumente

IRhulumente APAs ifuna isaziso kunye neenkqubo zokugqabaza ezifana neemfuno zesizwe, nangona iinkcukacha zahluka. Amanye amaphondo afuna amaxesha amade okugqabaza, ukuva okunyanzelisayo, okanye iziphumo ezithe kratya zezoqoqosho kunemfuno yomthetho wesizwe. Ukuqonda iinkqubo ezithile zikarhulumente wakho kubalulekile ekungeneleni okuphumelelayo ekumiseleni umgangatho wolawulo.

Imithetho yasekuhlaleni

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni (iingingqi, izintlu, nezithili ezikhethekileyo) bakwayila imimiselo echaphazela ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, ikhowudi yokwakha, impilo kawonke-wonke, nezinye iindawo ezininzi. Iinkqubo zolawulo zasekuhlaleni zahluka kakhulu kuxhomekeka kumgaqo-siseko wasekuhlaleni, iimfuno zomthetho, kunye nezithethe zasekuhlaleni. Oorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni bathetha ngoluntu phambi kokuba bamkele imimiselo emitsha, benika amathuba okungeniswa kwentlalo.

Ucelomngeni Neenguqu Ezikhoyo

Le nkqubo ilawula ijamelana neengxaki eziqhubekayo neempikiswano ngendlela yokuphucula ukuphumelela kwayo, ukuphumelela kwayo nokulawula kwayo ngedemokhrasi.

Ukulibazisa kolawulo

Inkqubo yokubeka umthetho ingaba kukuqokelela ixesha, maxa wambi kuthathe iminyaka ukusuka kwisicelo sokuqala ukuya kumthetho wokugqibela. Olu lulibaziso lunokuba yingxaki xa kuyimfuneko isenzo esingxamisekileyo ukucombulula izisongelo ezivelayo okanye xa amaqela alawulwayo ejongene nokungaqiniseki okude. Imigudu yokuqukuqela imithetho mayilungelelane nesantya nemfuneko yokucokiselwa nokuthatha inxaxheba kawonke-wonke.

Ubuntsonkothile Nofikelelo

Izindululo zolawulo kunye nohlalutyo oluxhasayo lungasetyenziswa kakhulu ngobuchule kwaye kube nzima ukuba abangengochwepheshe baluqonde. Oku kuntsonkotha kunokumisela ukuthatha inxaxheba kukawonke-wonke okusebenzayo, ingakumbi ngabantu ngabanye nemibutho emincinane eswele ubuncwane bokuqesha iingcali. Ngokuqhubekayo iZixhobo zisebenzisa izishwankathela-shwa zolwimi olucacileyo nezinye izixhobo ukwenza ulwazi olulula ukufumaneka, kodwa iingxaki zisekho.

Ukuthatha Inxaxheba Kwamanani

Ukutshintshela kumthetho we-elektroniki kwiqonga njengemithetho. ugov wenze ukuba inxaxheba ilunge ngakumbi ngeendlela ezininzi, kodwa kwakhona iphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokwahlulwa kwamanani nomgangatho wamagqabaza e-intanethi. Ii-Profects ziyaqhubeka zicombulula iindlela zazo zokwenza umthetho we-elektroniki ukuze ziphucule ufikelelo nokusebenziseka kokungena kukawonke-wonke.

Izindululo Zokuguqula

Izindululo ezahlukeneyo zifuna ukuguqula inkqubo yomthetho. Ezinye izixhasi zobungqongqo beemfuno eziyimfuneko, amalungiselelo okutshona kwelanga afuna uhlolo lwexesha nexesha lwemithetho ekhoyo, okanye ulawulo loburhulumente olunyusiweyo. Ezinye zigxininisa ukuphucula ukuthathi-nxaxheba koluntu, ukwanda kokukhanyisa, okanye ukuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo ikhusela impilo yoluntu ngokufanelekileyo nokhuseleko. Ezi ngxoxo zibonisa iimbono ezahlukeneyo ngendima efanelekileyo nomgangatho womthetho kwibutho labantu.

Ukubaluleka Kokuba Nenxaxheba

Amaziko alawulayo enza izigqibo mihla le ezichaphazela impilo yoluntu, ukhuseleko, amathuba ezoqoqosho nomgangatho wobomi.

Ngokufunda ngenkqubo yokumisela imithetho, ukuchaza imimiselo ebaluleke kuwe, nokuthobela amagqabaza aqiqayo, unokukunceda uqinisekise ukuba imimiselo ibonakalisa iimbono ezahlukeneyo kunye neempembelelo zehlabathi lokwenene. Nokuba ungumnini-shishini oxhalabele iindleko zokuthotyelwa, umxhasi woluntu ujolise ingqalelo kukhuseleko lwemekobume, umsebenzi onomdla kwimigangatho yokhuseleko, okanye ummi ofuna urhulumente asebenze ngcono, ilizwi lakho lingenza umahluko kwinkqubo yokulawula.

UMthetho woLawulo lweProcedua kunye nenkqubo yesaziso kunye nenkqubo yolawulo-demokhrasi imisa ukumela impumelelo ephawulekayo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi(inkqubo efuna amaqumrhu karhulumente anamandla ukuchaza izigqibo zawo, ukuphulaphula amaqela achaphazelekayo, nokuthethelela izenzo zawo ezisekelwe kubungqina kunye nohlalutyo. Nangona le nkqubo ingagqibekanga, inika amathuba abalulekileyo okuthabatha inxaxheba nokuphendula okuyimfuneko ekulawuleni okusemthethweni kwibutho elintsonkothileyo lanamhlanje.

Imithombo Yobungqina

Abasebenzi abaninzi banokukunceda uhlale wazi ngenkqubela-phambili yolawulo kwaye uthathe inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yokwenza ulawulo:

  • Imithetho.gov - Icala eliphambili lokufumana imithetho ecetyiswayo yequmrhu kunye nonikezelo kumagqabaza kwi-intanethi
  • Irejista yemali - Impapasho esemthethweni yemihla ngemihla equlathe yonke imithetho ecetyisiweyo neyokugqibela yorhulumente
  • I-website zobunyani - Inkoliso yamasebe igcina amaphepha olawulo olunikezelweyo anenkcazelo malunga nezenzo zolawulo zangoku nezicwangcisiweyo
  • [[UMTHETHO:0] I-Agenda ehlangeneyo yezenzo zomkhosi kunye nezenzo ze-Deregatorias - Impapasho encinci yoluhlu lwemithetho ephuhliswa okanye ehlolwayo
  • Inkonzo yophando lonikezelo-lwazi olukhoyo - Inkcukacha zocalulo lwemixholo yomthetho wolawulo ezifumaneka kwiBhunga.gov
  • Imibutho yenzala yePublic - Amaqela amaninzi olawulo ajonge inkqubela-phambili yolawulo kwiindawo ezithile kwaye anike izilumkiso nohlalutyo kumalungu awo

Abathathi-nxaxheba

Ukuqonda indlela amaziko alawulayo enza ngayo imithetho kukunika amandla okuba nenxaxheba kwizigqibo ezichaphazela ubomi bakho. Inkqubo yokulawula, elawulwa nguMthetho woLawulo, ifuna ukuba abameli banike isaziso esithe ngqo semithetho ecetyisiweyo, bamkele baze baqwalasele amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, bachaze nezigqibo zabo zokugqibela. Le nkqubo ikhankanyayo iqinisekisa ukuba uphendulano kwaye ivumela amazwi ahlukeneyo ukuba aphembelele iziphumo ezilandelayo.

Ukuthatha inxaxheba kukawonke wonke akungokokomfuziselo kuphela .ukungachatshazelwa kwasemthethweni ukuqwalasela amagqabaza ancinci, kunye negalelo elifakelwe kakuhle lingaphembelela ngenene izigqibo zolawulo. Nokuba uxhalabele imimiselo ethile echaphazela ushishino, uluntu, okanye izilangazelelo zobuqu, okanye ufuna nje ukuqonda indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo, ukubandakanyeka kwinkqubo yomthetho luhlobo olubalulekileyo lokuthabatha inxaxheba kwintlalo yentlalo.

Inkqubo yolawulo ilungelelanisa iinjongo ezininzi: ukukhusela impilo yoluntu nokhuseleko, ukukhuthaza ukuphumelela kwezoqoqosho, ukuqinisekisa ukuba kulungile, nokugcina imicimbi yedemokhrasi. Ngoxa iingxoxo ziqhubeka ngendlela engcono yokufikelela ezi njongo, isiseko somthetho osisiseko wokuyila isaziso nolawulo lokwabelana sinika isiseko solawulo olunolwazi, olulunikel

Ulwazi oluninzi malunga nomthetho wolawulo kunye nokwenza imithetho, tyelela iNgqungquthela yoLawulo ye-United States, enika ubuncwane obuninzi kunye nengcebiso zokuphucula iinkqubo zolawulo lwezwe. Ungahlola imigaqo.gov ukufumana amathuba okugqabaza ngemithetho ecetyiweyo, okanye ukuphinda uhlolo lwe- Register ye-FLT yolwazi olubanzi malunga nazo zonke izenzo zolawulo lwezwe.