Ukwazisa: Umanyano Lonyulo Nobomi Besitya

Isingqi semikhwa yonyulo ilolonga ululo lwemijelo yedemokhrasi. Kungakanani ukuba abemi baya kuvota rhoqo ngonyaka, ngokungapheliyo, okanye rhoqo kwiminyaka embalwa, oku kuchaphazela ngaphezu kokucwangcisa ukuguquka kwezobupolitika; kuphembelela indlela abantu ababandakanyeka ngayo kwingingqi zabo, indlela abanolwazi ngayo ngeembambano zikawonke-wonke, nendlela abakholose ngayo kwimibutho yedemokhrasi. Ulwalamano phakathi konyulo olukhawulezileyo kunye noqhagamshelwano lweziko-orhulumente asiyo nje ingxaki yobuchule yoonjineli bonyulo; luyingxaki engundoqo yokungalawuleki kwedemokhrasi. Abaphengululi baye baphikisana kangangexesha elide nokuba ngabahlali okanye babazisa uphando oluphi. Eli nqaku lithetha ngophando lwedemokhrasi, kunye nophando lwehlabathi lokuhlola indlela oluchaphazela ngayo unyulo-ondishorentiyo ngaphandle kokungenelela imigaqo-ontando.

Ukuqonda olu lwalamano kunyanzelisa ngokukhethekileyo njengoko ulawulo-lawulo-lwazi lujongene nomvoti onciphayo nokwanda komkhuphiswano wezopolitiko. Ubuninzi bokhetho busisixhobo esithi, xa silungiswa, sinokwandisa inxaxheba yoluntu okanye, ukuba ixhatshaziwe, inkcaso enzulu. Amacandelo alandelayo akhutshwayo ingcamango yokubandakanyeka kwezentlalo-ntle, ahlola ubuchule bokucazulula, ahlalutya ubungqina obusekelwe kwimiqathango yehlabathi jikelele, kwaye acebisa ubuchule bokukhuthaza ubumi kwiinkqubo zonyulo ezahlukeneyo.

Ukuchaza Ubandakanyeko Lwesigqeba nomlinganiselo Waso

Ukubandakanya intlukwano yemisebenzi equka abantu abafak' isandla kwisigqibo esilungileyo nempembelelo kuwonke-wonke. Ngokwembali, eli gama lalinxulumene ngokusondeleyo nokuvota kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba ngokwesithethe kwezobupolitika. Namhlanje liquka ukunikela ngokuzithandela, ukulungelelanisa uluntu, ukuya kwiintlanganiso zasekuhlaleni, ukuba nenxaxheba kumaqela angoogxa babathathi-nxaxheba, ukunikela ukubangela, nokubandakanyeka kwingxoxo yezopolitiko kwi-intanethi nangaphandle komsebenzi.

Iifomu zale mihla

Iziko loluntu elikwimisebenzi yokhetho: ukubhalisa, ukuvota, ukubopha, ukusebenza kwiphulo, okanye ukunxibelelana namagosa anyuliweyo. Ezi zenzo zinxulumene ngqo nomjikelo wonyulo. Ukwandiswa kwemibutho yale mihla ngaphaya kwexesha lonyulo kuquka imisebenzi efana nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni yobume babamelwane, ukubandakanyeka kuphando oluthelekelelwayo, ukusebenzisa ijelo-ndaba lokusebenza kwimiba yentlalo ekuvumiseni imibango, nokudibanisa imibhiyozeko okanye imibutho yasekuhlaleni. Umahluko ngenxa yokuba unyulo luchaphazela kakhulu iintlobo zesithethe `$], ukukhutshwa kwephulo, kunye nengxoxo yezopolitiko kusenokumelana nokudinwa kwekhalenda.

Ingcamango Yobandakanyeka Kwisicwangciso

Ingcebiso yendlela yokuthetha iinkalo ezininzi inceda ukuchaza isizathu sokuba abantu babandakanyeke ngokwezentlalo. Ingcamango yentlalo kaRobert Putnam ithi ijelo lokholoso kunye nokuzinza, elakhiwe ngonxulumano lokuzithandela kunye nokusebenzisana kwebutho labantu, ukukhuthaza ukudibana kwebutho labantu. Xa unyulo lusoloko lukho, banokuqinisa ezi nkqubo ngokunika amathuba aphinda-phindiweyo okusebenza kunye. Okanye, i-bitanism [inkqubo ye-volunismost] ye-volution [ iphuhliswa nguVerba, Schlozman, kunye noBrady ugcino lwemali, ubuchule bengqondo (ukudibana, ukusebenza) kunye nokuquququzelisa imibutho yoluntu. Ngokuthe rhoqo lungathobeli ekugcineni ixesha lokuziselana iimbambano kwemibandebezo zezo zezo ezo zixhobo, ezinamandla, ezinokusetyenziswa ngokusetyenziswa ngokusetyenziswa kakhulu kweminye indlela ezahlukahlukeneyo yokuzinziswa kwezabela iprojeko.

Umhlaba obukekayo: Iintlobo nooFrequenc

Unyulo luza ngeendlela ezininzi, kwaye ukuphindaphindwa kwalo kuyahluka-hluka kumazwe ngamazwe nangaphakathi kwinkqubo yorhulumente. Unyulo ngokubanzi lumisela ukhokelo lwesizwe; abanyulwa abaphambili abanyulwa beqela; abanyulwa abanyuliweyo abakhethekileyo; unyulo olukhethekileyo; iibhodi zesikolo ezilawula amabhunga esixeko, neekomishini yengingqi; kwaye ii-pasendimeters zivumela ukuvota ngqo kwimibuzo yemithetho. Zonke ezi zinto zidala ikhalenda entsokothileyo enokusuka kunyulo olunye kwiminyaka emine okanye emihlanu nyaka ngamnye.

Umahluko Kwiinkqubo Zezobupolitika

Kwinkqubo zepalamente enjenge-United Kingdom, unyulo jikelele luqhutywa ubuncinane kwiminyaka emihlanu, ngonyulo oluzenzekelayo. Kwinkqubo zomongameli njengase-United States, kunyulo lwesizwe lwenzeka rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini kwiNdlu kunye nyaka ngamnye emine ukwenzela ulawulo lobungangamsha, kodwa amaphondo amaninzi neendawo agcina unyulo nyaka ngamnye okanye ngokuqhubekayo kwiiofisi ezahlukeneyo kunye neentlanganiso. Amazwe anezithethe ezithe ngqo zedemokhrasi, njengeSwitzerland, anokuthi agcine unyulo lwesizwe kane ngonyaka kwiivoti zikamasipala. Ubuninzi bonyulo ngokufuthi buyimveliso yokulala ngokwembali, umgaqo-siseko, ukwenziwa komgaqo-siseko, kunye nokuqwalaselwa kolawulo lweziko lwezolawulo kunye nokhetho.

Unyulo lwangaphakathi

Kwinkqubo zikarhulumente, ukwahlulwa kwesizwe, urhulumente, kunye nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni kudala ikhalenda edidekileyo enokuthi ibangele amathuba okuba nenxaxheba okanye ukudideka nokudinwa. Umzekelo, eUnited States, abavoti kumaphondo amaninzi bajongene neeprimparities, unyulo jikelele, unyulo, unyulo olukhethekileyo, kunye nokhuphiswano lukamasipala olukwiminyaka emininzi. Xa ezi zidityaniselwa kumhla omnye, ukujika kusenokunyuka; xa zisasaza, ukuthabatha inxaxheba. Lo mzekelo ubonisa ukuba unyulo alukho nje kuphela ngenani elikrwayo kodwa kwakhona malunga nexesha lokukhetha, ukubeka, nokuphawula ixesha, nokubaluleka okubonakalayo.

Unxulumano olukhoyo phakathi konyuko noluphindiweyo

Ulwalamano phakathi konyulo oluphindaphindiweyo nenxaxheba kwezentlalo luxhomekeke kwiinkqubo eziliqela zengqondo neziqu zoluntu.

Ingxelo Yokhetho: Iindleko Neingenelo

Kumbono osengqiqweni, abantu ngabanye bagqiba ukuba bathathe inxaxheba na ngokuvavanya iindleko (ixesha, umgudu, ukufumana ulwazi) ngokuchasene neengenelo (ukufumana ulwazi ngokomthetho, ulwaneliseko olucacileyo, imvume yoluntu). Unyulo oluthe rhoqo lwandisa ixabiso elithe kratya lokuthabatha inxaxheba / abavota kufuneka bazizise ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ukuhamba baye kuvota, kwaye baphosa iibhola zomjelo. Oku kunokucinezela ukujika phakathi kwabo banexesha elilinganiselweyo okanye oovimba. Noko ke, ukuba unyulo lubekwe ngokufutshane, ixabiso elisemgangathweni lokuhlala ufundile lingancipha ngenxa yokuba imibandela ihleli kulwazi ngaphambili. Isiphumo sekhalenda sixhomekeke kwindlela ikhalenda yonyulo ehamba ngayo ngemijikelezo.

Ukwenziwa kwehlokondiba kunye neziphumo zolwazi

Unyulo oluthe rhoqo lungavuselela ukubandakanyeka kwezentlalo-ntle ngokweepolitiki, amaqela enzala, nemibutho yasekuhlaleni ukukhuthaza abemi. Umjikelo ngamnye wonyulo uvelisa intlawulo yeendaba, iziganeko zephulo, kunye nokunyuswa kweengcasi ezinokuphakamisa ulwazi kunye nengxoxo ekhuthazayo. Uphando lweZiko lophando lwePutho-Pult [ lubonisa ukuba amaMelika ahlala kumazwe ahlala kunye namacandelo athelekelele aphezulu engxoxo yezobupolitika kunye nenteleko kunalawo asemagunye amazwe alawula unyulo, kodwa ke, umphumo awukho umgxube; ngaphatho ongaphaya kobuninzi obuthile, ukukhuthaza anokuba luncedo ngenxa yokuncitshiswa nokurhoxakeka kwevota nokudiswa.

Imeko Engathandekiyo: Ukudinwa Nokungakhathalelwa

[[FLT: 0] Ukudinwa okugqithisileyo kulelona cala liqhelekileyo elicatshuliweyo kunyulo oluthe rhoqo. Xa abemi bebizwa kwimiba yokuvota ngokufuthi, bangaba nolwazelelelo, banciphise usetyenziso lwabo lolwazi, okanye bangavoti ngokupheleleyo. Oku kudinwa kugqithiselwe ngokukhethekileyo ngonyulo olusezantsi olufana nonyuselo oluncinci okanye ukhuphiswano lwasekuhlaleni olufumana ingqalelo encinane ye-media. Ngokungakumbi, unyulo oluqhelekileyo lungakhupha umlinganiselo ophezulu ekuthabatheni inxaxheba: abanini belizwe abafundayo, abaninzi bayakwazi ukuxhasa ukubotshelelwa kwimijikelezo ezininzi, ngexa amaqela asweleyo ehla ngaphandle. Oku kunokuyithoba intsingiselo yedemodemo-odemocrac.

Ubungqina Obuvela Kumntu Othile: Oko Kuboniswa Luphando

Uhlolisiso olusekelwe kunyulo lwezihlandlo ezininzi nokubandakanyeka kwebutho labantu luvelisa imiphumo edibeneyo kodwa efundisayo. Nangona kungekho miphumo yehlabathi lonke, iinkalo zezobupolitika zivela kwiimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Umanyano Olufanelekileyo: Umzekelo WeSwitzerland

Inkqubo yedemokhrasi engqalileyo yaseSwitzerland ibonakalisa imilinganiselo yezizwe kodwa ephawulekayo inike inani lezigqibo lelizwe. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuthatha inxaxheba ngaphaya kokuvota: abemi base Switzerland bathatha inxaxheba kwiintlanganiso zezopolitiko, bangenele iintlanganiso zezobupolitika, baphinde basebenze kwi-avareji emalunga ne-45-50%. Imodeli yezizwe ngezizwe kodwa ephawulekayo inikwa inani lezigqibo. Okubaluleke kakhulu kukuba, inkxalabo yelizwe lingena ngaphaya kokuvota: abemi base-Switzerland bayangena kwintlanganiso zezobupolitika, kwaye basebenza ngokuzithandela kwikomiti ehamba phambili. Imodeli yaseSwisssss ibonisa ukuba unyulo oluqhelekileyo lunokuhlala kunye nokubolekisa okunempumelelo koburhulumente xa abemi baseburhulumenteni beqonda ukuba iziphumo zabo zobunyani. Ukunxibelelana phakathi koovoti kunye nokusebenza.

Imiphumo Ebuhlungu: Ukudinwa Kwezinto Ezininzi EU.S.

EUnited States, ubungqina bokudinwa yivota bunamandla. Uphando lwe Bipartisan Policy Center lufumanise ukuba ujiko kunyulo lwe-avareji ezingaphantsi kwama-25%, kwaye ukurhoxa okuphawulekayo xa unyulo lugcinwa kwimihla eyahlukeneyo kukhuphiswano lwe-ovectoral khalenda", kunye nonyulo olungundoqo, unyulo lwebhodi yesikolo, nonyulo olukhethekileyo olusasazekileyo kunyaka(creactes) obizwa ngabaphengululi ngokuba “ludinwabileyo.” U Voters kufuneka alandele iimini ezininzi, uphando oluninzi lwemincili yemibano-balo, kwaye aphinda-phinda-phinda-phinda-phinda-phinda iinketho. Oku kuhla umthwalo ophezulu kunyukelwe phantsi konyuko lwe-evo olungenayo kunye nonyuko oluncinane.

Ukufumana Izinto Ezixutyiweyo: Uhlolisiso Oluthelekisayo

Ukuthelekiswa kwezizwe ngezizwe kunika umahluko. Uhlolisiso lwamazwe angama-36 e-OECD lufumene ungqubano olubuthathaka olungelululo phakathi konyulo kunye novoti, kodwa ulwalamano lwanyamalala xa kulawulwa ukuvota okunyanzelekileyo kunye nobukho benkqubo yeqela elinamandla. Amazwe anokuvota okunyanzelelwayo, njenge-Australia (egcina unyulo lwamazwana rhoqo ngeminyaka emithathu), agcina ukujika phezulu nakubeni kuvota rhoqo. Ngokwahlukileyo, amazwe anokuvota okuphezulu okuqhutywa ngokuzithandela kunye nonyulo oluphezulu (ngokunjalo iUnited States-8) ibonisa ukuncipha okukhawulezileyo. Umongongongo__ukuvota okusisigxina kuyimfuneko, indlela ekwenziwa ngayo unyulo, nendlela olusetyenziswa ngayo, nendlela abaluvotiswe ngayo.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko Ngobunzulu

Ukuhlolisisa amazwe athile kunikela ingqiqo engakumbi ngendlela unyulo oludibana ngayo noonobangela bezithethe, bomthetho nembali ukuze kufunyanwe izifungo zebutho labantu.

ESwitzerland: Idemokhrasi Yathi Tyhithi

ISwitzerland ineziqu zesizwe ezijongene nokuphuculwa komgaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho engundoqo malunga nezihlandlo ezine ngonyaka. Inkangeleko ye-Cantonal kunye ne-collet yasekuhlaleni yongeza iintsuku zokuvota ezingakumbi. Nangona oku kuxhaphakileyo, abemi baseSwitzerland babonisa ukubandakanywa ngamandla kwezentlalo-ntle yasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokuvota. Eli lizwe linomjelo omkhulu womanyano lokuzithandela, iqondo eliphezulu lamalungu amaqela ezobupolitika, kunye nenkcubeko yokuzibhoko lwenkcazo. Into engundoqo kukuba i-Swisss Sus Suisys Coanyyyyy [Foct1:1] ibonakalisa ukuba xa ijika i-um i-opera, kwaye nawuphi na umgalelo wemithetho-mthetho unokuba nengcengwa ngokubhekiselela kwe-mali ephakathi kwe-mali, ngokufaka i-opera, ngokufaka isinduluko, ukwenziwa kwe-toliki ye-se-se-se-senyuko.

EUnited States: Ikhalenda Eqhekekileyo Nokungalingani Kwabantu

I-United States inemiphumelo entsonkothileyo yekhalenda ekhoyo ehlabathini. Unyulo lwendawo luyenzeka rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini, kodwa amazwe amaninzi enza unyulo lwaminyaka le lwezindlu zonyulo, iibhodi zeengingqi, amabhunga eedolophu, neebhodi zesikolo. Olu nyulo lungabizwa ngalo naliphi na ixesha. Olu lwahlulo luneziphumo ezinzima: unyulo lwendawo lusoloko luhamba ngaphaya ko15/20%, kwaye luvote kuluntu olunemihla emininzi yonyulo oluhlukeneyo mancinane ukuvota nakweliphi na iphulo. Iindleko zokuhlala ukhuphi na iinko, iivoti, iivoti, kunye neemilinganiselo yeqhina yezomthetho ziphezulu. Imigudu yokuquqululisa unyulo lwezizwe zasekuhlaleni ukuze zihlanganeze zihlangane nonyusombululo jikelele, maxa kusoloko kuthe nyaka ngamnye, kodwa xa kuthe kuthe kuthe kubhunye, xa kuthengwe ngeenxa ezimbini, kodwa kuthe kuthe kuthe kuthe, i-FT. [F.]

I-Australia: Ubuninzi obunyanzelisayo nobuninzi obuphezulu

I-Australia iqhuba unyulo lwe-operam yonyulo lwamaqumrhu amathathu rhoqo, ngonyulo olungeyomfuneko kunye nonyulo lukarhulumente kwimijikelo eyahlukeneyo. I-frive ingaphezulu kwama-90% ngenxa yokuba uvotelo lunyanzelekile kwaye lunyanzelekile ukuba luhlawulwe ngokufanelekileyo. Utshintsho lovotelo olunyanzelisayo lwezinyanzelo zentlalo-ntle: lunyanzelela abemi ukuba benze inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokhetho, kodwa kwakhona lukhuthaza amaqela ukuba aqhubele phambili ukuvota nokukhuthaza imekobume yolwazi. Uphando olusuka ku- iAustralian elctor Commission [[[[[FLTY:1]] ibonise ukuba ngoxa ukuvota okunyanzelwa okunyanzekileyo kuhambelana nokhetho oluthe rhoqo, akuzikhuthazinzisi ezinye iintlobo zokuzibandakanya koluntu ngokuqhutywa yimeko, kodwa akuthethisebupolitiswa kwe-politi yase-mo.

EBrazil: Unyuso oluthe rhoqo nokhupho lwamanani

I-Brazil ithabatha unyulo rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini kumgangatho karhulumente norhulumente, nonyulo lukamasipala luye lwahla phakathi kwiminyaka ephakathi. Ukujikeleza kuphezulu ngenxa yokunyanzelelwa kokuvota kwabemi abaneminyaka eli-18 ukuya kuma-70. Noko ke, iBrazil ikwasebenzisa uvotelo lwe-elektroniki kunye namaphulo amakhulu okuvota. Ubuninzi bonyulo, budibene nokunyanzeleka kokunganyanzelekanga, buvelise unyulo oluthelelwayo lwezopolitiko olukwayo olukwayo olukwakungawangenelelanga kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni kunye nolawulo-mthetho-siseko. Kodwa ilizwe lijongenemibalwayo: ulwanelo lwedemokhrasi luye lwayalutshintsha, kwaye abanye abagxeki bephikisa ukuba umjikelezo oqhubekayo kwi-populllm kunye noluption. Imeko yaseBrazil ibonisa ukuba kwana ukuphembelela amaqela amaqela anzulu eququluko; umgangatho wokubandakanyelwa kwemicimbi.

Ubuchule bokwenza unyulo lonyuko lwempilo ye-pic

Abenzi benkqubo abafuna ukomeleza inxaxheba yoluntu ngokhetho luneenketho ezininzi ezisekelwe kubungqina. Injongo kukulungelelanisa ixabiso ledemokhrasi lamathuba axhaphakileyo okufumana igalelo nxamnye nobungozi bokudinwa nokungalingani.

Unyulo oluqinisayo

Enye yezi inguqulelo ezisebenzayo kukuqinisa unyulo lwengingqi kunye nolombuso kwimihla efanayo nonyulo oluphezulu lwengingqi jikelele. Uphando olusuka ku- Demos ithetha yeetanki lubonisa ukuba ukuhlanganisana kunganyusa ukujika kwimijaho yasekuhlaleni ngo-20/30 yeencam, ingakumbi phakathi kwabatsha nabavoti abambalwa. Unyuso lunciphisa umthwalo wenkcubeko nowokusebenza kweminye abemi ngeli ngexa besavumela unyulo oluqhelekileyo. Amanye amaziko ashukumise ibhodi yesikolo nokhetho lwezikolo kuNovemba weminyaka enamanani ahlukeneyo, ngeziphumo ezintle.

Ukukhuthaza imfundo ye-oter kunye nokufikelela

Xa unyulo lusoloko lukho, imfundo etyebileyo iyafuneka. Amaphulo olwazi lukawonke-wonke, amaphulo okuvota, amavota athunyelwa kwindlu nganye, izikhokelo ze-intanethi, kunye namaqumrhu eendaba anganceda abemi balapho bahambe ngemida emininzi kwaye bangaziva besoyiswa. Iintlangano ze-CBICO zingafumana amaqumrhu afumana ii-forum kunye nokukhupha uhlomelo olufutshane. izibonelelo zemfundo yemfundo [ zingaguqula unyulo rhoqo kumthwalo wesihlalo luyelelo lube lithuba lokufunda nokuzinzisa.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bobugcisa obunesantya sokuthatha inxaxheba

Izixhobo zamanani zinganciphisa iindleko zokuvota kunye nokuhlanganisa ulwazi kwiinkqubo zonyulo eziqhelekileyo. Ubhaliso lwe-opensile, ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo oludlula kwii-DMV zedatabase zamandulo, ukuvota ngeposi, kunye nokukhusela ii-apps ezihambayo zolingelo lwezimvologo kunye nolwazi olusezantsi. Ezinye izixhobo zizama ukuthabatha “zonke iiposi” zonyulo, eziphelisa imfuneko yokuya kwindawo yokuvota kwaye ziboniswe ukwandisa ukuguquka konyulo lwasekuhlaleni. Ubugcisa bungakwanceda ukungenelela koluntu ngaphandle kokuvota. Ziieholo zedolophu kunye namaqonga amanani ohlahlo-mali-lulo-luqululo.

Isiphumo: Ukulungelelanisa ubuluvo nomgangatho wokuthabatha inxaxheba

Ulwalamano oluphakathi konyulo noqhagamshelwano lwezentlalo-ntle asiyonto ilula ingqungquthela. Ngokuphindaphindiweyo unyulo lunganika abemi amandla, lukhulise ukuqonda kwabo imibandela, luze luphendule iinkokeli ngezantsi, kodwa kuphela xa inkqubo yokunyulwa yenzelwe ukuxhasa ukubotshwa kunokuba ibulale. Obona bume buphumelelayo budibanisa amathuba okuvota rhoqo kunye nemiqondiso ecacileyo yokusebenza (njengokuba eSwitzerland), idityaniswe iikhalenda (njengakwenye indawo yase-U.S. amaxwebhu atshintshileyo atshintshileyo), kwaye maxa wambi anyanzeleka ukuba nenxaxheba (njenge-Australia). Umgangatho wemicimbi yezenteleko njengobuninzi: ummi ovota kwisiqingatha sentliziyo esezantsi yonyulo-okhi ephezulu, uvotiwe omnye ovota kwimi - dividiod.

Ekugqibeleni, ucelomngeni lolawulo-moya kukufumana iikhalenda zokhetho lobuchule obunika amathuba anentsingiselo okuphembelela ngaphandle kokuhluza unyulo. Ngokuqonda impembelelo yengqondo, yequmrhu, nenkcubeko echaphazela iziphumo zonyulo, abaququzeleli benkqubo banokuseka iinkqubo ezikhuthaza ukusebenza, ulwazi, nobumi obuquka ubumi. Impilo yedemokhrasi ayixhomekekanga kuphela kwizihlandlo esivota ngazo, kodwa nendlela abavoti abaguqulela ngayo kwindima yokwenene yezentlalo-ntlalo-ntle.