Table of Contents

Ukuqonda inkqubo yenkundla kubalulekile kuye nabani na osenokujamelana nocelomngeni olungokwasemthethweni kubomi bakhe bemihla ngemihla. Enoba uthetha ngempikiswano encinane, ukungavumelani, okanye umbandela onzulu kakhulu ongokwasemthethweni, ukwazi indlela iinkundla ezisebenza ngayo kunye namanyathelo omele uwathabathe angenza umahluko phakathi kwesiphumo esinempumelelo kunye namava adimazayo. Lo mkhokeli ubanzi uza kukuhamba kwimiqathango yenkundla yaseMerika, enika ulwazi olusebenzayo olunika amandla okuqhuba inkundla ngokuthembeka.

Ukuqonda Ukwakhiwa Kwenkqubo Yenkundla YaseMerika

I-United States isebenza phantsi kwenkqubo yenkundla ezimbini eziquka iinkundla zorhulumente nezorhulumente. Iinkundla zeUnited States zinxulumene ngokusondeleyo neenkqubo zeenkundla ezilawulayo kwimigangatho karhulumente nekarhulumente. Ukuqonda esi sakhiwo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni ukuba liphi na ityala lakho nendlela eliza kucaciswa ngayo.

Inkqubo yenkundla yoManyano

Inkqubo yenkundla yephondo inemigangatho emithathu engundoqo: iinkundla zesithili (inkundla egwetywayo), iinkundla zesiphaluka ezingumgangatho wokuqala wesibheno, kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States, umgangatho wokugqibela wesibheno kwinkqubo yorhulumente. Esi sakhiwo sobucukubheno siqinisekisa ukuba amatyala anokuhlaziywa ngomlinganiselo omninzi ukuba kuyimfuneko.

Kwisiseko senkqubo karhulumente kukho iinkundla zesithili. Iinkundla zesithili okanye zamatyala ezingama-94 zeli lizwe zibizwa ngokuba ziinkundla zesithili zase-U. Iinkundla zesithili zicombulula iimbambano ngokumisa izibakala nangokusebenzisa umthetho kwezo zibakala. Ezi ntena zisingatha iinkundla zokuqala zamatyala karhulumente, apho amangqina angqinela kunye nobungqina bunikelwa.

Ngaphezu kweenkundla zesithili kuhlala iinkundla zetyala. Kukho iinkundla ezili-13 ezihlala ngaphantsi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. Inkundla yezibheno yase-U. Umsebenzi wenkundla edluliselweyo kukugqiba enoba umthetho wasetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwinkundla evavanyiweyo okanye kwisebe lolawulo lorhulumente. Ezi nkundla aziwachaphazeli amatyala kodwa zihlola izigqibo ezingomthetho ezenziwa ziinkundla eziphantsi.

Kwincopho yejaji yephondo kukho iNkundla ePhakamileyo. INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. Yinkundla ePhakamileyo eUnited States. Ngokungafaniyo neenkundla ezingaphantsi, iNkundla Ephakamileyo ineewonga ekuthethwa ngazo. INkundla Ephakamileyo ithetha ngamatyala angama-80 ngonyaka, akhethwe kumatyala angaphezu kwama-7000 ekufuneka iwahlolisise.

Iinkqubo zenkundla yeRhulumente

Inkqubo yenkundla yeli lizwe ibonakalisa ubukhulu becala isakhiwo senkqubo yenkundla yorhulumente ngokuba idla ngokuba nemigangatho emithathu: iinkundla zamatyala, iinkundla zetyala lephondo kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo yeli lizwe. Noko ke, iinkundla zeli lizwe zisingatha uninzi lwamatyala asemthethweni eMelika.

Iinkundla zeli lizwe ziva malunga nama-98% etyala; uninzi lwamazwe luneenkundla ezilawula imimandla ethile, ezithi zicombulule iimbambano ezincinane ezifana nokuvalwa kweengxelo zezithuthi, neenkundla zolawulo jikelele. Oku kuthetha ukuba imicimbi emininzi engokwasemthethweni odibana nayo kubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla iya kuconjululwa kwiinkundla zikarhulumente kunokuba ivavanywe ziinkundla zikarhulumente.

Amacandelo enkundla yephondo angahluka kakhulu ukusuka kurhulumente ukuya kwelinye. Ngenxa yolwahlulo olusekelwe kurhulumente olawulayo norhulumente, iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zenkundla yeli lizwe zikhululekile ukusebenza ngeendlela ezahluka kakhulu kwezo zikarhulumente wesizwe, nakwezo zelinye. Amanye amaphondo aneenkundla ezikhethekileyo kwimicimbi yentsapho, iprobate, okanye iingxelo ezincinane, ngoxa amanye eqinisa le misebenzi.

Umkhosi wesizwe

Ukuqonda ukuba yiyiphi inkqubo yenkundla enegunya kwityala lakho. Inkqubo yenkundla yelifa lesizwe yase-U.S. ithetha ngamatyala abandakanya amatyala aphuma kumaphondo amabini okanye ngaphezulu, ukwaphulwa kwemithetho karhulumente, izivumelwano, umGaqo-siseko, ukukhuthuzwa kwemithetho, ukuhlawulwa kwemali, ukuhlawulwa kwemali, nemiba enxulumene nayo. Eminye imicimbi, kuquka iimbambano, ulwaphulo-mthetho wezomthetho, kunye namatyala omonakalo wobuqu, ayawa phantsi kolawulo lorhulumente.

Umahluko phakathi kweenkundla zikarhulumente norhulumente awusoloko ucacile. Amanye amatyala asenokubandakanya imibuzo yomthetho karhulumente norhulumente, yaye kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, ityala eliqala kwinkundla yeli lizwe ekugqibeleni lingafikelela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ukuba libandakanya imiba yomgaqo-siseko karhulumente.

Iintlobo zeeNkundla neMisebenzi yazo

Iinkundla Zokuchophela Ityala

Iinkundla zenkundla zibekwa ityala apho kuthethwa khona iinkundla zomthetho, zihlolisisa ubungqina, zive ubungqina, zize zenze iziqinisekiso zenyani. Kwinkqubo karhulumente, iinkundla zesithili zaseUnited States zizinkundla zokuchophela amatyala enkundla yenkundla yeli lizwe.

Iinkundla zetyala zinegunya lokuqala, oko kukuthi ziinkundla zokuqala ukusingatha ityala. ABagwebi kwiinkundla zamatyala bamele baqinisekise ukuba ityala lifanelekile, bagqibe ngokungangqinelani nobungqina, banike isigwebo, yaye ekugqibeleni baphumeze izigqibo okanye imigwebo.

Inkundla

Iinkundla zokumangalelwa zisebenza umsebenzi owahlukileyo kuneenkundla zamatyala. Iinkundla zezibheno zinegunya lokugweba. Asizonkundla zamatyala yaye aziwaphulanga amatyala kuqala. Endaweni yoko, iinkundla ezigwebayo zihlolisisa izigqibo zeenkundla zesithili, zize zifumanise ukuba zichanile kusini na.

Xa ufaka isibheno kwityala, awufumani tyala litsha. Endaweni yoko, abagwebi bahlola ingxelo ebhaliweyo kwinkundla yamatyala, bafunde impetho engokwasemthethweni edluliselwe ngamacala omabini, kwaye maxa wambi baphulaphule iimpikiswano zomlomo ezivela kumagqwetha. Bakhangela iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni ezisenokuba zichaphazele iziphumo zetyala.

Iinkundla Ezincinane

Iinkundla ezincinane zinikela ukhetho olufikelelekayo lokucombulula iingxabano ezincinane ngaphandle kokuntsonkotha kunye neendleko zelifa lemveli. Akukho magqwetha afunekayo, okuwenza ukhetho olunokufikeleleka nolufikelelekayo lokucombulula iimbambano. Inkundla encinane inika isisombululo esikhawulezileyo kwimibandela enxulumene nemali, yaye kwiimeko ezininzi, inkqubo yonke inokusingathwa, kugcinwe ixesha kunye nomgudu.

Imali elinganiselweyo yeenkundla ezincinane iyahluka ngokwemeko. Umlinganiselo wobungakanani umntu anokumangalelwa ngabo kwiimeko ezincinci ngu $20 000. eTexas, ngelinye ixesha eKhalifoniya, xa ucinga ukuba elinye icala likutyala ngaphantsi kwe R2,500 (okanye R6,250 ukuba umangalelwa njengeshishini).

Iinkundla ezithethana nezincinane zenzelwe ukuba zibe ngumhlobo womsebenzisi. Kwizityholo ezincinci, iimpikiswano zilungiswa ngendlela elungileyo, ekhawulezileyo nengabizi mali ingako. Ungacela igqwetha ukuba likucebise ngaphambi kokuba uye enkundleni; kodwa ke, usenokungabi nalo igqwetha elikumelayo enkundleni. Imithetho ilula yaye ukuchotshelwa akucwangciswanga.

Iinkundla ezizodwa

Ngaphandle kwetyala jikelele neenkundla ezigwebayo, inkqubo yokugweba yaseMerika iquka iinkundla ezininzi ezikhethekileyo. Kukho iinkundla ezingama-90 zokuwa kwamali e-U. Iinkundla zeBhanki ebhanki zinceda abantu namashishini angakwaziyo ukuhlawula amatyala abo ukuba bafumane "isiqalo esitsha". Ezinye iinkundla zemali ezingoothile ziquka iNkundla yerhafu yase-U.S.

Iinkundla ezikhethekileyo ziphuhlisa ubuchule kwimimandla ethile yomthetho kwaye zisoloko zinemigaqo elungelelanisiweyo ehambelana neentlobo zamatyala eziwasingathayo.

Ukunduluka Kwemiba Yomthetho: Isikhokelo Ngenyathelo

Ukuqonda Inkundla Efanelekileyo

Inyathelo lokuqala elibalulekileyo xa kujongwa imbambano engokwasemthethweni kukuchaza ukuba yiyiphi inkundla enegunya phezu kwetyala lakho. Ilishwa libhekisela kwigunya lenkundla lokuphulaphula amatyala nokugqiba izigqibo zomthetho. Izinto eziliqela zimisela igunya elifanelekileyo:

  • Isikhundla solawulo lwesihloko solawulo : Ingaba inkundla inegunya lokuva olu hlobo lwetyala?
  • Phezulu ye-: Ingaba inkundla inegunya kumaqela nendawo apho impikiswano ivela khona?
  • Phezulu yeMonetary : Ingaba ixabiso likwimpikiswano kwimida yenkundla?
  • ulawulo lwesiqu senqanawa : Ingaba inkundla inegunya kummangalelwa?

Kwimicimbi emininzi yemihla ngemihla engokwasemthethweni, uza kuba ujonge kwiinkundla zikarhulumente. Iinkundla zoMasipala kuphela zinegunya kwiintlobo ezithile zamatyala, njengalawo abandakanya umthetho karhulumente, iimbambano phakathi kwabemi bamazwe awahlukeneyo apho imali ingaphezulu lee $75 000 (R345 000), okanye amatyala apho iUnited States ililungu leqela.

Ukuqokelela Ubungqina Nobungqina

Xa sele ufumene inkundla efanelekileyo, inyathelo elilandelayo kukuhlanganisa onke amaxwebhu afanelekileyo. Ubungqina obuqinileyo sisiseko salo naliphi na ityala lomthetho elinempumelelo. Oku kungaquka:

  • Izivumelwano ezibhaliweyo
  • Comment
  • Iireyithi ezizizo, ii-invoice neengxelo zemali
  • Iifoto okanye iividiyo
  • Ingxelo zonyango (ukuze kusetyenziswe iziphumo zokonzakalisa)
  • Comment
  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Isiseko sokulungelelanisa. Yenza uludwe lweziganeko zeziganeko ze ungqinelane nobungqina bakho nengongoma nganye enxulumene nayo. Yenza imibhalo yawo onke amaxwebhu, ukugcina akwindawo ekhuselekileyo. Iinkundla zifuna ukuba unikezele imibhalo kwiqela eliphikisanayo nakwinkundla ngokwayo.

Ukuqonda Iinkundla Neenkundla Ezifileyo

Iinkqubo zenkundla zisenokubonakala zisoyikisa, kodwa zikho ukuze ziqinisekise ukuba inkundla nganye inemithetho elawula indlela amatyala aqhubeka ngayo, yaye ukuphoswa kwemiqathango eseleyo kunokuba nemiphumo enzulu, kuquka ukugxothwa kwetyala lakho.

Izinto ezingundoqo eziquka:

  • Imiqathango yommiselo : imiqathango esemthethweni yokucwangcisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamatyala
  • [[UMTL:0] Imfuno zokubhabha [: Iifomu, iindleko, kunye nenani leekopi ezifunekayo
  • Isiqinisekiso senkqubela ye projekti ye CD/ org.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ibuyisela ixesha eligqityiweyo elipheleleyo: imida yexesha lokuphendula izikhalazo okanye iintshukumo
  • Amathuba exesha elisisityalo: ixesha lonikezelo lolwazi nobungqina
  • Iingqungquthela zePrequali : Iintlanganiso zokuxubusha ulawulo lwetyala
  • imihla yexesha elidlulileyo: Iindlebe ezicwangcisiweyo ezimele zingene

Oomabhalana benkundla banokunikela iinkcukacha eziqhelekileyo malunga neenkqubo kodwa abanakunikela icebiso elingokwasemthethweni. Ngoku iinkundla ezininzi zinikela amaziko oncedo lwazo okanye izinto ezifumaneka kwi-intanethi ukuze zincede abantu abazimelayo.

Ukugqiba Ukuba Unokuyifihla Na Iattorney

Esinye sezigqibo ezibalulekileyo oza kujamelana nazo kukuba uqeshe ukumela umelo olusemthethweni. Ngexa unelungelo lokuzimela (kwaziwa ngokuba "pro se"), oku akusoloko kucetyiswa.

Khawucinge ngokuqeshwa kwegqwetha xa:

  • Eli tyala libandakanya imibandela enzima engokwasemthethweni
  • Imali okanye impahla ebalulekileyo isengozini
  • Umchasi unomelo olusemthethweni
  • Kukho izityholo zezaphuli-mthetho
  • Eli tyala lalinokumisela imizekelo ebalulekileyo
  • Akuqhelekanga zinkqubo zenkundla

Ukuzimela kusenokuba kufanelekile:

  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
  • Iimbambano Ezilula Nezingqalileyo
  • Imibandela engachasananga
  • Ityala apho ixabiso legqwetha liya kugqitha ukuphucula

Amagqwetha amaninzi anika ukhangelo lokuqala olukhululekileyo, olunokukunceda ujonge ukuba ufuna ukumela na. Amanye amatyala angangenelwa kulwandiso olungenamda, apho igqwetha linceda kwinkalo ezithile zemeko yakho xa uphatha abanye wena ngokwakho.

Inkqubo Encinane Yenkundla

Inkundla encinci ifuna ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kuba yeyona ifikelelekayo kwinkundla yeengxaki zemihla ngemihla. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kungakunceda ucombulule iingxabano ngokulula kwaye ngokufanelekileyo.

Ukuzifihla Kwizinto Ozithethayo

Okokuqala, ufaka isicelo okanye isikhalazo, esiyifomu echaza isizathu sokuba ufuna ukusungula elityala lincinci lenkundla. Oku kwenza iqhina, eliza kusetyenziswa ngummangalelwa. Inkqubo yokufaka ifayile ibandakanya:

  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wePlantiff sigqibele ngenkcazo yakho ngempikiswano
  • Ukuhlawula umrhumo wefashoni (othi uhluka-hlukeneyo ngokolawulo)
  • Ukunika ummangalelwa igama nedilesi efanelekileyo
  • Ichaza ubungakanani obuzibangayo

Kukho amanyathelo amane asisiseko okuqalisa ityala elincinane: Ifayile ifomu ye-CCV-001 yokukhalaza (DC-CV-001) kunye nenkundla. hlawula umrhumo wefatyi. Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ummangalelwa olungileyo, njengokuba ukumangalela iqela elingalunganga kungaphumela ekugxothweni kwetyala lakho nokuba uphumelele.

Ukukhonza Ummeli

Emva kokubhala, kufuneka umazise ummangalelwa ngokufanelekileyo ngokumangalelwa. Inkundla iza kukhupha iWrit of Scompons ukwazisa ngokomthetho kwelinye icala (elibizwa ngokuba "ummangalelwa") ukuba isuti ibekwe. Inkonzo efanelekileyo iyafuneka; ngaphandle kwayo, inkundla ayinakuqhubeka netyala lakho.

Enye yezona zigaba zibalulekileyo zokulungisa ityala lenkundla elincinane lokuzithethelela kukusebenzela ngeseva yenkqubela ongayithemba. Wonke amaqela omele uwamangalela kufuneka athunyelwe ngesaziso esifanelekileyo ukuze imeko yakho iqhubeke kakuhle. Iindlela zenkonzo zahluka-hlukene ngegunya kodwa ziquka inkonzo yobuqu ngomphathi-mikhosi, umncedisi wenkqubo yengcali, okanye kwezinye iimeko, iposi egunyazisiweyo.

Ukulungiselela Ukuva

Ukulungiselela ityala kubalulekile ukuze inkundla iphumelele. Nangona ityala lingenzeki, kufuneka ulingqine ngokucwangcisayo ityala lakho. Xa uvavanywa, zilungiselele ukunikela nawaphi na amangqina, ubungqina okanye imiboniso yokungqina oko ukukuthethayo. Ityala liya kuba yinto nje ecwangcisiweyo kunetyala elithe rhoqo, kodwa sekunjalo kufuneka ukwazi ukungqina ukuba kwelinye icala linetyala lakho.

Ulungiselelo olunempumelelo luquka:

  • Ukulungiselela onke amaxwebhu ngokwexesha
  • Ichaza intetho ecacileyo nengqalileyo yemeko yakho
  • Ukulungiselela amangqina nokuqinisekisa ukuba zikho
  • Ukulindela iingxoxo zommangalelwa nokulungiselela iimpendulo
  • Izisa iikopi ezininzi zobungqina
  • Yenza ulwandiso lwentetho yakho

Khumbula ukuba iijaji ezincinane ziva amatyala amaninzi suku ngalunye.

Ukuqonda Izinto Ezincinane Ezinokusikelwa Umqathango

Iinkundla ezincinane zinemiqathango ebalulekileyo ofanele uyiqonde. Inkundla encinane isetyenziselwa ukucombulula iimbambano zemali ezisusela kumawaka ambalwa eerandi ukuya kuma-25 000 eedola. Nangona abantu abaninzi bengacingi ukuba iidola ezingama-25 000 zemali "zincinci", la matyala abandakanya imali encinane kakhulu kunalawo afumana indlela yokungena kwiinkundla zesithethe. Nabani na unakho ukusebenzisa izityholo ezincinane ukuze alungise imbambano yakhe. Noko ke, inkundla encinane ithethayo ingohlukileyo ngokuthi eso sigqibo sibandakanya imali kuphela.

Oku kuthetha ukuba inkundla yamatyala encinane ayinako:

  • Mema umntu ukuba enze okanye ayeke ukwenza into (ukudambisa ukungazenzi)
  • Ukumisela amalungelo abazali okanye ukugqiba
  • Sinike Uqhawulo - mtshato
  • Ukusingatha imicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho
  • Hlaziya iingxabano ngaphezu kwemali

Ukongezelela, ukuba ukhetha amatyala amancinci ukucombulula impikiswano kwaye ungumphengululi, uyaliyeka ilungelo lokuba nesinye inkundla sihlole isigqibo sejaji encinci. Ngamanye amazwi, i-polatiff ayinalungelo lokubhenela. Oku kuqwalaselwa kubalulekile xa ugqiba ukuba ungayifaka kusini na kwinkundla encinane.

Amagama abalulekileyo asemthethweni kunye nezicatshulwa

Ukuqhelana nokusetyenziswa kwamagama asemthethweni kukunceda uqonde ukumangalelwa kwenkundla kwaye unxibelelane ngokunempumelelo nezifundiswa zomthetho. Nawa amagama angundoqo omele uwaqonde:

Izahlukano Kwityala

  • [[UMTL:0] Upoltiff: Umntu okanye iqumrhu eliqalisa ukumangalela ngokufaka isikhalazo
  • [[UMTHL:0] I-Defantint: Umntu okanye iqumrhu eligwetywayo okanye elibekwe ityala
  • Intelekelelo: Ngokufanayo ne-cacttiff, esetyenziswa rhoqo kumthetho wentsapho okanye kwizibongozo
  • Inxaxhi: Ngokufanayo nomtyholi, iqela liphendula kwisicelo
  • Appellant: Iqela likhuthaza isigqibo senkundla esezantsi
  • [[UMTL: 0] Appele: Iqela eliphendula kwisibheno

Amaxwebhu eNkundla kunye neeNkqutyana

  • USummons: Uxwebhu olusemthethweni olwazisa umntu abamangalelwayo ngalo kwaye kufuneka luvele enkundleni
  • Complait: Uxwebhu lokuqala lugcinwe ngumlahli ochaza iintelekelelo zabo
  • [[UMTL:0] Impendulo: Impendulo esemthethweni yommangalelwa kwisikhalazo
  • [[UMTL:0] Motion: Sisicelo esisemthethweni esicela inkundla ukuba yenze isigqibo okanye umyalelo okhethekileyo
  • Imfihlelo: Inkqubo yangaphambili yovavanyo lokunikana ulwazi nobungqina
  • [[FOLT:0] Ukubekwa kwe-: ubungqina obugqithisiweyo obuthatyathwe ngaphandle kwenkundla, ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-ofisi yegqwetha
  • Subpoena: Umyalelo wenkundla ofuna umntu oza kungqina okanye avelise amaxwebhu
  • [[FLT: 0] Affidavit: Uxwebhu olubhaliweyo lwenziwe phantsi kwesifungo

Izigqibo Zenkundla Neziphumo

  • Isiqinisekiso: Isigqibo esifikelelwe li-avalur kwityala
  • [[UMTL:0] Isigqibo sokuqukumbela : sisigqibo sokugqibela senkundla kwityala
  • Umgwebo Omiselweyo: Umgwebo ungenile xa ummangalelwa engasaphenduli okanye evele
  • Umgwebo ocacileyo: Umgwebo owenziwe ngaphandle kovavanyo olupheleleyo xa kungekho zibakala ziphikisanayo
  • [[UMTL:0] Umiselo: Isivumelwano phakathi kwamaqela ukusombulula impikiswano ngaphandle kokuvavanya
  • I-Dismon: Ukumiswa kwetyala ngaphandle komgwebo kwiimfanelo
  • Appal: Isicelo sokuba inkundla ephakamileyo ihlole isigqibo senkundla esezantsi

Imilinganiselo Yasemthethweni Nemithwalo

  • Ibhedi yobungqina: Imbopheleleko yokungqina iziphakamiso okanye ukhuseleko lukabani
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkcubeko yobungqina: Umgangatho kwiimeko zabemi (ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu kunangenjalo)
  • Iphinda-phinda uthandazo olusengqiqweni: Umgangatho ophezulu ofunekayo kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho
  • Ukuma: Ilungelo elisemthethweni lokuzisa ukumangalelwa
  • Ukungaqiniseki kwemiqathango: Ixesha elilinganiselweyo lokugcina ityala
  • juridiction: igunya lenkundla lokuva ityala nokwenza izigqibo
  • [[UMTL:0] IVenue: Indawo yejiyografi efanelekileyo yelinge

Inkundla yezaphuli-mthetho

Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwamatyala angoorhulumente nawamatyala olwaphulo - mthetho kubalulekile ekuqhubeni inkundla.

Ityala Lelizwe

Iimeko zamakhaya zibandakanya iimbambano phakathi kwabantu, amashishini, okanye imibutho.

  • Uxanduva
  • Ingxelo yokonzakalisa
  • Ingxwabangxwaba yempahla
  • Imibandela yomthetho wentsapho (ukwahlukana, inkxaso
  • Iimbambano eziphambili
  • Ingxubano-mali yeSebe
  • Ukuqokelelwa kwamatyala

Kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, umchasi-mthetho makabonise imeko yakhe ngokuqwalasela ubungqina, oko kukuthi kunokwenzeka ngakumbi kunokuba kungabi yinyaniso. Iqela eliphulukana nemali lihlawula umonakalo wemali kodwa alijongi ixesha lokuvalelwa entolongweni.

Amatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho abandakanya ukutshutshiswa ngurhulumente ngenxa yokwaphulwa komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Urhulumente (ukutshutshiswa) kufuneka angqine ukuba ummangalelwa unetyala elingenakuphikiswa, umgangatho ophezulu kunasemacaleni asekuhlaleni.

Amatyala olwaphulo - mthetho anokuphumela:

  • Ukuvalelwa Ejele
  • Iprojekthi
  • Amafama ahlawulwayo kurhulumente
  • Inkonzo yoLuntu
  • Ukhuthuzo kumaxhoba
  • Ingxelo yezaphuli-mthetho

Abo bamela amatyala olwaphulo - mthetho banemiqathango eyongezelelekileyo, kuquka ilungelo lokuhlala bethe cwaka, ilungelo lokuya kwigqwetha (naxa bengenayo) nelungelo lokuchophela ityala.

Inkqubo Yezibheno

Ukuba akunelisekanga sisigqibo senkundla egwebayo, unokuba nelungelo lokubhenela. Ukuqonda inkqubo yezibheno kubalulekile, nangona inzima kakhulu kunetyala lenkundla yokuvavanya.

Iziseko Zokubhenela

Awunakubhenela kuba nje ungavumelani nesiphumo. Izizathu ezifanelekileyo zokubhenela ziquka:

  • Iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni ezenziwe yijaji yetyala
  • Ukuvuma okanye ukulahla ubungqina obungafanelekanga
  • Imiyalelo engalunganga yabachopheli-mthetho
  • Akukho bungqina buneleyo bokuxhasa esi sigqibo
  • Ukuziphatha kakubi kwamagqwetha, amagxadaba okanye abagwebi
  • Ukuphulwa komGaqo-siseko

Iinkundla ezimangalelayo ngokuqhelekileyo zithobela iinkundla ezigwebayo ngesigqibo esiyinyaniso kodwa zihlola imibuzo engokwasemthethweni ngokwayo.

Inkqubo Eza Kufikelelwa Ngayo

Izibheno zibandakanya amanyathelo amaninzi abalulekileyo:

  • Iphepha lobheno: kufuneka ligcinwe kumaxesha agqityiweyo angqongqo (amaxesha amaninzi iintsuku ezingama-30)
  • Ulungiselelo olukroliweyo: Ingxelo yenkundla evavanyiweyo iqokelelwa kwaye isasazwe
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukubeka ikhowudi: Isiphumezi- miyalelo esibhaliweyo sinikezelwe ngamaqela omabini
  • [[FLT: 0] Impikiswano ye quality: Ii-Attorney zinganikela impikiswano kwindawo yolawulo ye-appellate
  • Ukukhutshwa: Inkundla echazayo ikhupha uluvo olubhaliweyo

Iinkundla eziphandayo zingasiqinisekisa (umnyango) isigqibo senkundla esezantsi, ukusibuyisela umva, ukusilungisa, okanye ukubuyisela (umva) ityala ukwenzela imicimbi ebhekele phambili. Inkqubo yezibheno ingathatha iinyanga ezininzi okanye kwaneminyaka.

Enye impikiswano

Asiyompikiswano engomthetho ekufuneka iconjululwe enkundleni. Iindlela ezinokusetyenziswa ekuxambuliseni (ADR) zinokusonga ixesha, imali noxinezeleko ngoxa zisoloko zivelisa iziphumo ezingcono.

Isicwangciso

I-media ibandakanya iqela lesithathu elinobundilele elinceda amatheko aphikisanayo afikelele isivumelwano sokuzithandela. Umlamleli akenzi izigqibo kodwa wenza kube lula ukunxibelelana kunye nokuxoxisana. Bonke amaqela kufuneka bavumelane nge-media, kwaye imithetho esesikweni yenkundla ayisebenzi kwinkqubo yokuphendula. Amatheko angaqhagamshelana nenkonzo ye-mediatein ye-antion ye-application neyokukhuthaza ukulungiselela ukuphendula phambi kokuba inkundla ive ityala labo.

Iingenelo zonxibelelwano ziquka:

  • Inkcitho ephantsi kune-
  • Ugqibo lwe FAPner
  • Imfihlo
  • Ukulondolozwa kolwalamano
  • Ukwenza izisombululo kudityaniswe neemfuno zamaqela
  • Ulwaneliseko oluphezulu

Ushenxiso

I-Arbitration iqheleke kakhulu kunendawo yokulungisa. I-arbitrotor (okanye iqela labalawuli) iyabuva ubungqina kunye neempikiswano ezivela kumacala omabini kwaye yenza isigqibo esibophelelayo. Ukurhoxiswa kunokwenziwa ngokuzithandela okanye ngesivumelwano.

Imisebenzi yokutshintsha

  • Idla ngokuba nexabiso eliphezulu nelikhawulezayo kunetyala lenkundla
  • ISicwangciso esisesikweni kunesokuphendula kodwa esingekho sikweni kunenkundla
  • Amalungelo otsalo olulinganiselwe
  • Inokubophelela okanye ingabikho
  • Idla ngokusetyenziswa kwimicimbi yempangelo, kubathengi nakwezorhwebo

Uhlaziyo noLonwabo

Ingxoxo engqalileyo phakathi kwamaqela (okanye amagqwetha awo) isombulula uninzi lweempikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni. Ukuzinziswa kunokwenzeka nakweliphi na iqondo lokuququzelelwa, kwanasemva kokuba ityala liqalisile.

Ukuncokola okunempumelelo kubandakanya:

  • Ukuqonda eyona ndlela ilungileyo onokuyisebenzisa kunokuvumelana
  • Ukuchaza izilangazelelo ezingaphaya kwezikhundla
  • Ukujonga izisombululo
  • Ukuncitshiswa kwexabiso nomngcipheko wokuhlahlela
  • Ukunxibelelana ngokucacileyo nangeenkcubeko
  • Ukukulungela Ukulalanisa

Amacebiso Asebenzisekayo Embonakalo Yenkundla

Ukuba ityala lakho liya enkundleni, kubalulekile ukulungiselela kakuhle nokulungisa inkundla yezono.

Phambi Komhla Wenkundla Yakho

  • Qinisekisa umhla, ixesha, nendawo yokuva kwakho
  • Ukufika kwangoko ukuze unike ixesha lokumisa nokukhusela
  • Zisa onke amaxwebhu ayimfuneko, alungelelanisiweyo
  • Ukunxiba ngokwezenkcubeko
  • Lungiselela indlela ecacileyo nengqalileyo yokuchaza ityala lakho
  • Ukulungiselela ukunyanyekelwa kwabantwana xa kuyimfuneko
  • Yicime icell phone yakho ngaphambi kokuba ungene enkundlani

Ukuziphatha Kwenkundla

  • Yima xa umgwebi engena okanye ephuma
  • Intetho ecacileyo ibhekisa kumgwebi njengethi, Imbeko yakho
  • Thetha nejaji ngokucacileyo nangokungqalileyo, kungekhona igxalaba
  • Linda ithuba lakho lokuthetha; musa ukuphazamisa
  • Yiba nentlonelo kuwo wonke umntu, kuquka amaqela aphikisanayo namagqwetha awo
  • Phendula imibuzo ngokuthe ngqo nangokunyanisekileyo
  • Xela ukuba akuyazi into kunokuyiqagela
  • Lawula iimvakalelo zakho; hlala uzolile uze ube nguchwepheshe
  • Landela yonke imithetho yenkundla kunye nemiyalelo yomgwebi

Ukuchaza Ityala Lakho

  • Hlela intetho yakho ngokufanelekileyo
  • Comment
  • Kuphephe ukuchukumiseka okanye ukuhlaselwa
  • Sebenzisa ulwimi olucacileyo, olulula
  • Phendula amaxwebhu okanye ubungqina obukhethekileyo
  • Kulungele ukuphendula imibuzo
  • Hlala uhleli kwisihloko uze uphephe ukukruquka
  • Phelisa ngengxelo ecacileyo yoko ukucela ukuba inkundla ikwenze

Ukuqonda Iindleko Zenkundla Neengxaki

Imicimbi engokwasemthethweni ibandakanya iindleko ezahlukahlukeneyo ofanele uzilindele uze uqingqe imali ngazo.

Iimbumbulwana Ezibilayo

Iinkundla zihlawula iimali zamatyala efayile, ahluka-hlukeneyo ngokolawulo nohlobo lwamatyala. Le mirhumo ingasuka ngaphantsi kwama-100 ee-100 ngenxa yamatyala amancinane ukuya kumakhulu aliqela eerandi kumatyala anzima asekuhlaleni. Ezinye iinkundla zinika abo bangakwaziyo ukuhlawula imali.

Iindleko zenkonzo

Ukukhonza ummangalelwa ngokufanelekileyo namaphepha enkundla adla ngokubiza imali. Umsebenzi womphathi-mikhosi ungabiza ii-50-100, ngexesha abancedisi benkqubo yabucala benokubiza ngaphezulu. Inkonzo yeposi eqinisekisiweyo idla ngokuba yeyona ibiza imali encinane apho ivumelekile khona.

IAttorney Fees

Ukuba uqesha igqwetha, iintlawulo zinokuhluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe kwindawo, kumava, nakwiimeko ezintsonkothileyo.

  • Isantya ngeyure (ngokomlinganiselo ii-$50-500+ ngeyure)
  • Iintlawulo zokuthoba zeenkonzo ezithile
  • Iindleko zokuchacha (ipesenti yokuchacha, exhaphakileyo kwiimeko zomonakalo wobuqu)
  • Iintlawulo zemali (ukujoliswe phambili ngokuchasene nomsebenzi wexesha elizayo)

Ezinye Iindleko Ezisenokubakho

  • Iintlawulo zemali zemali yengxelo yeNkundla
  • Iintlawulo zobugcisa
  • Uxwebhu lokukopa kunye nokulungisa ifayile
  • Iindleko zokuhamba
  • Imali yokukhupha
  • Inkcitho yesibheno

Kwezinye iimeko, iqela elingaphumeleliyo lingayalelwa ukuba lihlawule iindleko zenkundla yophumeleleyo okanye kwanemali yegqwetha, nangona oku kungafani ngolawulo nangohlobo lwetyala.

Ukuwisa Isigwebo Senkundla

Ukuphumelela kwisigwebo akuthethi ukuba uza kufumana intlawulo ngokuzenzekelayo. Ukuqonda ubuchule bokunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa komsebenzi kubaluleke kakhulu.

Iindlela Zoqokelelo

Ukuba ummangalelwa akawuphumeleli ngokuzithandela umgwebo, kusenokufuneka usebenzise iindlela zokuqokelela umthetho:

  • Imali eshicilelweyo yemali : uhlaziyo lwenkundla olulungelelanisiweyo ukusuka kwityala letyala
  • [[UMKHL:0] Inkokhelo yemali : Ukufunyanwa kwemali evela kwityala lebhanki
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Inkohliso ebhaliweyo: izityholo ezisemthethweni ngokuchasene nefama okanye ipropati yobuqu
  • I-assue : ukuphatha impahla ukonelisa ityala
  • [[UMTL: 0] Uvavanyo lweDebtor: iityala apho abatyala kufuneka batyhile izinto zabo

Inkqubo nganye yokunyanzelisa ineenkqubo nemilinganiselo ekhethekileyo. Ezinye izinto zingakhululwa ekuqokelelweni phantsi komthetho wesizwe okanye worhulumente.

Iingxaki Zokuqokelela

Kungaba nzima ukuqokelela imigwebo ukuba lowo unetyala.

  • I-APP ibonise ukuba
  • Iifayile zokungaphumeleli
  • Shenxisela kweNye iGama
  • I-Ofisi
  • Ukungakhululeki

Ngaphambi kokuba uquqele ityala, qwalasela enoba ummangalelwa uyakwazi kusini na ukuhlawula isigwebo.

Uxanduva olukhethekileyo lwabaLawuli abaLawulweyo

Ukuzimela enkundleni (ukubonakala "pro se") lilungelo lakho, kodwa kuvela kucelomngeni neembopheleleko.

Oovimba bonikezelo ngokwabo

Iinkundla ezininzi ngoku zinika oovimba bokunceda abahlali-mthetho abazimeleyo:

  • Iziko loncedo lomntu ozincedayo kunye nabasebenzi ukuphendula imibuzo ye-procedst
  • Yenza iipakethi ngemiyalelo
  • Unxibelelwano lwezibonelelo
  • Ithala leencwadi lomthetho elinezixhobo zophando ezisemthethweni
  • Iinkqubo zoncedo ezilinganiselweyo
  • I-probono kliniki

Zisebenzise ezi zinto, kodwa khumbula ukuba abasebenzi basenkundleni abanakunikela icebiso elingokwasemthethweni okanye bakuxelele oko umele ukuthethe enkundleni.

Iimpazamo Eziqhelekileyo Omele Uziphephe

  • Ukuphoswa komsebenzi ogqityiweyo
  • Ukungaphumeleli ukulungiselela kakuhle iqela elichasayo
  • Ukungalandeli imithetho nenkqubo yenkundla
  • Ifaka iifomu ezingagqitywanga okanye ezingachanekanga
  • Ukuzisa ubungqina okanye iimpikiswano ezingancediyo
  • Ukuba Neemvakalelo okanye ukuxambulisana
  • Ukusilela Ukulungiselela kakuhle
  • Ukungawuqondi umthetho osebenzayo

Ixesha Lokufuna Uncedo Loogqirha

Nokuba uzimele, khawuqwalasele ukudibana negqwetha:

  • Uvavanyo lokuqala
  • Uphuhliso lobuchule
  • Impinda yoxwebhu
  • Imibuzo engqalileyo engomthetho
  • Ukuzinziswa koxanduva

Amagqwetha amaninzi anikela iinkonzo ezingabekwanga okanye umelo olusikelwe umda ngeendleko ezincitshisiweyo.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho Enkundleni

Ukwazi amalungelo akho asemthethweni kuyanceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba uphathwa ngokufanelekileyo kuyo yonke inkqubo yenkundla.

Amalungelo Aqhelekileyo kumatyala angokwabemi

  • Ukuphawula iziganeko
  • Ilitye elibi liza kuviwa
  • Ukubonisa ubungqina
  • Amadoda asekunene ukuya ekunqamleni-inyani
  • Ukunelungelo lokuya kumgwebi olungileyo nongakhethi buso
  • Ilungelo lokubhenela (kwiimeko ezininzi)
  • Unelungelo lokumela umelo olusemthethweni

Amalungelo Ongezelelweyo Kumatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

  • _Lunene ukuba uhlale uthulile
  • Ekunene ngokuchasene nokuziphikisa
  • Lilungelo kwigqwetha (elimiselweyo ukuba alikwazi ukulithenga)
  • Ekunene kuvavanyo olukhawulezayo nolungoowonke-wonke
  • Ukujongana namangqina
  • Ilungelo lokunyanzela amangqina ukuba anikele ubungqina
  • Ukuya kwityala labachopheli - tyala
  • Unelungelo lokugqalwa njengongenatyala
  • Ukukhusela kwingozi ephindiweyo

Amalungelo oFikelelo

Iinkundla kufuneka zinike abantu abaneziphene iindawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo, eziquka:

  • Ukufumaneka okusemzimbeni kwiinkundla
  • Isalathisi sentetho yezandla
  • Amacebo okuphulaphula aluncedo
  • Amaxwebhu akwintlobo ezichaseneyo
  • Izilwanyana zenkonzo

Iinkundla zikwanika abathethi abangeyosiNgesi ingqwalaselo ephambili.

ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko neMidlalo yeNkcubeko yeNkcubeko yeNtshona Koloni

Ubugcisa buye batshintsha indlela iinkundla ezisebenza ngayo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kungeneke ngakumbi kwiinkonzo ezininzi.

Ukuthutha i-elektroniki

Iinkundla ezininzi ngoku zifuna okanye zivumele ukugcinwa kwamaphepha nge-elektroniki. Iinkqubo ze-E-film zinika uncedo oluninzi:

  • 24/7 Ukufumaneka kwejelo
  • Isiqinisekiso se-risithi
  • Ukunciphisa iphepha kunye nexabiso lokukopa
  • Uqhubekeko-magama olukhawulezayo
  • Unikezelo olulula kumaxwebhu onombhalo

Inkqubo yenkundla nganye ineqonga layo elibonisa ifilimu elineemfuno ezithile kunye nenkqubo.

Ulwazi lomzekelo wangaphakathi

Iinkundla ezininzi zinika inkcazelo yamatyala kwi-intanethi, zikuvumela:

  • Khangela ubume bemeko
  • Bonakalisa izingeniso zedokisi
  • Amaxwebhu agcinwe
  • Fumana imihla nexesha lokuva
  • Ingxelo yeNkqutyana

Iindlebe Zenyani

Iinkundla ezininzi ngoku ziqhuba amatyala ngenkomfa yevidiyo, ingakumbi kwimicimbi yezentengiso. Iingxelo zenyani zinika ubuchule kodwa zifuna:

  • Unxulumano lwe-intanethi oluthembekileyo
  • Ubugcisa obufanelekileyo (ikhompyutha, itablet okanye ifowuni)
  • Ukuzimela kwe-CPF
  • Ukukhanya okufanelekileyo nokubekwa kwekhamera
  • Imbonakalo yoogqirha nendlela abaziphatha ngayo

Imithombo yangaphandle eluncedo

Imibutho neewebhsayithi ezininzi zinika inkcazelo exabisekileyo ngokuhamba kwindlela yenkundla:

  • [FLT] : Iwebhsayithi esemthethweni yejaji yengingqi yequmrhu lorhulumente enolwazi olubanzi ngeenkundla zesizwe
  • [FLT] Iziko lelizwe leeNkundla zikaRhulumente: izibonelelo nolwazi malunga neenkqubo zenkundla yenkundla yelizwe zweni lonke
  • I-website zenkundla yesizwe: Urhulumente ngamnye ugcina iiwebhsayithi zenkundla ezisemthethweni ezineefomu, iinkqubo, kunye nezibonelelo zoncedo lobuqu
  • [[UMTL:0] Imibutho yoncedo esemthethweni: nikeza uncedo olusemthethweni olukhululekileyo okanye oluphantsi ukuze ufanelekele abantu
  • [[FLT][[FLT]Melika Bar Association: Inika oovimba boluntu kunye negqwetha elinolwazi

Isiphelo: Zinike Amandla Ngolwazi Olusemthethweni

Ukunyanzelisa inkqubo yenkundla akufuneki kusithe gqwagqe. Ngokulungiselela kakuhle, ukuqonda iinkqubo, nolwazi ngamalungelo akho, ungayisingatha ngokunempumelelo imicimbi yomthetho ephakamayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukuba ngaba uyayifaka ityala elincinane, uphendula kwityala, okanye uqhubana nomba onzima ngakumbi, isitshixo kuku:

  • Yazi inkundla echanekileyo uze uqonde iinkqubo zayo
  • Ukuqokelela nokucwangcisa bonke ubungqina obufanelekileyo noxwebhu
  • Ukufumana yonke imisebenzi elindelekileyo uze ulandele imithetho yenkundla
  • Qwalasela enoba ufuna ukumela umthetho
  • Ekunokukhethwa kuko kolunye uhlobo lwempikiswano
  • Lichaze kakuhle nangokufanelekileyo ityala lakho
  • Waqonde amalungelo neembopheleleko zakho
  • Ubuchule obukhoyo

Khumbula ukuba iinkqubo zenkundla zikho ukuze zinikeze izicombululo ezifanelekileyo ze zikhusele amalungelo asemthethweni. Ngoxa le nkqubo isenokubonakala isoyikisa, iinkundla ziye zavelisa ubuncwane obuninzi bokunceda abantu ukuba bafumane isigwebo. Ngokuzifundisa indlela iinkundla ezisebenza ngayo noko kumele kulindelwe, umele ulawule imigaqo esemthethweni ngentembelo nangobuchule.

Nokuba ufuna ukusombulula impikiswano, ukhusela nxamnye nento ethile, okanye uqonde nje ukuba ukhetha esemthethweni, ulwazi olufumeneyo kwesi sikhokelo lunika isiseko esiqinileyo. Inkqubo yenkundla yenzelwe ukuba ifikeleleke kubo bonke abemi, kwaye ngokulungiselela nangokuzingisa, ungawuxhasa ngokunempumelelo umdla wakho uze uphumeze iziphumo ezifanelekileyo kwimicimbi yakho engokwasemthethweni.