Iinkqubo zomthetho wamakhaya zilungiselela ukucombulula iingxabano phakathi kwabantu, imibutho, kunye nesizwe. Embindini kule nkqubo kusetyenziswa komthetho okuqinisekisa ukuthobelana nezigqibo zomthetho nokuxhasa umthetho. Ngaphandle kokugcinwa komthetho okuthembekileyo, izigwebo zenkundla, imiyalelo yolawulo, kunye nezivumelwano zabucala ziya kuhlala zingenanjongo. Olu khokelo lwandisiweyo luhlola uludwe olupheleleyo lwenkqubo yokunyanzelisa kumthetho wasekuhlaleni, luchaza indlela iimpikiswano eziconjululwa ngayo ukusuka ekuqaliseni ukuphunyezwa, kwaye luhlolisisa iindima zeenkundla, amaqumrhu olawulo, kunye namaqela azimele ekubandakanyeni ekulondolozeni ukuthotyelelwa.

Isiseko Senkqubo Yomthetho Wamakhaya

Umthetho wamakhaya lisithethe somthetho esisekelwe kwimithetho ebhaliweyo nemithetho. Ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo apho imizekelo engokwasemthethweni iphatha igunya elibotshelelweyo, umthetho wasekuhlaleni ugxininisa imigaqo engqineke ingumthombo oyintloko womthetho. Olu manyano lunika ukuxelwa kwangaphambili nokucaca. /_Iziko liyakwazi ukuwaqonda amalungelo abo kunye neembopheleleko ngokujongana nemigaqo enxulumeneyo. Ukugcinwa kwale mithetho kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwebutho labantu, ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye, nokuzinziswa kwemithetho yezorhwebo. Ngaphandle kobuchule bokugcina imigaqo yomthetho eqeqeshiweyo, kwaneyona mithetho emiselwe ngobuchule ingabalulekanga.

Oyena Mxholo Wokwenza Umatshini Kumthetho Wamakhaya

Iindidi ezine eziphambili zomthetho wasekuhlaleni zikho kumagunya asemthethweni: ukugcinwa kwamagosa omthetho, ukunyanzeliswa kolawulo, ukuzinyanzelisa, kunye nesinye isisombululo sempikiswano (ADR). Nganye isebenza iinjongo ezahlukeneyo kwaye isebenza phantsi kwemithetho eyahlukeneyo kunye nemiqathango.

Ukunyanzelwa Kwezogwebo

Ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho yezomthetho yinkqubo apho iinkundla ziqinisekisa ukuba ziyavumelana nemithetho yazo. Ilandela uthotho lwamanqanaba, ngalinye lilawulwa yimithetho yesithethe eyahluka-hlukeneyo ngaphaya kolawulo. Ukuqonda la manqanaba kunceda amaqela ajonge ixesha kunye neendleko ezibandakanyekileyo.

Ukubhambathisa Umthetho Nokufumana Umgwebo

Iqela eligwebileyo liqalisa ukumangalelana ngokufaka isikhalazo kwinkundla efanelekileyo. Ummangalelwa ufumana isaziso nethuba lokuphendula. Emva kokuncenga, ukufunyanwa (kumazwe athile angomthetho wasekuhlaleni, okusikelwe umda), kunye nokuchotshelwa kwetyala okanye ukuchotshelwa, inkundla ikhupha umgwebo. Umgwebo uvakalisa amalungelo amaqela. (Ngomzekelo, ukukhupha ityala, ukubuyiselwa kwempahla, ukwenza isivumelwano, okanye ukukhutshwa kwerhala.)

Ukuphunyezwa Komgwebo

Ukuba iqela eliphulukana nelo xhoba alithobeli ngokuzithandela, iqela eliphumeleleyo lingafuna ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho yokubulala yenkundla. Oku kubandakanya ukusebenzisa igosa elinobuchule (umz. i-cailnif okanye i-huisier de jastier) elinegunya elisemthethweni lokuthabatha izinto, umvuzo wemali ehlawulwayo, okanye ukuqhoboshela ii-akhawunti zebhanki. Iindlela ezikhethekileyo ziquka:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukusetyenziswa kwempahla ebonakalayo: Igosa labasebenzi lingathimba impahla eshukumayo okanye engashukumi, ayithengise kuthengiso lukawonke-wonke, kwaye lisebenzise iziphumo zokwanelisa umgwebo.
  • [[UMTHLOBO:0] Ukusetyenziswa komvuzo okanye ityala lebhanki: Umyalelo wenkundla uyalela umqeshi okanye ulungiselelo lwemali ukubuyisela intlawulo kumboleki womgwebo.
  • Ukukhutshelwa kwetyala letyala letyala: kwiinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho wamakhaya, umgwebo ungabhaliswa njengobuxoki nxamnye nempahla yokwenene, ukukhusela ukuhlawulwa xa impahla ithengiswa.
  • Ukucinywa kwenkundla: kwiimfuno ezithile (umz., ezifuna iqela ukuba lenze okanye liphephe ukwenza isenzo), inkundla inganyanzela inkokhelo, ukuphangwa kwezinto, okanye ukuvalelwa entolongweni ngenxa yokungathobeli, ngokomGaqo-siseko.

Ukusebenza komthetho ogwebayo kuxhomekeke kwimpahla yetyala, isantya senkqubo yokunyanzelisa, kunye nokufumaneka koncedo lomthetho kumaqela angenayo. Kwamanye amazwe, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kusenokuba nzima ngakumbi CD uphando olungomthetho wokwahlula ulwaphulo-mthetho [ olubalaselisa ukwahlulwa kwamaxesha okubulawa kumazwe angomthetho wamakhaya.

Unyanzelo lolawulo

Kwimicimbi yolawulo neyolawulo, amaqumrhu akhethekileyo anegunya lokunyanzelisa izigqibo ezingokwasemthethweni ngaphandle kokubandakanya iinkundla kuzo zonke iimeko. Le nkqubo ixhaphakile kwiindawo ezinjengokukhuselwa kwemekobume, ulawulo lwemali, imigangatho yabasebenzi, kunye nempilo yoluntu.

Ulawulo lwamandla

Amaqumrhu olawulo olulawulayo . "njengezithinteli-nkqubo zokusingqongileyo, iikomishini yokuqinisekisa ukuvalwa kwemeko-bume, okanye amagunya okhuphiswano", amagunya okhuphiswano, ukumisela iifashoni, ukuhlawulisa okanye ukuphelisa amalayisensi, kwaye kufuna inyathelo lokulungisa. Umzekelo, umbutho wezobume bendalo ungayalela umzi-ziko-shicileli ukuba amisele ulawulo okanye izigwebo zobuso bemihla ngemihla. Eli qumrhu lisoloko linamandla okuhlola iindawo, ukunyanzelela amaxwebhu, namangqina angaphantsi komrhumo. Kwinkqubo emininzi yomthetho, abaphathi-ofisi baphantsi kwe-ofisi baphantsi komthetho, kufuneka bahlolwe, bavumele amaqela athintelwe, avavanyelwe ukuvavanywa kwesigqibo solawulo, avumela amaqela avavanyelwe umbutho ukuba avavanyelwe kwinkundla yenkundla yenkundla.

Ukuhlaliswa Kwamasipala Nemvume

Ukungahambelani nemigangatho esemthethweni kungakhokelela ekurhoxisweni okanye ekucinyweni kwamaphepha-mvume okanye ekuvunyweni okuyimfuneko ekuqhubeni ishishini, ekuqheliseni umsebenzi, okanye ekusebenziseni impahla ethile. Le nkqubo yonyanzelo-mthetho ingangqalanga ibangela iintshukumisa ezinamandla zokuthobela kuba ukuphulukana nelayisense kusenokutshabalalisa ishishini okanye umntu ngamnye.

Iimpahla Neenkozo Zolawulo

Iindlela ezintle ezimiselwe ngumthetho okanye ummiselo zizixhobo eziqhelekileyo zokunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa. Zinokubalwa ngosuku olungahambelaniyo, iyunithi nganye yokwaphula umthetho, okanye njengemali emiselweyo. Ezinye iinkqubo zomthetho zasekuhlaleni zikwavumela ukuvunywa kwemithetho elawulayo njengemvume yokungavunyelwa kwezivumelwano zikawonke-wonke okanye ukupapashwa kolwaphulo. Ezi zigwebo zisoloko zilula kwaye zikhawuleze ukunyanzelisa kunemiyalelo yenkundla, zizenze zibe nomtsalane kumthetho wokunyanzelisa ulawulo.

Unyanzeliso lokuzimela

Unyanzelo lwenzeka xa umntu okanye amaqumrhu ethabatha inyathelo lokunyanzelisa amalungelo awo ngaphandle kokubhenela kwiinkundla okanye kumaqumrhu alawulayo. Le nkqubo ixhomekeke kwizivumelwano ezithenjiswayo nakwimfundiso esemthethweni evumela ukuthatha inyathelo labucala elilinganiselweyo.

Ulwandiso kunye nokuzinziswa ngqo

Phambi kokuba nayiphi na inkqubela esesikweni, amatheko asenokuthethana ngqo ukusombulula impikiswano. Unxibelelwano oluphumelelayo ludla ngokuphumela kwisivumelwano sokuphelisa ityala, esinokuthi sinyanzeleke njengesivumelwano. Ezinye imigaqo zamakhaya zifuna amaqela ukuba azame ukunxibelelana phambi kokuvala isuti/a uhlobo lwengxoxo enyanzelekileyo yangaphambi konyaka wekhulu elinamakhulu asixhenxe.

Iindlela Zokunceda

Imigaqo isoloko iquka amabinzana avumela omnye umntu ukuba enze izenzo ezithile ngaphandle kwemvume yenkundla. Imizekelo eqhelekileyo iquka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Icala lokuphelisa: Iqela lingasicima isivumelwano ukuba esinye sisophula igama lento.
  • Ukugcinwa kwempahla: Umthengisi angagcina impahla de kubhatala, okanye umniki angarhoxa iinkonzo de ii-invoice zibhatelwe.
  • Setpaiff: Iqela lingasusa umlinganiselo obotshelelweyo ngomnye ukusuka kwityala, ukuba izibophelelo ziyadityaniswa kwaye ziyaphunyezwa.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ukunyanzelisa ukubolekisa: Kwintengiso ekhuselweyo, umboleki-tyala angathatha ityala loxanduva loxanduva lokuthengisela ukuba umbambeli otyalayo akagqibekanga, uphantsi kokhuseleko lwendawo.

Unyanzelo lobuqu lusebenza kakuhle kuba luphepha ixesha kunye nendleko yelitha, kodwa luthwala iingozi. Ukuba iqela ligqitha igunya lalo (ngokomzekelo, ngokuthimba impahla eninzi kunokuba ivunyelwe (ukungajongwa yingxaki yoncedo lobuqu oluphosakeleyo. Iinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho wasekuhlaleni zimisela imida ekuzithinteleni ukuxhatshazwa nokugcinwa kocwangco lukawonke-wonke.

Enye iNkxaso

Iindlela eziquka iindlela ezisetyenziswayo ekusebenziseni izithethe zenkundla. Ezi ndlela zimbini ziqhelekileyo kukuwiswa kwemiqathango nokuthintelwa. Abaphathi abaninzi be-ADR bakhuthaza i-ADR ngomthetho nangemithetho yenkundla, ngokufuthi efuna amaqela ukuba aqwalasele i-ADR ngaphambi kokuba aqhubeke ukuya kuvavanywa.

Isicwangciso

Kwindawo yonxibelelwano, iqela lesithathu elingathathi-nxaxheba linceda unxibelelwano kunye nengxoxo phakathi kwamaqela aphikisanayo, liwanceda afikelele isivumelwano sokuzithandela. Umlamleli akanyanzeli sigqibo. yi- ekwayanyanisiweyo, [ engenakusetyenziswa [ i-actives, kwaye idla ngokungaphantsi kwe-adversarial kune-liging. Ukuba amaqela afikelela isivumelwano, anokubhaliswa njengesivumelwano okanye, kwamanye amagunya, avunyiwe yinkundla ukuze agunyazwe njengomgwebo.

Ushenxiso

Ulwahlulo lubandakanya umququzeleli wobundilele okanye iqela eliva ubungqina kunye nokukhupha isigqibo esibophelelayo (imbasa). Ulwahlulo lulawulwa yisivumelwano samaqela kwaye lusetyenziswa yimithetho yesizwe okanye yezizwe ngezizwe. Ukuthelekiswa nelithiyo, uku-nyuswa kulula, okungakumbi, kwaye kuvumela amaqela ukuba akhethe abaphathi-majoni abanezobuchule obukhethekileyo. I-International Chamber of commentations wit's mithetho yezorhwebo. ingumzekelo osetyenziswa kakhulu. I-Arbitration artives zinyanzelwa phantsi kweNdibano ye-New York kumazwe a 160, iyenza ukhetho olunomtsalayo

Ezinye iindlela ze-ADR

Iindlela eziqhelekileyo kodwa eziseluncedo ziquka [ uququzelo [lufanayo nesixhobo sokukhupha kodwa isihlanganisi sisenokucebisa amanani, imitriqualis[ (iingxoxo ezicwangcisiweyo], kunye ukuzimisela [ uluvo oludityaniswa ningcali yengcali yobungxele-calatho kwimbambano ethile).

Ukunyanzeliswa kweziphumo ze-ADR

Imimandla ehlala abemi bamazwe eendaba inyanzeliswa njengezivumelwano kwaye isenokufakwa njengemigwebo evumayo. Amabhaso okuyalela, akha aqinisekiswa yinkundla, anamandla afanayo nawokugweba kokugqibela. Amazwe amaninzi omthetho wasekuhlaleni aye achaza ukunyanzeliswa kwamabhaso angaphandle kwiNdibano yaseNew York. Noko ke, iinkundla zigcina izithuba ezilinganiselweyo ukuze zingakuvumeli ukugcinwa, njengokungalungisi mthetho okanye ukwaphulwa kwemigaqo karhulumente.

Indima Yeenkundla Kumthetho Wamakhaya

Iinkundla zingumva opheleleyo wokuthintelwa komthetho wasekuhlaleni. Zitolika imimiselo, zicombulula iimpikiswano zenyaniso nomthetho, zize zigunyazise amanyathelo okudibana xa amaqela engavumi ukuthobela imithetho.

Iinkundla

Amalungelo omthetho wamakhaya acwangcisa iinkundla ngokweqela lamanqanaba. [[FLT:] iinkundla zomthetho zenkundla zezomthetho okanye inkqubo (iinkundla zokuqala) ziva amatyala ekuqaleni, zigqibe izibakala, zisebenzise nekhowudi enxulumeneyo. Appelte iinkundla[ zihlola izigqibo zamatyala ezivavanyiweyo zempazamo zomthetho okanye inkqubo kodwa aziwachazi amatyala (ngokungavumelani nezinye iimpazamo). inkundla yenkundla e-'FLT] (okanye inkundla yetyala) (okanye i-kauhlazi) ingqwalasela iityala zomthetho zokuqinisekisa ukucaciswa komthetho okanye inkqubo e-okdwa. Le nkqubo ye-htrakistiki ayivumelani yolungiso lolungiso lwemeko lwemeko olubalulekileyo.

Ukutolika Nokucaciswa Kumthetho Wamakhaya

Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho oqhelekileyo, imodeli engqongqo ayinyanzelisi kumthetho wabemi. Noko ke, kuqheliselwa, iinkundla ezisezantsi zilandela izigwebo eziphezulu, ingakumbi ezo zeenkundla eziphakamileyo, ukuphepha ukuguqulwa. Ezinye iinkqubo zomthetho wasekuhlaleni ziye zasondela kufutshane ne- i-cono [ i-starch, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezikhethekileyo njengomthetho wezentengiso okanye womgaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, iNkundlalo yemikhosi yeQumganga leMimiselo yeMimiselo yeJalamfa elawulayo inamandla kakhulu, nokokuba ingabopheleleli. [[FLT.FLT:]] iNkundla yeJalam yaseJamani yeJalal.[FLD [FLD:3] ipapator:] ipapasha imithetho ephawulekayo njengomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho wobulungisa womthetho womhlaba wonke wonke-zweni wonke-zweni.

Uhlolo lolawulo lwezahlulelo

Iinkqubo zomthetho wamakhaya zinika uhlolo lwezenzo zolawulo lomthetho. Amaqela achaphazelekayo angacela iifaso, ukurhoxiswa kwelayisensi, okanye ezinye izigwebo phambi kweenkundla zolawulo (umzekelo, eFransi i iKonseil d’État[, okanye eJamani iVerwaltingdgete[[). Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba abalawuli bagunyazi be-procetry, i-procectal-quent, kunye nemigaqo yomthetho-siseko. Ngaphandle kohlolo hlobo, ukuqhuba ngolawulo kunokwenziwa ngokungekho ngqikelelo.

Iingxaki Ekunyanzelweni

Phezu kwazo nje iindlela ezibanzi ezikhoyo, ukunyanzelisa umthetho wamakhaya akusoloko kulula.

Ukungakhuselwa nokukhuselwa

Amanye amaqela awavumi ngabom ukuthobela imiyalelo yenkundla okanye iimpahla ezifihliweyo ukuze aphephe ukubulawa. Ukulandelela kusoloko kunzima, ingakumbi xa amatyala edlulisele impahla kumalungu entsapho, esebenzisa ii-akhawunti elunxwemeni, okanye ebandakanyeka kwiinkampani zeqokobhe. IiNkundla zingakhupha imiyalelo yokutyhilwa kwempahla, ingxinano ye-odoli, okanye imiyalelo yokutyunjwa, kodwa ezi nyango zifuna ixesha nenkcitho. Kwimeko ezigqithisileyo, ukuthuthwa kobuqhophololo kusenokucelw ’ umngeni, kodwa oko kudibanisa omnye umaleko we-ligciphelo.

Umlinganiselo Wolawulo

Iinkundla ezininzi zomthetho wasekuhlaleni zijongene nokuxhaswa kwemiqathango kunye noovimba abambalwa. Iiofisi zokwandiswa komthetho eziphantsi kwegunya zingathabatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka ukwenza isigwebo. Kwamanye amazwe, amagosa agunyazisa imicimbi athwaxwa kukuxinana kwetyala, nto leyo ekhokelela ekulibaziseni ukudodobala kokuthintelwa kwemigwebo. Oorhulumente baye basabela ngokuphucula iinkqubo zokulawula iinkundla, ukuhambela phambili kwezithuthi, nokuyila iinkundla zezorhwebo, kodwa inkqubela ayilingani.

Iimbambano ezithiywe yimiqathango kunye noMnqamlezo

Izichasi ezibandakanya amaqela okanye iimpahla kumazwe amaninzi azisa imibuzo entsonkothileyo yolawulo. Kwanakuwo onke amasiko adibeneyo, imithetho yesithethe iyahluka. Ukugweba kumazwe angomnye womthetho kumanye amazwe kungafuna oonobumba, ukuququzelela, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezivumelwano zobukhonya. I-European Union yenze imigca ebalulekileyo ngemimiselo efana neBrussels I Recast, ekwandiswa imiyalelo yokuqatshelwa nokugcinwa kwemigwebo phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu. Ngaphandle kwe-EUR, i-operation ixhomekeke kwizivumelwano ze-bonke okanye ingqungquthelana yeNgqungquthela yeMimiselo yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe.

Ulawulo

Ukunyanzeliswa nxamnye namazwe azimeleyo okanye amasebe awo aphakamisa iimbambano ezikhethekileyo. Amazwe amaninzi omthetho wasekuhlaleni ayalumkela ukhuseleko oluphezulu ekubulaweni, akhusela iimpahla zelizwe ezifana nezakhiwo zezobuzwe okanye iindawo ezisembindini zeebhanki ekuphazanyisweni. Noko ke, ukunqandwa akunakuphelelanga; iimpahla zezorhwebo zelizwe zinokuba phantsi komthetho wesizwe kunye neNdibano yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo eJuriscinicard Immunion of United States and Theior Precuments. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba izinto zentengiso zizinto zentengiso kunokuba urhulumente urhulumente angazihlawulwe iminyaka emininzi.

Iingcinga Ezingacwangciswanga: Iimeko Zentlalo Nezenkcubeko

Kwamanye amazwe, izithethe okanye ukoyika ukuziphindezelela kusenokuthintela abantu ekufuneni ukunyanzeliswa komthetho. Abanamatyala basenokuba ngamalungu entsapho, abamelwane, okanye amaqabane oshishino anobuhlobo obuxabiseke kakhulu kune-mali yomgwebo. Isigqibo esisekelwe kwimicimbi yoluntu sidla ngokuphumelela apho ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kuya kwahlukana. Iinkqubo zomthetho zibandakanya iindlela ezichubekileyo ngokwenkcubeko, ukuqaphela ukuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho akuyonkqubo yobugcisa engokwasemthethweni kodwa ikwayinkqubo yentlalo.

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kusetyenziswa kakhulu ekulungiseni izindululo zomthetho wasekuhlaleni. Enoba ngokwenziwa kwesigwebo, ukuvunywa kwemithetho, ukugunyaziswa kwegunya, ukuzinceda, okanye esinye isigqibo sokuphikisana, indlela nganye idlala indima ekugcineni ucwangco nokuphendula. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kuvumela amaqela akhethe indlela esebenzayo yokucombulula iimpikiswano. Injongo ebandakanya ukuququzelelwa kwamalungelo asemthethweni akhawulezileyo, ukuququzelelwa kwentsebenziswano, ukubotshwa kwentlawulo, okanye ukudityaniswa kwegunya lesizwe. Phezu kwako nje ukusetyenziswa kwemali eninzi, ukulibazisa, nokunqamleza kwe-6 bla, iinkqubo zomthetho zamakhaya ziyaqhubeka ziqhubeka ziguqula izixhobo zazo zokuphatha. Usukelo olupheleleyo luhlala luhleli ngokusesikweni: ukufikelela impumelelo neziphumelelo zobulungisa lomthetho. Linye iqela elithenjiweyo kwimisebenzi yorhwebo, ulwazi olusebenzayo.[iithromal'