Table of Contents

Ukuqonda Iindlela Zokwalathisa Kwinkqubo Kawonke - wonke

Imigaqo yolawulo yala maxesha isisiseko solawulo lwangoku, inika ulungiselelo apho iinjongo zikawonke-wonke ziguqulelwa khona kwimithetho esebenzayo. La manyathelo aquka ububanzi obusuka kwimithetho-siseko edluliselwe yizindlu zowiso-mthetho ukuya kwimigaqo yolawulo ekhutshwa ngamaqumrhu, kwaye kwanemigaqo-mthetho yolawulo ngokwayo eyamkelekileyo eqaliswe yimizi-mputha. Umsebenzi wabo ophambili kukubumba ukuziphatha kwezo bantu. (a) abantu, amashishini, kunye namaziko eenjongo zokufumana iziphumo ezifana nokhuseleko lukawonke wonke, ukhuseleko lwemeko-bume, ugcino-mali, kunye nokhuseleko lwentlalo. Umlinganiselo wemiqathango okhutshwa phantse phantse kwicandelo ngalinye labantu, kuquka ukulawulwa kwempilo, amandla emali, ubuchule bokwenza izinto zabo, ukusebenza nokusebenza kwabo okuqhubekayo; uqeqesho lwemfundo olusebenzisekayo lwemfundo lwemfundo lwemfundo emali, ukubonelela ingeniso emalini engekhona.

Ubuchule Bezixhobo Zokulawula

Imilinganiselo yolawulo ayisetyenziswanga ngokunye. Zisuka kumyalelo ophezulu obhaliweyo kunye nolawulo lwemithetho ukuya kubuchule obubhetyebhetye, obusekelwe kushishino, kwaye nganye ithwala iziphumo ezahlukileyo zovavanyo olusebenzayo.

Ulungelelaniso-lomyalelo kunye-Control

Le ndlela yesithethe imisela imilinganiselo ethile okanye imiqathango ekhethekileyo okanye imiqathango yokukhupha imveliso okanye iimfuno zokhuseleko kumayeza. Ngexa ilula ukunyanzelisa, le mithetho ingaqina kwaye ingangenzi nto ibangele umahluko kwiifemu okanye kumongo. Umzekelo, uMthetho woMmoya ococekileyo eUnited States usebenzisa imigangatho esekelwe kubugcisa enciphisa ungcoliseko lomoya, kodwa abagxeki baphikisa ngamanye amaxesha banqanda ukuvela komcimbiswano ngokunika izisombululo ezithile endaweni yeziphumo.

Umlinganiselo osekelwe kumsebenzi

Endaweni yolawulo lweendlela zokulawula, imithetho esekelwe kwisiphumo somsebenzi ecwangciswe kwisiphumo solawulo kwaye ivumela izinto ezilawulwayo zigqibe indlela yokudibana nazo. Le ndlela ikhuthaza ulwakhiwo kunye nokuphumelela kwexabiso. Ukhuseleko kunye noLawulo lwezempilo (OSHA)[FLT] [[1] kwiU.S. ishukunyiselwe kwimigangatho yokwenza umsebenzi kwimimandla efana nonxibelelwano oluyingozi, ivumela abaqeshi ukuba balungise iinkqubo kwiingozi zazo. Ukuzicingela ezi meko zifuna umlinganiselo onobuchule weziphumo ezicetyiweyo . [ukwehla ngokweendleko lokulimala okunokwenzeka kokudlamfako okanye ukutshintsha komngcipheko.]

Izixhobo zorhwebo ezisekelwe kulawulo

Ezi ziquka irhafu, imvume egqithisiweyo, inkxaso-mali, kunye neenkqubo zokugcinwa. Basebenzisa izikhuthazo zezoqoqosho ukuze baphumeze iinjongo zomgaqo-nkqubo. I-European Union Eugsing Trading System (EU ETS) ngumzekelo obalaseleyo wentambo kunye nenkqubo ejolise ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwegesi eshushu. Uvavanyo apha lubhekisela ekusebenzeni kokusingqongileyo (ukuncitshiswa kwemiqathango yemali), ubuchule bezoqoqosho (umlinganiselo wento encitshisiweyo), kunye nokusasaza (onokuthwala iindleko).

Ulungelelwaniso lweziko

Uluvo olunika amandla olusuka kwiindlela zokuziphatha, ezi zinyathelo ezikhokelayo ngaphandle kokugatya okanye ukunqanda ukhetho. Imizekelo iquka ukungagqibeki kokubhalisa kwiiplani zogcino lomhlala-phantsi, ukulayishwa kwecalorie kwiimenyu, okanye ukukhutshwa kwemiqathango yemirhubhe engaphandle. Ukukhupha iingxube ezinzima kufuneke kucelwe uvavanyo olunzima, ngokufuthi usebenzisa iimvavanyo ezilawulwayo (RCT), ukwahlula iziphumo zazo kwezinye iimpembelelo.

Isizathu Sokuba Uvavanyo Lwemibandela Lube Netyala: Ukuziphendulela, Ukufunda Nokuthembana

Uvavanyo lwemilinganiselo yolawulo lusebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo. Okokuqala, lunika ukubala ngokubonisa ukuba ngaba oovimba boluntu kunye nemithwalo yolawulo ivelisa inzuzo ekhawulezileyo. Okwesibini, yenza ukuba kukwazi ukufundiswa [[ ngokuchaza imisebenzi, into engenzekiyo, kwaye phantsi kwayo nayiphi na imeko. Obu bungqina busisiseko bunika ukwenziwa kwenkqubo yolawulo kunye nokuphinda kulungiswe kwemithetho ekhoyo. Okwesithathu, uvavanyo oluqinileyo lwakha uthemba oluthelekelelekileyo [[[[FLT]] [FLTLT:5]]. Xa bebona ukuba imimiselo isekelwe kubungqina obusekelwe kwaye isebenza ngokuzinziswayo, ukuphumelela kwe-omatiko.

Ngaphezu koko, uvavanyo lunceda ukufumanisa iziphumo ezingalindelekanga ``bobabini ziluncedo nezingalunganga'. Umthetho owenzelwe ukuphucula ukhuseleko lokutya unganciphisa imveliso eninzi okanye unyuse amaxabiso abathengi abafumana imali ephantsi. Ngaphandle kovavanyo olucwangcisiweyo, iziphumo ezisecaleni ezinjalo zihlala zifihliwe, zicutha usukelo olufunwayo ukufikelela.

Imida engundoqo yokukhupha ulawulo

Ukulinganisa ulawulo lufuna isakhiwo sodidi oluninzi. Ngelixesha inqaku lokuqala lidwelise impumelelo, ukuphumelela, ukulingana, kunye nokuthobela, singandisa ezi kwaye songeze umahluko othe vetshe.

Ukuphumelela: Ngaba Le njongo Yokuphinda Uyimisele Yazifeza Izinto Ezayinjongo Yayo?

Lo ngumbuzo ongundoqo. Uhlolo olunempumelelo lubandakanya ukulinganisa umlinganiselo apho iziphumo ezicetyiweyo (umz., zincitshisiwe, iingozi ezimbalwa, amaxabiso asezantsi) zivele emzimbeni. Kufuna ukuseka into ephikisanayo/ukungakhange kwenzeke ngaphandle komthetho. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo ziquka phambi kokuthelekisa emva, uhlalutyo lwexesha, kunye nomahluko wemiqathango.

Ukwaneliseka: Ngaba Iingenelo Zikhulu Kunezindleko?

Uhlalutyo lobuchule, rhoqo ngoluhlolo lwentelekelelo-mali (, lulinganisa iziphumo zentlalo-ntle yenethi. Uxanduva luquka ukuhlolo-hlolwa kwezinto ezingangeni bathengisi njengempilo yomntu okanye iinkonzo ze-eksitiki, kunye nokuphendula inkxalabo yonikezelo. iofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo-bhavwe (OLT) ku-U.S. ifuna amaziko ukuqhuba ii-CBA ukuze aqhube imimiselo emikhulu, anike isikhokelo sohlolo olucwangcisiweyo.

Ukungacaluli: Ngubani Othwala Umthwalo Nomntu Ovuna Iingenelo?

Imithetho ingachaphazela amaqela ahlukeneyo ngokungenakulinganiswa. Uvavanyo lwendlela esetyenziswayo luhlola ukuba ukusasazwa kwamaxabiso neengenelo zilungile na-"indawo ezifumana imali, imimandla yelizwe, izizukulwana, okanye iindidi zobuhlanga kunye nezobuhlanga. Umzekelo, uhlaziyo lobulungisa bemeko-bume luhlola ukuba ngaba ungcoliseko luyingenelo ngokungenakuthelekiswa nako ukusukela iindawo ezifumana imali ephantsi ezibhenqweni.

Ukunikezela kunye nokunyanzelwa

Kwanomthetho omiselwe kakuhle awusebenzi ukuba awulandelwanga. Uvavanyo lwenkani luhlola amazinga okuncamathela, izizathu zokungahambelani, kunye nokuphumelela kweenkqubo zonyanzelo. Ikwaqwalasela umthwalo olawulayo [ [[FLT]] [iixabiso], ixabiso, kunye nokuntsonkotha okuthi kunyanzelise izinto ezilawulwayo.

Ukungagunyaziswa noMthetho

Ingaba ulawulo olusemthethweni lunikwe amandla akhoyo equmrhu? Ingaba lunandipha ukufaneleka kwezobupolitika kunye nentlalo? Le migaqo ithambileyo ingamisela ukugcinwa ixesha elide. Umthetho osebenza ngobuchule kodwa oxhathisiweyo ngokubanzi ungaphinda ubekwe okanye uthotywe ngokungahambelani nomthetho.

Iindlela kunye nokufikelela

Uvavanyo olomeleleyo lufumana umxube wobugcisa bokulinganisa nobukhulu, busoloko budityaniswe kwisakhelo esixutyiweyo kwi-triangulate efunyenweyo.

Uyilo lovavanyo olunempembelelo

Ngaphezu komgangatho wegolide kodwa ayisebenzi kwimimiselo emikhulu. Isiphumo esinzima sisebenzisa iindlela zokuvavanya i-quasi-expersili engundoqo okanye uvavanyo. Iimvavanyo ezilawulwayo (RCT) zingumgangatho wegolide kodwa azisebenzi kwimimiselo yesantya. I-Quasi-emperingzingzi ezinje njengokubuyela umva kwediski enomlinganiso, amaxabiso aluncedo, kunye neendlela zokulawula ukwenziwa kolawulo olunentele. Umzekelo, ufundo olubonisa iziphumo zeziphumo zemivuzo zomlinganiselo womlinganiselo wolwandolo lungathelekiswa nezicwangciso zolawulo olufanayo olungenziwanganyusanga intlawulo oluncinci.

Indleko-indawo yokulungisa kunye nohlalutyo lwendleko

Olu vavanyo lwezoqoqosho lulinganisa luze luthelekise iimpembelelo ezizizo nezingalunganga zomthetho. Uhlalutyo lweziphumo luluncedo xa iingenelo zilinganiswa kwimilinganiso yendalo (umz., ubomi bugciniwe, ii-sners zongcoliso oluncitshisiweyo) kwaye usukelo lukukunciphisa ixabiso ngeyunithi nganye yesiphumo. Zombini iindlela zifuna ukuphathwa ngononophelo kokungaqiniseki ngohlalutyo lwemeko.

Uvavanyo lwenkqubo nohlalutyo lokusebenza

Akwanele ukubuza ukuba ngaba umthetho uyasebenza na; kufuneka siqonde kwakhona ukuba uvavanyo lokwenza itsheyina lokuzalisekisa kunye nesizathu. Uvavanyo locwangciso luhlola itsheyina lokusebenza (ukusuka ekuqinisekiseni umthetho ukuya kuqikelelo lokuziphatha komthetho. Udliwano-ndlebe nabalawuli, iinkampani ezilawulwayo, kunye nabantu abachaphazelekayo bakhanyisa imiqobo kunye nabaququzeleli. Le ndlela ibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo ekuchazeni ukungaphumeleli okunokulungiswa ngaphandle kokutshintsha umthetho ngokwawo.

Iindlela ezidityanisiweyo nezixutyiweyo ziyafika

Uphando lwetyala, amaqela ajolisekileyo, kunye nohlalutyo loxwebhu lunika ulwazi oluninzi olusekelwe kulwazi olusemqoka. Ekuvavanyeni i-EU'S General Data Protection Regation (GDPR), umzekelo, uhlolo lohlolo lwexabiso logcino-lwazi lunento eninzi olunentlukwano kunye nabaphathi bogcino-lwazi olubonisa indlela umthetho oguqula ngayo imisebenzi yangaphakathi yobuqu kunye nezithethe zoquluko.

Ucelomngeni Oluqhubekayo Ekuhlolweni Kolawulo

Nakubeni kuqhubekeka indlela yobuchule, ukuvavanya ulawulo kuhlala kuzaliswe ziingxaki. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kubalulekile ekuchazeni iziphumo nasekuphuculeni uqheliselo.

Ungquzulwano Olusemrhumoni

Imithetho isoloko isetyenziswa macala onke emigaqo-nkqubo, ukutshintsha kwezoqoqosho, okanye intsingiselo yentlalo, eyenza kube nzima ukuhlula igalelo lomthetho elikhethekileyo. Njengoko kuphawulwe yi- Iqela leBhanki yehlabathi ekukhokeleleni kwalo ekuhlolweni kweziphumo zomthetho, ukuseka ukuphanda okufuna uphando olunamandla kwaye ngamanye amaxesha uvavanyo lwendalo. Umzekelo, ukuvavanya iziphumo zomthetho omtsha wokuchaza ukutya okutyebekileyo kuyaphoxeka ngokutshintsha ngexesha elinye kwimikhwa yokuqhelisela, ukuthengisa, namaxabiso okutya.

Imiqobo Yogcino-lwazi Neengxaki Zokuvavanya

Ugcino-lwazi oluthembekileyo lugazi lokuhlola, ukanti lusoloko lungekho, luphelelwe lixesha, okanye lungaguquguquki. Ugcino-lwazi lolawulo lungangabikho yimfuneko, uphando lungavalwa lucalulo, kwaye imilinganiso yekhompyutha esebenza njengomqobo ingangathathi ulwakhiwo loncedo lwenzala. [ Ubuchule be-Economic Co- aperfection and Development (OECD) ivelise [ iziseko zezixhobo zokusebenza ezinika iziphumo zomqathangoluvo ] ezigxininisa ukuqokelelwa kogcino-data kunye nomgangatho, kodwa imimandla emininzi isenokwehla kancinci.

Ixesha Lokulila Neziphumo Zexesha Elide

Iziphumo ezipheleleyo zomthetho zingathatha iminyaka okanye amashumi eminyaka ukutyhilwa. Imimiselo yokusingqongileyo ejolise ekunciphiseni iigesi ezishushu ezishushu ziya kuchaphazela iziphumo zemozulu emva kokuba kukudala kusihla komoya ojikeleza umhlaba. Uvavanyo olufutshane lungathatha lula okanye lude luphose iingenelo. Oku kudala uxinezeleko phakathi kwemfuneko yezobupolitika yeziphumo ezifike ngexesha elifanelekileyo kunye nemfuneko yenzululwazi yamaxesha alandelayo afanelekileyo.

Ukuchasa Kwabo Bachasa Ilizwe Nezoqoqosho

Uvavanyo lolawulo lunokuba lusongela izilangazelelo ezizinzileyo. Abadlali abanamandla basenokufuna uvavanyo olulinganiselweyo okanye olusetyenziswayo. Kwelinye icala, abameli basenokunyanzela ukuba kuvavanywe ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukungaphumeleli komthetho abawuchasayo. Ukugawulwa kweli lizwe lezobupolitika kufuna inkululeko, ukubonakala ngokucacileyo, kunye nokubotshelelwa kwemiqathango ekuhlolweni.

Ubuntsonkothile beenkqubo ezilawulayo

Imithetho inqabile ukusebenza ngokuzimela yodwa. Iyinxalenye yemibutho emikhulu edityanisiweyo, isebenzisana neminye imithetho, iintshukumisa zerhafu, kunye nemigangatho yokuzithandela. Ukukhetha umthetho omnye ngaphandle kokuqwalasela ezi nxulumano kusenokukhokelela kwizigqibo zokulahlekisa. Ngokomzekelo, ukusebenza kwamandla anokuxhomekeka kubukho benkqubo yekharbon edrive nemigaqo-siseko.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Olubonisa Umzekelo: Izifundo Ezivela Kuhlolisiso Olukhulu Lolawulo

Ukuhlolisisa izinto ezibonwa ehlabathini kusinceda siqonde ukuba ziziphi izinto ezisebenzayo nezingeyonto, nendlela ezinokucombululeka ngayo iingxaki.

Isifundo Setyala 1: UMthetho Ococekileyo Womoya Wonyaka ka - 1990 (United States)

I- 1990 i-applications zasungula inkqubo yokukhupha i-sulfur dioxide (SO2) ukuze kulwe nemvula eneasidi. Ngokulandelayo iziphumo zi- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) kunye nabaphandi bemfundo basebenzisa intlanganisela-mbini yogcino-lwazi olukhutshwayo, ukulinganisa kwezoqoqosho, kunye neziphumo zempilo. Iziphumo zabangelwa: i-SO2 yehla ngama-90% nge 202020 eqaqotheni lemali ephulweyo, ngokwenxenye ngenxa yokuba inkqubo esekelwe kwimarikethi ikhuthaza ukukhutshwa kobuchule obuphezulu kunokuba kulindelwe. Uvavanyo lwabalasemgangatho lwexabiso [[FLD:] oluneeffective kunye nobuchule obukhuhliweyo.[5]

Isifundo Setyala 2: Ukhuseleko Olukhoyo Nemithetho Yezempilo (UBukumkani Besizwe)

Emva kokuphunyezwa komthetho wezeMpilo noKhuseleko kuMsebenzi, i-UK yathatha uhlolo olucwangcisiweyo lokusebenza kwayo. Abaphandi basebenzisa ugcino-lwazi oluthe ngqo kwiingozi zasemsebenzini nakwiziphene, bedityaniswe nohlolo olude lokuziphatha okuqinileyo. Uvavanyo lwabonisa ukuba ulawulo olusekelwe kumngcipheko womngcipheko lunemiqathango ephezulu kunye neefekthayo ezineengxelo ezingezintle zengoma. Le meko ibonisa indlela uvavanyo olunokuphucula ngayo ubuchule bokusebenza.

Isifundo setyala 3: Imithetho yezemali emva kwengxaki yowama-2008 (Umthetho we-Dodd-Frank)

IDodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation kunye noMthetho woKhuselo lweNguquko othe kratya, uquka uMthetho woLawulo lweVolcker (umda worhwebo), uphuhliso lwemfuno zekomkhulu, kunye nokudalwa kwe-Consumer Financial Protection Bureauawer. Uhlolo lokusebenza kwayo luye lwaphikisana, ngokwenxenye ngenxa yexesha elide kunye nongenelelo olubanzi. Ibhodi yeSiqingathanga-mali se-frederal [ ihlola impembelelo ekungeneni kwemiqathango yebhanki, isebenzisa imilinganiselo elingana nexabiso lezinto ezikhoyo nezibonelelo zemarikethi ezingundoqo. Ngexesha elininzi kukho ubungqina bokwanda kwezigcini-mali kunye nomngcipheko oncitshisiweyo, ihlala ixhomekeke kwiindleko ezincinci kunye nokutshintsha kwimiqatha zemiqatha yemiqatha.

Imbono yomhlaba wonke kuvavanyo lomgaqo-nkqubo

Uvavanyo lomthetho lwahluka kakhulu kumazwe onke. I-European Union’s Engcono kakhulu i-Agenda ifuna iziphumo zohlolo lwazo zonke iindlela ezingundoqo, kuquka uvavanyo lokukhangela emva (“uvavanyo” olukhoyo) lwemimiselo. IKhomishini ye-Europe ye- Ingcono kakhulu i-Agcobox yokwahlula-hlula [ inika ukhokelo oluneenkcukacha ezikhoyo, uhlolo lomngxube, kunye nobungqina. Ngokwahlukileyo, amazwe amaninzi asakhulayo ajongene nobuchule bogcino-lwazi, ubuchule obunqabileyo, kunye nozimele kwezezwe. Izizwe ngezizwe ezininzi zifumana uvavanyo oluqinileyo kunye noncedo lwe-OE syst syst syst.

Intsingiselo ephawulekayo kukwanda kweqela uluvo olubanzi phakathi koorhulumente (umz., iUK’s Paraphical Insights Iqela le-SW House Social kunye neSystems) elisebenzisa iindlela zovavanyo ukuvavanya ukhupho lobuphengululo. La maqela abonise ukuba i-'at' esezantsi, i-'atting's' i-''s' i-scet' iyakwazi ukuvavanywa nokulinganiswa xa idityaniswe kwizixhobo zokuhlola eziqinileyo.

Ukuqinisa Uvavanyo Lwenkqubo Yendalo

Ukuphucula uvavanyo lomthetho, iimeko ezininzi ziyafuneka. Okokuqala, ukuncitshiswa kwemithetho [ kumthetho : kudityaniswa nokubekwa kwemithetho equka iirejistamenti zokutshona kwelanga okanye uhlolo olunyanzelekileyo olukwixesha elifanelekileyo(ukuvelisa intshukumisa esesikweni yokuhlanganisa ubungqina obuqokeleliweyo. [[FLT:]]] ukulinganisa amandla ogcino-lwazi [[FLT]]]] [[FLT]3]]] quka ugcino-data oludityanisiweyo, ugcino-data oluvula ii-data, kunye ne-pascrediassss athe projective athe kraving. [Fotemsting:]

Uvavanyo akufunekanga lujongwe njengokwenza uqeqesho olunye kodwa njengenkqubo eqhubekayo yokufunda. Iinkqubo zokulungisa, njengaleyo isetyenziswa kumgangatho wolawulo lwamanzi kunye neyobuqu bamanani, yakha ngokwelungiselelo lolungiso olusekelwe kwisalathisi esiphakathi kunye nengxelo yokuhlolwa. Le ndlela inamandla ibonisa ukuba imeko-bume elawulayo iyaguquka, kwaye kufuneka imilinganiselo eyenzelwe ukuzilawula.

Isiphelo

Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwemilinganiselo elawulayo asikokwenza ubuchule kuphela, oku kungumsebenzi osisiseko wolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphila ngokuvisisana nesithembiso sayo sokukhusela izilangazelelo zikawonke wonke ngaphandle kokubeka umthwalo ongafanelekanga. Ukuvavanya ngokucokisekileyo iidilesi zesiseko semigangatho emininzi, kusebenzisa iindlela ezinzima, kuvuma ucelomngeni olungokwemvelo, kwaye kuthatha izifundo kwizifundo zemeko ezahlukahlukeneyo kumazwe namazwe. Njengoko inkqubo kawonke-wonke ixakeka ngemiba entsokothileyo, imiba ekhawulezileyo, qhaqhaqhaqha, qha, ukusukela ekutshintsheni kwemozulu ukutshintsha kwemiqathango yendlela ephezulu yokuhlola ukulingana komgangatho ophezulu kuyakhula kuphela. Ngokuvavanyanisa umjikelo kunye nokulungisa ngokuqhubekayo izixhobo zethu zobugcisa, sinokuzenza kwakhona iinkqubo ezingasebenzi kodwa ezisebenzayo, kwaye zinokuthenjwa nguwonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke.