Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho weRhulumente nogcino-lwazi olunesabelo nezinye izityholo: Ukuqwalaselwa okusemthethweni

Amagosa agunyazisa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wephondo ahambelana ngokuqhubekayo kwaye abelana ngenkcazelo namanye amazwe ukunyusa ukhuseleko loluntu kunye nophando lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukusuka kubukrelekrele bexesha lobunyani kulwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo ukuqinisekisa ukutshintshisana kobungqina obungaphaya kwemida yesizwe, la maqabane anokuba namandla. Noko ke, ukunqamleza icandelo lokugwetywa kogcino-lwazi kuphakamisa imibuzo entsonkothileyo amasebe amele asebenzise ngocoselelo ukuze ahlale elungelelanise, akhusele amalungelo omntu ngamnye, kwaye agcine ukuthenjwa kwabantu.

Eli nqaku linikela ushwankathelo olucacileyo lwemimiselo esemthethweni, imingeni, kunye nolona qheliselo lulungileyo olulawula ugcino-lwazi olunesabelo phakathi korhulumente kunye namaqumrhu alawula umthetho wasekuhlaleni. Liyanwebeka kwimimiselo engundoqo, lihlola imiqobo yokwenene yehlabathi, linika ukhokelo olusebenzayo ukwenzela abameli abasebenza ukwakha ugcino-lwazi olusemthethweni nolunempumelelo.

Ukuhlahlelana Kwezakhelo Zomthetho Olawulayo

Imithetho emininzi ebekwe kakuhle ``yombini urhulumente norhulumente') indlela ugcino-lwazi lobulungisa olunokuqokelelwa, lusetyenziswe, kwaye lwabelwe kuyo imida ephakamileyo. Ukuqonda le mithetho linyathelo lokuqala ekwakheni inkqubo ethobelayo yogcino-lwazi.

Imithetho Yomanyano

Umthetho we- [5 U.S.C. 76 552a]. Umthetho we-lisc ulawula ukuqokelelwa, ugcino, ukusetyenziswa, kunye nokusasazwa kolwazi olubonakalayo ngokobuqu (PII) ogcinwe ngamaqumrhu karhulumente. Ngoxa usebenza ngqo kuphela kwimiqathango yorhulumente, imigaqo yayo engundoqo, imvume, kunye nokuphendula.

Umthetho woNxibelelwano oNxibelelweyo noluNxibelelwano lwe-elektronic. [18] U.S.C. 76 25102522, 27012522]. I-ECPA ilawula ukunqandwa, ukufikelela, kunye nokutyhilwa konxibelelwano lwezibonelelo ze-elektroniki kunye nogcino-lwazi lwe-elektroniki. Iquka amalungiselelo anjenge-Vevents Commony act (SCA), ebaluleke ngokukhethekileyo xa umthetho ufuna ukwabelana ubungqina bamanani (umz. iingxelo zentlalo-ndaba) kunye namasebe asemabandleni amanye amazwe. Phantsi kwe-SCA, isiqinisekiso esixhaswa ngokolongo olufunekayo ukukhuthaza umsebenzi ogcino-nxibelelwano olugciniweyo, kwaye kufuneka lukhutshwe ngomthetho olungele ukwenziwa ngolwano lwenkundla osemthethweni olungele ukwabelana.

[ Inkululeko yoMthetho wolwazi (FOIA) [5 U.S.C. 76 552] kwaye umisela izinto ezifanayo. I-FOIA kunye nemithetho ivula ii-procorders kufuneka amaziko afumane iirekhodi ezithile kuluntu ngokubanzi, kodwa kwakhona aqulathe ukuvalela ukuvalwa komthetho okunokuthi kuphazamisane neengxelo zobubhali, ukuhlasela imfihlo, okanye ukubhenca imithombo eyimfihlo. Xa kubandakanya ugcino-data nomnye ulawulo, abameli kufuneka baqwalasele enoba impendulo yombutho ofumana iirekhodi zikawonke wonke iyakwazi ukukhupha ugcino-lwazi ngokungazinzanga.

Ulwaphulo-mthetho lwesizwe olujonga imbali yemva yelizwe lukhangela inkqubo (NCHBCS) kunye ne-Interstate Compact for Adult Offender Supenduluty (ICAOS). La maqabane alawula ulawulo olukhethekileyo lwamazwe amisela imithetho ekwabelaneni ngeengxelo zembali yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nabagwebi abahamba benqamla iintambo zikarhulumente. Umzekelo, iiNkonzo ze-CPGractic Justicement Perstice Discolicssss ezisisiseko zokhuseleko lweziko lwembali yolwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka ukukhowuda, ukulawula, kunye nokuhamba kwemijelo.

ukwenzela ukhokelo oluneenkcukacha zesebe, bona iSebe lobulungisa kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo wobuNondyebo-mpuma weZiko leFusion.

Imithetho Karhulumente Nezivumelwano Zezonyango

Imimiselo karhulumente yahluka-hlukene kakhulu. Amanye amaphondo anemithetho ebanzi yogcino-lwazi (umz., yeKLAtniya CPA]) ebeka imithetho engqongqo ekusetyenzisweni komthetho wokunyanzelisa iPII. Eminye inemithetho engqalileyo ethetha ngokubelana ngenkcazelo phakathi kwamagosa omthetho okanye namaziko okudibanisa ulwazi. Ngaphezu koko, izivumelwano ezinjenge i-Interstate Criminal Tech Data yowistical Justival Convial Comment[ imisela iinkqubo zokuzithandela zokutshintshisana iingxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho. I-mthetho kufuneka idibane nesiluleko sawolwazi lwawo-mthetho ukuze kuqondwe imiqathango neemvume ezikhethekileyo.

Iingxaki Eziphambili Ezingokwasemthethweni Kwizahlulo Zenkcazelo Yokwahlulelwa Komnqamlezo

Kwanaxa kuxhaswa ngokucacileyo ngumthetho, abanyanzeli bomthetho bajamelana nemiqobo esebenzisekayo nesemthethweni yonke imihla.

Ukuqinisekisa ugcino-lwazi oluchanekileyo nolunokuphinda lusebenze

Xa i-data ihamba inqumla iinkqubo ezininzi . Ngamanye amaxesha ii-roots zingena ngezandla ngabameli abahlukeneyo. Ingxelo engachananga yokubanjwa okanye isiqinisekiso esiphelelwe lixesha esabelwe omnye ulawulo singakhokelela ekuvalweni okuphosakeleyo okanye ekuphandweni okungachananga. IAscreen Act ifuna ukuba amasebe karhulumente agcine iirekhodi “ngendlela yokubhalisa, ubuchule, ixesha, kunye nokugqibelela.” Amasebe karhulumente kufuneka amkele imilinganiselo efanayo kwaye agunyazise ugcino-lwazi phambi kokusasaza. Uphicotho-zincwadi kunye nee-tshengo ezisetyenziswa yi-aroma.

Ukukhusela Inkululeko Yabantu Bonke

Ugcino-lwazi oluqokelelwe ngokusemthethweni ngenjongo enye (umz., ukumisa ugcino-lwazi lweetrafiki) lungakufanelekeli ukusetyenziswa kuphengululo olwahlukileyo kwelinye ilizwe. Umgaqo womlinganiselo wenjongo ubekwe kwizakhiwo ezininzi zangasese. Ugcino-lwazi lokugcinwa komthetho-------arhente kufuneka luchaze ngokucacileyo iintlobo zogcino-lwazi olwabelweneyo, ukusetyenziswa okuvumelekileyo, nemiqathango kusasazo oluqhubekayo. Umgangatho we-Fusion, umzekelo, usoloko unemigaqo-mgaqo-siseko enqabela ukuqokelelwa kolwazi olusekelwe kwimisebenzi yoQoQala u-Amentaramend → Integrac.

Ukugcina Imfihlelo Nonqabiseko

I-data eyabelweneyo iba khuselekileyo kuphela njengelona khonkco libuthathaka kwitsheyina. Ukuba umbutho owamkelayo uswele amanyathelo afanelekileyo okhuseleko lwekhompyutha, ukunyanzelisa ugcino-lwazi lomthetho olunochuku, (ii-data(PI), iidilesi zasekhaya, okanye iindlela zokuqokelela kunye ne-Gnomeprojectal -- zinokubhenca. Iinkqubo kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba i-data-akhstans ezisebenzisanayo ziyavumelana nemigangatho efana ne-CJIS Umgaqo wokhuseleko [[, oyalela ukuvulwa kofinyelelwa, i-millifice , i-milling, i-miecebrective projective, kunye namaplani awenzi esenzekileyo.

Iimpikiswano Eziphambili Nenkqubo Yomthetho

Ukwabelana ngobungqina obuqokelelwe phantsi kwenkqubo yomthetho yelizwe elithile kungangqubana nemithetho yelinye ilizwe. Umzekelo, imo evumela ingqokelela engenasiqinisekiso ye-cell à bume obungachazwanga ingabelana ngolu gcino-lwazi nomthetho ofuna imvume yenkundla. Isebe elifumanayo lisenokungakwazi ukusebenzisa ulwazi kwityala lalo.

Izivumelwano eziBalulekileyo zogcino-lwazi

Izivumelwano ezisesikweni zisisiseko somanyano lwenkcazelo ezisemthethweni. Kufuneka zinike ingcebiso

  • Umahluko wogcino-lwazi - uchaza ncam ukuba zeziphi iingxelo (umz., imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho, iingxelo zeziganeko, ibhayoloji) eyabelweneyo, kwaye yeyiphi indlela.
  • Umlinganiselo [ - umisela ukuba ugcino-lwazi lungasetyenziswa kuphela ekunyanzeleni umthetho, ekukhuseleni uwonke wonke, okanye kwinjongo zezaphuli-mthetho ezigunyazisiweyo.
  • ubunjani be-Data – ufuna umbutho ngamnye ukuqinisekisa ucoselelo logcino-lwazi kunye nokuhlaziywa ngexesha elifanelekileyo (umz., ukucinywa, izilungisi).
  • [[Ukhuseleko: 0] Ukhuseleko [[Ukhuseleko: 1] - ugunyaziso luhambelana nomgaqo-nkqubo wokhuseleko weCJIS, imigangatho yokukhowuda, kunye nohlolo lokhuseleko lwamaxesha ngamaxesha athile.
  • uquke uvavanyo kunye nokuphendula – iquka amalungiselelo okungena, ukuqhuba uphicotho-zincwadi, nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwengxelo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isisombululo se Diset – ichaza indlela ukungavumelani ngotoliko lwedata okanye ukuphathwa okuzakusombulula ngayo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ixesha lokukhupha - kucacisa oko kwenzekayo xa isivumelwano siphela (umz., buyela okanye utshabalalise iirekhodi).

Ngaphandle kwezivumelwano ezinjalo, amasebe abeka ubomi bawo esichengeni xa ethetha ngokuchana kwemithetho, ethetha ukuba akawachananga amalungelo abo, okanye ephula isivumelwano.

Izenzo ezilunge kakhulu zoMthetho onyanzeliswayo

Ukuyila inkqubo esemthethweni nephumelelayo yogcino - lwazi kudinga imigaqo eqhubekayo, uqeqesho nolwalathiso.

Ukuphuhlisa Ugcino - lwazi Olucacileyo Ngokuvisisana Nemilinganiselo Yomthetho

Imithetho-nkqubo kufuneka idibanise izibophelelo zorhulumente norhulumente kwaye zihlolwe rhoqo. Kufuneka zichaze ukuba ngubani ogunyazisiweyo ukwabelana ngogcino-lwazi, ngako oko (umz., ukhuseleko lwendlela yokumisa, isixokelelwano sonxibelelwano olungqalileyo), kwaye phantsi kwazo naziphi iimeko (umz., iimeko ezithe ngqo zi-vs-screct screcteds). Inkqubo ehlaziyiweyo inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuguquguquka nokukhusela ukusetyenziswa kogcino-lwazi oluzenzekelayo okanye oluneedemon

Yenza Izivumelwano Zokuncedana

Njengoko kuchazwe ngasentla, i-memorandum ebhaliweyo yokuqonda (MOU) okanye i-data ebambeneyo ibalulekile. Kufuneka ivunywe ngesiluleko somthetho sawo onke amaqela kwaye ngamaxesha athile iphinde ikhutshwe. Amaziko amaninzi okudibanisa asebenzisa isikhokelo esisezantsi esivela kwiSebe loKhuseleko lwase-U.S.

Ukhuseleko lobuchule obuphangiweyo

Ubuxhakaxhaka bunganceda kwaye bukhusele ukwabelana ngogcino-lwazi. Amanyathelo anconyelweyo aquka:

  • Phelisa ufihlo logcino-lwazi kuthutho na ekuphumleni.
  • Isiqinisekiso sobuninzi beendawo zonxibelelwano kubo bonke abasebenzisi abafikelela kwiinkqubo ezabelweneyo.
  • Ulawulo olusekelwe kwimolection commentation (RBAC) lokulinganisela ukubonakala kogcino-lwazi kwabo “bafuna ukwazi.”
  • Imisebenzi ecwangcisiweyo
  • Ugcino-lwazi oluzenzekelayo zokwenza kunye nezixhobo zokususa ucoselelo.

Ingxakeko kufuneka iqhube uhlolo oluthe rhoqo lokuchanabeka kunye novavanyo lokungena.

Nikela Uqeqesho Oluqhubekayo Kwizibopho Ezisemthethweni

Bonke abasebenzi abaphatha ugcino-lwazi olwabelwanayo .ukusuka kwabathumeli kubacuphi, kufuneka baqonde imisebenzi yabo esemthethweni. Uqeqesho kufuneka lugqume imimiselo enxulumeneyo (Umthetho wePrivugate, ECPA, CJIS Umthetho wokhuseleko), iziqulatho zezivumelwano phakathi kwe-internagrasance, kunye nokuphatha kakuhle ugcino-lwazi olunoxanduva. Iizifundo zomqalisi zincinane. Iziko ziyakwazi ukusebenzisa uqeqesho olusekelwe kwimo yendalo (umz., “Ufumana isicelo sogcino-lwazi kumphathi wesizwe kwelinye ilizwe?) ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela?

Yenza Iingxubusho Nohlaziyo Rhoqo

Umhlaba osemthethweni wezogcino-lwazi utyhila ngokukhawuleza. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe zidlulisa imithetho emitsha ye-elektroniki, kunye nemithetho yenkundla (umz., Carpeent v. United States kugcino-lwazi lwendawo yogcino-lwazi lwe-cell 88sis) ugcino-lwazi olujikeleze ubungqina bemivo. I-actimen kufuneka zicwangcise uhlolo lwaminyaka le olusemthethweni lwemiqathangoo-data yazo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo elungelelanisayo ngokunjalo. Ibhodi ye-advisoory equka ugcino-lwazi olusemthethweni, lwemfihlo, kunye nobugcisa inokunikezela ngobungqina obuqhubekayo.

Ukuzimela Kwam yaye Ukukhulula Kwabemi: Ukulungelelanisa Ukhuseleko Loluntu Namalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Ukudibanisa ulwazi olungenazintlu zolwaphulo-mthetho kunganceda ekucombululeni ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokukhawuleza, kukwazi ukufanisa amaxhoba, kwaye kuthintele izisongelo. Kodwa ngaphandle kokhuseleko olunamandla lwemfihlo, lungaphelisa ukuthembana kwabantu. Imizekelo yezikhuselo iquka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuncitshiswa kwexabiso – qokelela kuphela ugcino-lwazi olufunekayo ukwenzela injongo ekhethekileyo yokugcinwa komthetho.
  • Ukukhumbula nokukhupha udweliso lwemimiselo – iseti yemigca ecacileyo yexesha elibekiweyo ixesha elide elabelwe idata, kunye nokususa okuzenzekelayo xa kuvumelekile.
  • Ukugqithisa nokuziphendulela – uchaza umphathi wezobuqu okanye umphathi wenkululeko yabemi onegunya lokuphanda izikhalazo nokuxela okufunyenweyo kukhokelo oluphezulu.
  • umahluko [ - - papasha ingxelo yonyaka ngemisebenzi yogcino-lwazi (ngaphandle kokulalanisa kuphengululo) ukwazisa uluntu.

Amaziko amaninzi okudibanisa amkele iinkqubo zokuzithandela [[FLT: 0] zenkululeko ezidlula ngaphaya komthetho we-minito. Ukufuzisela ezi zinto kunokukunceda umbutho ubonise ukuzinikela kwawo kwinkululeko yasekuhlaleni.

Ukwahlulwa kobuxhakaxhaka kunye nogcino-lwazi olukhuselekileyo

Ugcino-lwazi lokugcinwa komthetho lwangoku cishe luxhomekeke kumaqonga anjengokwabelana ngolwazi olukhuselekileyo (umz., LEOlínk, NLETS, amanxuwa aphakathi). Izikhululo kufuneka zivavanye ukwakhiwa kokhuseleko lwazo naziphi na iqonga elabelanayo. Iingqwalasela ezingundoqo:

  • Iqonga elixhasa indima bhala iscess project neemvume ezicocekileyo?
  • Ngaba uthungelwano lufihliwe?
  • Ingaba iqonga lichasana nemigangatho karhulumente (umz., FedRAMP ukwenzela iinkonzo zamafu)?
  • Ngaba umnikezi ulondoloza iziqinisekiso zokhuseleko ezizimeleyo?

Ukusebenzisana ngexesha lokwenene, abameli kufuneka bafake ingeniso kwimijelo yogcino-lwazi eguqulela phakathi kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zolawulo lwerekhodi ngexesha logcino-lwazi. Kwanangobuxhakaxhaka bobuxhaka bezobugcisa, ukujongana noovimba babantu kuhlala kusenobugosa ogunyazisiweyo phambi kokuba kusasazwe kwiimeko eziphezulu ze-"%.

Unikezelo oluqhubekayo

Inkqubo yogcino-lwazi cishe “ayimiselwanga ize ilibale.” Iimo zolawulo kufuneka ziqhube uphicotho-zincwadi lwangaphakathi ngamaxesha onke ukuqinisekisa ukuba ugcino-lwazi olwabelweneyo lusetyenziswa ngokwezivumelwano kunye neemfuno zomthetho. Izihloko ezizakuhlolisiswa ngexesha lophicotho-zincwadi ziquka:

  • Isiqinisekiso esilungileyo sokufumana iilogi – zonke izingeniso zifakelwe?
  • Naziphi na iimeko zogcino-lwazi olusetyenziselwa iinjongo ngaphandle kwesivumelwano.
  • Nokuba ngaba ukwabelana ngedata engagunyaziswanga (umz., ikopi ephindayo ethunyelwe yi-imeyili) yenzekile.
  • Unikezelo ngemiqathango yogcino-lwazi kunye nocwangciso lomonakalo.

Izenzo zokulungisa ezikhoyo zokwenza uphando kufuneka zichazwe kukhokelo lweziko kwaye, kwiimeko zokungahambelani kwezinto, kugcino-lwazi olunxulumeneyo.

Ukuthenjwa Kubantu Bonke Nokuziphendulela

Ekugqibeleni, ulwahlulo-lwazi lomthetho lokwabelana ngomthetho lilungelo elinikwe nguwonke-wonke. Iinkqubo ezisebenza ngokucace gca, ezinokhuseleko oluqinileyo lomthetho nolwe-mfihlo, zakha ukuthembana okufunekayo ukuxhasa unxulumano olude lwexesha. Ukuthembana kwabantu kukwanxulumene ngqo nokusetyenziswa kogcino-lwazi oluthe ngqinelana nokungalingani kolwazi. Ukuba abantu bakholelwa ukuba ukudibanisa amaxhoba athile ngokungenakulinganiswa, kunokuthotywa kwentsebenziswano kunye nobuchule bokwabelana nomthetho.

Ukukhuthaza ukuthembana, abasemagunyeni bafanele:

  • Ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo elawulayo.
  • Phoqa inkcazelo ecacileyo nefikelelekayo ngendlela iinkcazelo ezahlulanayo ezikhuselwa ngayo.
  • Zimisele ibhodi yongamela abantu abangabupolitika okanye ikomiti yangasese ukuze ihlole iindlela zokusebenza.
  • Sabele ngokukhawuleza nangokucacileyo kwizicelo zikawonke - wonke (kwanaxa uthetha ngokugcinwa komthetho ungekho kwinkonzo).

Isiphelo

Ukuncedisana ngokunempumelelo phakathi kwamagosa agunyazisa ukhuseleko lwasekuhlaleni kunye nomthetho wasekuhlaleni kungaphucula ngokuphawulekayo imigudu yokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke − ukukhawuleza ukubonakala kwabarhanelwa, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho ezipheleleyo, kunye nokusebenzisana ngokufanelekileyo kwizisongelo ezivelayo. Kodwa ukutshintshisana ngolwazi kunezibophelelo ezisemthethweni ezingenakutyeshelwa. Imimiselo, imigangatho yokhuseleko, kunye nezivumelwano eziphakathi komthetho kufuneka zisebenze ngokuphandle ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye nokugcina ingqibelelo yemisebenzi yokugcinwa komthetho.

Ngokuphuhlisa imigaqo-nkqubo ecacileyo edityaniswe neemfuno zorhulumente norhulumente, ukuseka izivumelwano ezisesikweni, ukuzalisekisa amanyathelo okhuseleko aqinileyo, ukulungiselela uqeqesho oluqhubekayo, nokusebenzisa uphicotho-zincwadi oluthe rhoqo, abameli bangawasebenzisa amandla ogcino-lwazi ukwabelana ngeli xesha behlala kwicala lasekunene lomthetho. Ukwabelana ngezolwazi akugunyaziswanga ngokusemthethweni kuphela ukulondoloza ukuthembana kwabantu okubangela ukuba kubekho iprojekthi.