Iinkqubo zonyanzelo lomthetho zizinto ezibalulekileyo kunye nezixhobo eziqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho kunye nemimiselo. Zibumba isiseko senkqubo yokusesikweni, zibangela ukuba urhulumente, imigaqo yolawulo, kunye namatheko azimeleyo agcine imigaqo esemthethweni, ukohlwaya, nokubuyisela amalungelo. Ukuqonda izalathiso kunye namayeza kubaluleke kakhulu kubafundi abasemthethweni, abenzi bezamayeza, kunye naye nabani na olawula imimandla esemthethweni. Eli nqaku linikela uhlolisiso olunzulu ngendlela abasebenza ngayo, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zesohlwayo ezibekwe, iindisho ezikhoyo kumaqela awona alileyo, kunye neengcaphephe ezisebenzisa ezi nkqubo.

Yintoni Enyanzeliswa Ngumthetho?

Iinkqubo zonyanzelo lwasemthethweni ziinkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo ezisetyenziswayo ukuze kumiselwe imithetho esemthethweni kwaye kugcinwe ngazo. Ngaphandle kwazo, le migaqo ingaba ziingcebiso. Ezi nkqubo zisebenza kwimigangatho emininzi: umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho osohlwaya ihambo esongela ucwangco lukawonke wonke, umthetho wasekuhlaleni ucombulula iimbambano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo, nomthetho olawulayo olawula imisebenzi ekhethekileyo esebenzisa amaqumrhu karhulumente. Injongo engundoqo kukuthintela ukwenza okubi, ukunyanzela ukuthobela, nokulungiselela ukubuyiselwa kwengozi.

Ukusebenza kwayo nayiphi na inkqubo engokwasemthethweni kuxhomekeke kakhulu kubuchule bayo bokunyanzelisa. Umzekelo, umthetho owenziwe ngokufanelekileyo awusebenzi ukuba akukho ndlela yokubona ukwaphulwa okanye ukumisela iziphumo. Ukunyanzeliswa kwale mihla akuquki nje kuphela izenzo zesithethe zenkundla kodwa kubandakanya ezinye iingxoxo, uhlolo, kwanenkqubo zokuthobela ezizenzekelayo. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuxeleleni kwangaphambili iziphumo ezisemthethweni nakubathengi abacebisayo.

Iintlobo Zokunyanzeliswa Kwamajelo Asemthethweni

Iinkqubo zonyanzeliso-mthetho zehlela kwiindidi ezintathu ezibanzi: izaphuli-mthetho, abantu kunye nolawulo. Udidi ngalunye luneenkqubo ezahlukileyo, imithwalo enzima, kunye neziphumo ezinokwenzeka. Ngokufuthi, isenzo esinye esiphosakeleyo sisenokubangela iintlobo ezininzi zomthetho – umzekelo, ukuqhatha kwenkampani kusenokukhokelela kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ukumangalelwa kwamagosa asekuhlaleni, kunye nesigwebo sokulawula kwimiqathango.

Ukunyanzelwa Kwesaphuli - mthetho

Umthetho onyanzelisa ukuba ityala liqaliswe ngurhulumente (umphathiswa, urhulumente, okanye urhulumente wasekuhlaleni) ngokuchasene nabantu okanye amaqumrhu achasene nemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho. Injongo kukuba ohlwaye abophula umthetho, bathintele ulwaphulo-mthetho oluzayo, bakhusele ibutho labantu. Abatshutshisi bathwala umthwalo wokuqinisekisa ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okufanelekileyo. Amatyala aquka ukuvalelwa, ukunconywa, ukugcinwa kwetyala, ukusetyenziswa kwezentlalo, kunye nesohlwayo seminye imimandla.

Ngokomzekelo, iSebe leMithetho yeSigwebo lase-U.S. ligweba ulwaphulo-mthetho olumhlophe lweplanga eliphantsi kwemimiselo njengoMthetho weSecreties Exchange. Ukugwetywa kusenokuphumela kwiminyaka emininzi kwintolongo yamaxhoba nokubuyiselwa kwawo. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukuphengulula, ukumangalela, ukumangalela okanye ukumangalela, nokugweba. Ukukhusela komGaqo-siseko – njengokufumana icebiso nokukhusela nxamnye nowethu owenziwe ngowe-6incrini - uphumeza indima ebalulekileyo ekunyanzelweni kwezaphuli-mthetho.

Unyanzelo lwangaphakathi

Ukunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo (abantu abangoowe-ofisi, amashishini, okanye amanye amaqumrhu). Iqela elilimeleyo (abathengi) lifuna unyango, iziphumo zemali eziqhelekileyo okanye umyalelo. Umgangatho wokuqinisekisa kukuqwalaselwa kobungqina – okuthe tye kukuba ummangalelwa unelungelo. Ukunyanzeleka koluhlu olukhulu lwemibandela, kuquka izivumelwano zokwaphula, ityala, iimpikiswano zempahla, kunye nemicimbi yomthetho wentsapho.

Ngokungafaniyo namatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho akuphumeleli ekuvalweni. Noko ke, iziphumo zemali nezodumo zingaba zimbi. Ngokomzekelo, inkampani efunyenwe inelungelo lokufumana iimveliso ezinesiphene ingajamelana nezigwebo zelanga ezizii-mirillion. Ukunyanzeliswa kwabemi kubandakanya ukumangalelwa kwemiba yeklasi, apho abantu abaninzi abaqhelekileyo befuna ukukhululeka kwingozi efanayo. Iimpikiswano ezininzi ezingokwasemthethweni zixa kuxa kuxa kuvela, ijaji okanye ityala eligqibekileyo.

Unyanzelo lolawulo

Imithetho yolawulo yenziwa ngamaqumrhu karhulumente alawula imisebenzi ethile okanye imisebenzi ethile. La masebe anegunya lokukhupha imithetho, ukuqhuba uhlolo, ukunyanzela intelekelelo, nokurhoxa iilayisensi zenkundla yesithethe – nangona iinkqubo zolawulo ziphantsi kokuvavanywa kwenkundla. Imizekelo iquka i-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) i-application nkampani ekhusela ungcoliso, iSecurities ne-Exchange Commission (SEC) evumela umphuli wezonothelo, okanye ibhodi yezamayeza egunyazisa imvume kagqirha yokungalawuleki.

Umthetho wolawulo usoloko ukhawuleza kwaye ungowona ubalulekileyo kunezo zimangalelwa yinkundla. Iinkqubo zoorhulumente ziqesha iingcali eziqonda iinkalo zobuchule zommandla olawulwayo. Inkqubo efunekayo isafuneka, kwaye abaphendulayo banelungelo lokuqaphela, ukuva, kunye nesibheno. Iindlela ezikhoyo kumasebe olawulo zilinganiselwe kwintengo, ukukhutshelwa kwephepha-mvume, imiyalelo yokuphelisa umsebenzi ongekho mthethweni, okanye ukugqithisela ukumangalelwa kolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ityala ekunyanzelweni kwasemthethweni

Ukugwetywa ngamanyathelo abekwe ngokwesohlwayo okwaphula imithetho. Zinikela imbuyekezo, ukunqanda, ukucazulula, nokubuyisela isigwebo. Uhlobo kunye nobukhulu besohlwayo buxhomekeke kwimo yetyala, ukubekwa kwetyala, kunye nemigaqo yemithetho. Ngentla zizona ndlela ziqhelekileyo zokukhupha isohlwayo, ngemizekelo kunye neenguqulelo.

Ifayile

Zizisohlwayo zemali ezihlawulwa urhulumente. Zisetyenziswa kwimiqathango yezaphuli-mthetho, yezoburhulumente, neyolawulo. Kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, iimali zingabekwa njengesohlwayo esimileyo okanye ecaleni kwentolongo. Umzekelo, ukurhwebelana ngeziyobisi kwesizwe kusenokuthwala intelekelelo ehlawulweyo ukuya kwizigidi ezingama-10. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, intengo (ngokufuthiwe zisohlwayo sabemi) zingabekwa kwinkqenkqeza-mthetho--enga-mali i-EPA ingahlawuza inkampani efikelela kwii-$50 000 (50 000) ngosuku ngenxa yokwaphula uMthetho we-Emouse.

Ukuvalelwa Ejele

Ukuvalelwa entolongweni kusisona sona sona siqatha somthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Kuhluthwa umenzi wenkululeko ngexesha elibekiweyo (isigwebo esimiselweyo) okanye ngokungenasiphelo (ubomi okanye isivakalisi esingekho mthethweni). Ubude bentolongo bulawulwa yimithetho kunye nemigaqo egwetywayo. Umzekelo, kwinkqubo karhulumente wase-U.S., isigwebo esinyanzelisayo sobuncinane sisebenza kwimiqathango ethile yeziyobisi nemipu. Ukwahlula imigaqo-mthetho kunika ityala, ukuvala ityala, kwaye maxa wambi kulungiswa kwiinkqubo zentolongo. Noko ke, kubiza kwaye kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezihlala zihleli.

Inkonzo yoLuntu kunye neNkqubo

Inkonzo yoluntu ifuna ukuba umenzi-bubi asebenze umsebenzi ongahlawulwayo woluntu, onjengokwehlambulula iipaki okanye ukusebenza kwimibutho engangeni ngeniso. Isenzo sivumela umenzi wobubi ukuba ahlale kuluntu phantsi kolawulo, phantsi kweemeko ezifana neecheckpaniins ezithe rhoqo, ukuvavanywa kweziyobisi, okanye imiqathango yokuhamba. Zombini zisetyenziswa kunokusetyenziswa, ngokufuthi kubaphuli-mthetho abangenagazi. Umzekelo, umntu wokuqala owenze ityala le-DuI owenziwe ngexesha le-200 ufumana uvavanyo kunye neeyure ezili-100 zenkonzo yoluntu endaweni yexesha lokuvalelwa.

Ucwangciso

Ukungahlawulwa kuvumela urhulumente ukuba athabathe impahla ethathwe kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Imali yabemi, ngokukodwa, ayifuni ukulahlwa kwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho; urhulumente kufuneka kuphela abonise isizathu esifanelekileyo sokuba impahla inxulumene nolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kuye kwaphikiswa, njengoko abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi isenokusetyenziswa kakubi. Umzekelo, imali, iimoto, kunye nelizwe elisetyenziswa ekurhwebeni ngeziyobisi zinokulahlwa. Isela lenzeka emva kokugwetywa kwaye liyinxalenye yesigwebo.

Ukwakhiwa kwakhona

Ukubuyiselwa kwetyala liyimali ebhatalayo ebhaliswe ngokwenkundla ukusuka kumoni ukuya kwixhoba ukuhlawula ilahleko yokwenene. Kuqhelekile kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, anjengokuba okanye ukuqhatha, apho ixhoba lilahlekelwe ngemali okanye impahla. Ngokungafaniyo nemali ehlawuliweyo, ukuhlawulelwa kuxhomekeke ngqo kwixhoba, kungekhona kurhulumente. Umzekelo, kwityala likaPonzi, inkundla ingayalela ummangalelwa ukuba ahlawulele intloko-mali elahlekileyo kwityala ngalinye. Umthetho umele ukwenzele amaxhoba aphelele aze agcine abakhohlisi betyala ngokwemali.

Unyango Lokunyanzelwa Kwasemthethweni

Ngoxa isohlwayo sohlwayo kumenzi wobubi, amayeza enzelwe ukubuyisela ityala elonzakeleyo okanye ukukhusela umonakalo wexesha elizayo. IiRementi zinokuba semthethweni (umonakalo wemali) okanye zingabi nakuguqulwa (ukwenza okungqalileyo, umyalelo). Uhlobo lonyango olukhoyo luxhomekeke kwindalo yeli tyala nengqiqo yenkundla.

Umonakalo Wokhuphiswano

Umonakalo wokukhongozela ujoliswe ekuhlawuleni ummangalelwa ngenxa yezenzo zakhe. Kungaba yimali ehlawulwayo (amatyala onyango, ilahleko, iindleko zokulungisa) okanye engeyoyoyonkcitho (intlungu, ukubandezeleka ngokweemvakalelo). Injongo kukubeka ummangaleli kwindawo ebebebengakhange kubekho nto iphosakeleyo. Umzekelo, kwingozi yengozi yemoto, ukumangalelwa kwengozi, ukuhlahlela okuhlahlelayo kusenokugquma isibhedlele, umonakalo wempahla, kunye nokulahlekelwa yimali kwixesha elizayo.

Umonakalo Obangelwa Kuko

Umonakalo wokubuyisela ityala (okanye umonakalo ongumzekelo) unikwa ukongezelela kumonakalo wokulungisa xa ihambo yommangalelwa yayingenankathalo, inkohlakalo okanye inkohliso. Injongo yayo kukumohlwaya umenzi wobubi nokunqanda ukuziphatha okufanayo kwixesha elizayo. Umzekelo, inkampani ethengisa ngenyani imveliso eyingozi isenokujongana neziphumo zokohlwaya. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ibeke imida yemithetho-siseko kwiziphumo zomonakalo, ezifuna ukuba zilungelelanise kwingozi yokwenene.

Iintshukumo

Umyalelo wenkundla ufuna umbutho ukuba wenze (umyalelo wokuyalela) okanye ungawenzi (umyalelo ongowomthetho) isenzo esithile esikhethekileyo. Ii-adintensitions ziluhlobo oluthe ngqo, intsingiselo yazo xa imali ingaphelelanga. Zisoloko zisetyenziswa ukuphelisa umonakalo oqhubekayo, njengomzi - mveliso ekungcoliseni umlambo okanye umqeshwa ekuphuleni umthetho ongadibaniyo. Indlela yokunqanda (TRO) ingakhutshwa ngokukhawuleza ukukhusela ubume obukhoyo becala obumele ukuvalwa ngokupheleleyo. Ukungqubana nomthetho wokungathobeli kwenkundla, kuquka ukuhlaziswa okanye ukuvalelwa.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Ukwenziwa komsebenzi ongqalileyo kungumcebisi onyanzela iqela ukuba lenze intsebenziswano yesivumelwano ngendlela engqineke injalo. Isetyenziswa kakhulu xa umbandela wesivumelwano ungomnye – umzekelo, isivumelwano sokuthengisa ipeyinti enqabileyo okanye ipasile yomhlaba – ukuze umonakalo wemali ungakwazi ukuhlawula abathengi ngokwaneleyo. IiNkundla azikufuni ukumisela intsebenziswano ekhethekileyo yenkonzo yobuqu kuba ifuna ukunyanzelwa, okuchasene nemigaqo kawonke-wonke wonke. Unyango luyingqiqo kwaye aluzukunikwa ukuba isivumelwano asinabulungisa okanye asinakwenzeka.

Ukuziphatha kunye nokubuyiselwa

Ukubuyiselwa kwesivumelwano ngengqiqo elinganayo kufuna ukubuyisela amaqela kwindawo yawo yangaphambili. Umzekelo, ukuba isivumelwano siyarhoxiswa (saphehlwa) ngenxa yokuqhatha, inkundla ingayalela icala ngalinye ukuba libuyise naziphi na iinzuzo ezifunyenweyo. Ulungiso lusisicombululo esisiphucayo esisisivumelwano, ngokunempumelelo sijongeke ngokungathi asizange sibekho.

Izinto ezinika isantya esiphezulu kunye nonyango lomlinganiselo

Iinkundla namaqumrhu ahlola oothunywashe abaninzi xa kugqitywa izigwebo kunye nokunyangwa. Kwisigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho, abagwebi baqwalasela uhlobo lolwaphulo-mthetho, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho, umonakalo owenziwe, kunye nemigaqo yokugweba. Umonakalo wamakhaya, umlinganiselo wokonzakalisa nokuziphatha kommangalelwa. Ugonyamelo, ukuhlasela amaxhoba asengozini, lo gama iziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho (umz., intsebenziswano, intsebenziswano namagunya) zingawahlisa. Kulawulo, amasebe ashicilela imigaqo yokugweba imbali ejongela imicimbi ejongelwayo, iingenelo zezoqoqosho ezingathangangogxumiyo, kunye nemigudu elungileyo yokholo.

Izibheno ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokunyanzelisa: abamangalelwa bangakucel ’ umngeni ukubekwa kwemiqathango, ulwaneliseko lobungqina, okanye isohlwayo esisesikweni. Iinkundla eziphakamileyo zingazilungisa okanye ziziguqule izigqibo ezichaphazelekayo. Kwakhona iindlela zokunyanzelisa ziyahluka kwiimeko ezilawulayo – umzekelo, imali yolawulo lwaseYurophu phantsi kwe-GDPR ingafikelela kwi-4% yejiko-yomhlaba wonke, ephakame kakhulu kunesohlwayo saminyaka le se-U.S.

Umatshini Onyanzelwa Ehlabathini Lonke

Kwihlabathi elidityanisiweyo, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kusoloko kunqumla imida. Izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, izivumelwano zoncedo olusemthethweni (MLATS), kunye nemibutho efana ne-Interpol ivumela intsebenziswano. Umzekelo, kwiimeko ezilwisana nobuqhetseba, i-Fregline Cormocracy Practicess (FCPA) ivumela ukunyanzeliswa kweenkampani ezinyobasemagunyeni asemzini, nokuba oko kwenzeka phesheya. Ngokufanayo, iNkulwano ye-ICC) imangalela abantu ukubulawa kohlanga kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho.

Indima Yamagcisa Asemthethweni

Ukunyanzelisa abantu ngokunempumelelo kuxhomekeke kwiingcaphephe ezikwaziyo ukutolika nokusebenzisa umthetho.

Abaphathi-mthetho

Abameli bamela abaxhasi ekunyanzelweni komthetho, banikela icebiso, benza iimpikiswano zomthetho, kunye nokuhlalisana. Xa bekhusela umtyholi, bakhusela amalungelo omntu. Kwimiba yomthetho, balandela okanye bakhusele imicimbi. Kwimicimbi yomthetho, bacebisa abaxhasi ngokuthobela nokuyimela ngexesha lophando. Ngaphandle kwamagqwetha, inkqubo yokunyanzelisa ingafikeleleki kwinkoliso. Iimfuno zezezamayeza zifuna amagqwetha ukuba akhuthaze ngenzondelelo ngoxa ebambelela kwimithetho yokuziphatha kobugcisa.

ABagwebi

Abagwebi balawula iinkundla, baqinisekisa ukuba kufanelekile kwaye basebenzisa umthetho. Bagqiba ngokuthabatha iintshukumo, balawule ngobungqina, bafundise amatyala ejaji, bamisele izigwebo (kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho) okanye banike iingcangca (kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni). Ijajiji gaya umthetho (umthetho oqhelekileyo) ulawula ukugcinwa komthetho ngokutolikwa kwemithetho nokuzalisa iizithuba. Kwizigwebi zolawulo, abagwebi (OLJ) benza imisebenzi efanayo. Ukuzimela ngokweejaji zejaji kuyimfuneko ekunyanzeleni abathathi-mthetho abangakhethi buso.

Imigaqo-nkqubo nemithetho

Izakhono ezifana neKhomishoni yeFederal Trade (FTC), iOccupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), kunye neeofisi zokhuselo lwabathengi zephondo zihlola ukwaphulwa komthetho zize zifake izivumo. Abasebenzi bazo baquka abahloli, oosomashishini, namagqwetha asebenza kakuhle kwimisebenzi yabo. Izigqibo ze-Arhentel zinokucellwa imbambano enkundleni, kodwa abameli basoloko benolwazi oluphangaleleyo. Umzekelo, i-SEC inganyanzela izigwebo zamakhaya ezimalunga namawaka aliqela eerandidi aliqela eebhilitha, nebhari ekusebenzeni kwabantu ngabanye njengezikhulu zenkampani.

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho nabatshutshisi

Amapolisa namaqumrhu karhulumente aqokelela ubungqina aze abambe. Abatshutshisi bagqiba ukuba bafanele bafake ityala na, nokuba ziziphi izityholo ezimele zisiwe. Banobulumko obukhulu, obunokukhokelela ekuhlukaniseni ekunyanzelweni komthetho. Ukucebisana kusisisixhobo esiqhelekileyo – amatyala angaphezu kwama-90% etyala karhulumente aphela ngokufaka isingqiniso, hayi ngokuvavanya. Abatshutshisi nabo banembopheleleko yokufuna okusesikweni, kungekhona ukungokwasekweyisela nje.

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo zonyanzelo ezisemthethweni – ngokusebenzisa izibonelelo zomthetho zolwaphulo-mthetho, zoluntu, kunye nezibonelelo zolawulo – ziqinisekisa ukuba imithetho inempembelelo yokwenene yomhlaba. Ityala elifana nemali ehlawulwayo, ukuvalelwa kwemali, ukuhlawuliswa kwemali, nokuhlawuliswa kwesohlwayo kunye nokuthintelwa kokuziphatha okubi. Iinkqubo ezifana nezokonzakalisa, imiyalelo, imiyalelo, kunye nokubuyisela ubuchule bokubuyisela umonakalo kwimicimbi yexesha elizayo nokukhusela umonakalo. Le nkqubo ixhomekeke kwiingcaphephe ezifanelekileyo `abagwebi, amagqwetha, abalawuli, kunye nomthetho-ukulinganisela isohlwayo ngokusesikweni. Njengokuba ibutho labantu lisenza intelekele intlukwano ezintsha zobugcisa kunye nentsebenziswano-mthetho. Ukuzicingela ngokucotha kwezi mbono zexesha elizayo kuyimfuneko kuye kwafuneka nabani nabani nabani nabani obandakanye nomthetho.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya, bona [[FLT: 0] Iqela lolwazi lomthetho lokucazulula ukunyanzelisa , i-[FLT:] U.S. Isebe loMsebenzi woluHlulo [[FLT: 3], kunye necandelo lonyanzeliso-mthetho le-'SEC'.