Ingcamango yamagunya karhulumente isenokubonakala iyinto enzima nentsonkothileyo, kodwa yenza isiseko esiqinileyo sendlela esebenza ngayo nayiphi na inkqubo yezobupolitika. Kubafundi, abahlohli, kunye nabemi abatshayelelayo, ukufumana ukuqonda okucacileyo nokusebenzisekayo kwala magunya kubalulekile ekuqhubeni inqanawa nasekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Eli nqaku linika ulungelelwaniso olubanzi, olulula, lokuqonda imvelaphi yalo, iindidi, iintlobo, kunye nenkqubo ezibalulekileyo ezithintela nayiphi na into enye ekhoyo ekubeni ibe yegunya elikhulu kakhulu. Ngokususa la migaqo-siseko kunye nesiseko sokwakha, abafundi bangaluqonda ulungelelwano oluntsonko olunelisayo olunempumelelo nolulawulo olufanelekileyo.

Isiseko Samagunya Karhulumente

Ukuchaza Amandla Karhulumente

Embilinini wawo, igunya likarhulumente libhekisela kwigunya elisemthethweni elinikwe urhulumente okanye kwintlangano yezobupolitika ukumisela nokunyanzelisa imithetho, ukuqokelela irhafu, ukuphatha oovimba, nokuqinisekisa ucwangco lukawonke-wonke. La magunya akazimeleyo; achazwa kwaye alinganiselwe ngumgaqo-siseko, umgaqo-siseko, okanye uxwebhu olusisiseko. Umthombo walo gunya usoloko ugcinwa emva kokuvuma kwabalawulwa, njengoko kuboniswa ngonyulo, amaziko abameli, kunye neesiseko somgaqo-siseko. Ukuqonda le ngcamango yesiseko kubaluleke ngenxa yokuba imisela ukuba oorhulumente basebenza kumgangatho ochaziweyo wegunya, onokuthi uhlolwe kwaye ulungelelaniswe namanye amasebe okanye amacandelo karhulumente.

Umthombo Wegunya Likarhulumente

Ukugunyaziswa kwamagunya karhulumente kusuka kwingcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo, apho abantu bebonke bavuma ukunikezela inkululeko ethile ukuze bafumane ukhuseleko, uzinzo, kunye nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo. Kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, eli gunya lisuka ebantwini, abanika igunya lokunyulela amagosa kunye nemibutho. Le migaqo isoloko iwabala ngokucacileyo la magunya, awahlula phakathi kwamasebe awahlukeneyo kunye namaqondo karhulumente. Umzekelo, umGaqo-siseko waseUnited States uthumela amagunya athile kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente worhulumente worhulumente othile ngoxa ufumbathisa amanye amazwe kumagunya, edala inkqubo entsokothile kodwa elungeleleneyo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba igunya lihlale lihlukene kwaye linetyala, kuthintele ukuhlanganiswa kwawo nawuphi na umbutho omnye.

Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente Namagunya Awo

Amandla Omthetho: Abenzi Bomthetho

Amandla omthetho ligunya lokudala, ukutshintsha, kunye nemithetho ebuyiselweyo. Eli gunya lidla ngokusetyenziswa liqumrhu elingahlawuleliyo njengepalamente, ingqungquthela, okanye ingqungquthela. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi, umthetho yinkqubo ethabatha inyathelo elininzi ebandakanya izicelo, impikiswano, ukutshintsha, nokuvota. Indlu yowiso-mthetho isoloko iphethe amandla engxowa-mali, ukulawula ukuchithwa kwemali nerhafu. Umsebenzi ongundoqo wamaqumrhu ewiso umele izilangazelelo zabantu, ukuhlolisisa impatho yempatho, nokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ibonisa ukuthanda kwabantu. Inkqubo yomthetho womthetho womthetho wesivolo icelo yenziwe ukuba ibe yeyo ngokupheleleyo kwaye ikhuthule, ivumela ukungezwa kwengeniso kurhulumente enziwe kwimibathonga yemibathanga yemali ngaphambi kokuba umthetho womthetho womthetho.

Inkqubo yoMthetho kwinkcukacha

Uhambo lwemali ephuma kwicebo ukuya kumthetho lubandakanya imigangatho emininzi eyahlukeneyo. Okokuqala, ummisi-mthetho ungenisa ityala, elabelwe ikomiti yokuhlola nokulungisa. Iikomiti zibamba ukuva, ziqokelele ubungqina obungochwepheshe, zize zilungise ityala ngaphambi kokulithumela kwigumbi elipheleleyo ukuze kuqhutywe impikiswano. Emva kokuququzelelwa kwengxoxo, ityala liyavotwa. Ukuba lidlula kwelinye igumbi, lihamba ukuya kwelinye, apho inkqubo iphinda iphinda iphinda iphindwa. Okokugqibela, isaziso sithunyelwa kumphathi-phambili wezomgunyazo okanye i-e. Le nkqubo ipheleleyo iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uqwalaselwe ngenyameko kwaye uqwalaselwa.

Amandla Engqungquthela

EUnited States, isebe lowiso-mthetho, iBhunga, linamagunya adweliswe kwiGatya I, iCandelo lesi-8 loMgaqo-siseko. Ezi ziquka amandla erhafu ye-levy, ulawulo lwezorhwebo oluphakathi kwesizwe, ukubhengeza imfazwe, ukuphakamisa imikhosi, nokuseka ii-ofisi zeposi. Ngaphezu koko, i-Celas neZifanelekileyo zinika iBhunga igunya lokudlulisela imithetho eyimfuneko ekuthwaleni amagunya alo adweliswe phantsi, ivumela urhulumente wesizwe ukuba alungelelanise kwiimeko ezitshintshayo. Oku kudityaniswe kwamandla acacileyo nachazwayo kwenza i-propati yemithetho yemithetho esebenzayo nenempembelelo.

Amandla abalawuli: Abazalisekisi

Amagunya alawulayo anikwe imbopheleleko kwintloko karhulumente, njengomongameli okanye umphathi-mikhosi, kunye nezixhobo zolawulo eziwaxhasayo. Umsebenzi oyintloko wegunya eliphetheyo kukunyanzelisa nokulawula imithetho edluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Oku kuquka ukulawula imisebenzi yorhulumente yemini ukuya kutsho kwimini, ukuqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe, ukulawula imikhosi yezomkhosi, nokumisela amagosa aphezulu. Umlawuli ophetheyo ukwanegunya lokukhupha imiyalelo yegunya eliphezulu, elalathisa indlela emele isetyenziswe ngayo, nangona le miyalelo iphantsi kohlaluzo nolawulo lomthetho. Amandla olawulo-maphambili akhula kwimimandla emininzi yezolawulo-demokhrasi, enikwe ukuntabalala kwezizwe ezinkulu, ezoshishino zezoshishino.

Indima Neembopheleleko

Isebe elilawulayo linembopheleleko yokuphumeza inkqubo, ebandakanya ukuguqulela injongo yowiso-mthetho kwizenzo ezicacileyo. Oku kuquka ukuvelela amasebe aseburhulumenteni alawula iindawo ezinjengemfundo, unyango, ezothutho, kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume. Eli sebe likwanamandla okunxibelelana nokusayina izivumelwano namazwe asemzini, nangona ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kudla ngokufuna ukuvunywa kwemithetho-mthetho. Ngaphezu koko, ulawulo olulawulayo, iijaji zikarhulumente, ii-arhente, kunye namalungu equluni, amele ukuqinisekiswa lisebe le-ogractive.

Inkqubo yasemzini nokhuselo

Isebe eliphetheyo linegunya elibalulekileyo kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe nakukhuseleko lwesizwe. Intloko yesizwe isebenza njengonozakuzaku belizwe, imela ilizwe kwizivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe kunye nezivumelwano zokucebisana. Njengomphathi-ntloko-ntloko, umphathi-ntloko womkhosi kwaye angasebenzisa imikhosi ukuphendula iimfazwe, nangona izindululo zemfazwe zinamandla omthetho oqhelekileyo. Oku kugxininiswa kwamandla enkqubo yezorhwebo yangaphandle kuvumela ukuthatha inyathelo elikhawulezileyo neligqibekileyo kwinqanaba lehlabathi lonke, kodwa kulungelelaniswe ngolawulo lowiso-mthetho ngenkxaso, ukuvunywa kwesivumelwano, kunye nophengululo.

Amagunya Okugweba: Abalawuli

Amagunya eejaji ligunya lokuchaza imithetho nokusebenzisa okusesikweni. Eli gunya linikwe iinkundla nabagwebi, abacombulula iingxabano, abasebenzisa umthetho kwiinyaniso, kwaye baqinisekise ukuba imithetho ihambelana nomgaqo-siseko. Ijaji izimele kumasebe alawulayo nalawulayo amisela izigqibo ezingakhethiyo. Ngenkqubo yokuhlola ikomiti, iinkundla zinokuvakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo ezingavumelaniyo, zisebenza njengovavanyo olunengxubangxwa kumasebe amanye. Eli gunya liqinisekisa ukuba zonke izenzo zikarhulumente zihlale zihleli kwimidaba emiselwe ngumgaqo-siseko.

Isakhiwo Sendlu Yomculo

Iinkqubo zezeejaji zisoloko zinenkqubo yezobungangamsha, iinkundla ezingaphantsi ezisingatha amatyala okuqala, iinkundla ezihlola izigqibo, kunye nenkundla ephakamileyo esebenza njengommeli wokugqibela womthetho. EUnited States, ijaji yesizwe iquka iinkundla zesithili, iinkundla zesiphakamiso, kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo. ABagwebi badla ngokumiselwa ukuze bafumane ubomi okanye izigwebo ezinde ukukhusela iinkundla zezobupolitika, bezivumela ukuba zenze izigqibo ezisekelwe kumthetho nakumzekelo.

Impinda yezeejaji

Uhlolo lwezomthetho lugunyaziso lweenkundla lokuhlola ubugqeba bemithetho nezenzo zikarhulumente. Lumiselwe kwityala eliphawulayo Marbury v. Madison [1803], eli gunya alikhankanywi ngokucacileyo kwiU.S. umGaqo-siseko kodwa liye laba lilungu lembombo lolawulo lwamaMelika. Livumela ijaji ekwaphuleni umthetho okanye imiyalelo yegunya echasene nemigaqo-siseko, ngaloo ndlela ikhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye kwaye igcine ukwahlulwa kwamandla. IJaji ibhekisa phambili kwimithetho yemithetho yesizwe nemithetho yesizwe, iqinisekisa ukuba onke amanqanaba karhulumente asebenza kwimiqathangomgaqo-siseko.

Inkqubo yeepeyinti nolungelelwano

Iingqinipho kunye nolungelelwano ngumgaqo osisiseko oqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe elinye likarhulumente eliqokelela amandla agqithisileyo. Isebe ngalinye linobuchule bokulinganisela nokulawula izenzo zezinye, lidala ulungelelwaniso olunamandla olukhuthaza ukuphendula ityala nothintelo lobuzwilakhe. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukukhuthaza intsebenziswano ngoxa likhusela ukuphangwa, njengoko isebe ngalinye linokuxhathisa ukungenelela kwabanye. Ukuqonda indlela uvavanyo nolungelelwaniso olusebenzayo kungundoqo ekuqondeni ukuphumelela kolawulo-democracy.

Imvelaphi Yembali

Ingcamango yokwahlulwa kowiso-mthetho nolwahlulo lwamagunya. Abaququzeleli be-U.S. bathenjiswa kakhulu sisithandi sobulumko saseFrentshi uMontesquieu, omsebenzi wakhe Umoya woMthetho (1748)) baphikisa ukwahlulwa kowiso-mthetho, impatho-mthetho, kunye namagunya okulawula. Abaquququzeli bomGaqo-siseko babephenjelelwe kakhulu zezi ngcamango, bequka isakhiwo sorhulumente wesizwe ukunqanda ukuxinzelela ulawulo lwamandla abanawo phantsi kolawulo lweBritane. Badala inkqubo apho isebe ngalinye lizakuba nendima eyahlukeneyo kodwa lineelulawulo olungenayo, libanze basebenzisane kwaye likhuphisa ngendlela elungelelanisiweyo. Esi siseko sembali silo lwenkqubo yedemokhrasitiki jikelele jikelele jikelele jikelele jikelele jikelele.

Imizekelo Esebenzisekayo

Iingqinipho kunye nolungelelwano olubonakala kwintsebenziswano ezininzi zemihla ngemihla phakathi kwamasebe. Umzekelo, umongameli (obezakubulala) angawuvakalisa umthetho odluliselwe yiKhonklane (i-legislate), kodwa iKhomishini ingawuyeka loo mbandela ngevoti yabaninzi emibini-mithathu. Ngokufanayo, umongameli umisela abagwebi besizwe (ijaji), kodwa ezo zindululo zifuna uqinisekiso zeBhunga. Inkundla ephakamileyo iyakwazi ukuvakalisa imithetho engagunyaziyo ngohlaluzo olusemthethweni, kodwa iBhunga-mthetho liyakwazi ukuphelisa umgaqo-siseko okanye ukudlulisela umthetho omtsha othetha ngemicimbi yenkundla. Amandla okungathethiyo nokususa amagosa etyala ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nee-mthetho ezingalunganga, inikela uhlolo lwezo zimo-ofisi zolawulo nezomthetho. Ezi ndlela ziqinisekisa ukuba amandla asoloko eqhubana nokungalawule.

Ukusasazwa kwamaGunya: Federal vs. Urhulumente

Kwinkqubo zikarhulumente ezifana neUnited States, i-Indiya, iKhanada, ne-Australia, amagunya karhulumente ahlukene phakathi korhulumente wesizwe (wesizwe) kunye norhulumente wengingqi (wephondo okanye wephondo). Eli candelo lenzelwe ukulungelelanisa umanyano lwesizwe nenkululeko yasekuhlaleni, ukuvumela imigaqo elungelelanisiweyo ebonisa iiyantlukwano zengingqi ngexesha igcina isakhiwo sesizwe esimanyeneyo. Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi korhulumente norhulumente kubaluleke ekuqondeni indlela imithetho nemigaqo esetyenziswa ngayo kwiimigaqo-siseko eyahlukeneyo.

Amandla Asetyenzisweyo

Amagunya omanyano adla ngokubalwa kumgaqo-siseko, adwelise iindawo ezithile apho urhulumente wesizwe anokuthatha khona inyathelo. EUnited States, ezi ziquka ukulawula urhulumente kunye norhwebo lwamanye amazwe, ukuveliswa kwemali, ukuseka ii-ofisi zeposi, ukuvakalisa imfazwe, nokugcina umkhosi wamanzi. Ngaphezu kwala mandla acacileyo, i-Emfacedrectal ne-Fanety Claus ivumela iBhunga elifanelekileyo ukuba lidlulisele imithetho eyimfuneko ekuphumezeni amagunya alo adweliswe, nto leyo ekhokelela kumandla achazayo alwandisa igunya lorhulumente ngokwexesha. Oku kubangele ukuba urhulumente akwazi ukuphendula imicimbi enjengeemfuno zamakhaya, imiqathango yemeko yemeko yemeko-ok

Amandla Agciniweyo Nombuso Ozenzekelayo

Amagunya esizwe, akwabizwa ngokuba ngamagunya abekelwe imvume, ngalawo angaphathiswanga ngokukhethekileyo kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente okanye angavumelekanga kumazwana. UHlaliso lweSindululo seTenth somGaqo-siseko wase-U. Luwagcina ngokucacileyo la magunya kumagunya kumaphondo okanye kubantu. Oorhulumente bahlala benegunya kwiindawo ezifana nezorhwebo, imfundo kawonke-wonke, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wasekuhlaleni, iingcali zobuchule bokwenza unyulo, kunye nokumiswa koorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Lo mmiselo wamandla uvumela ukuba ube yindawo yokulwa kwedemokhrasi, ukuzama ngemigaqo eyahlukeneyo enokuzisa ulawulo lwesizwe. Ulawulo lwamazwe luyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yolawulo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uhlala usondele kubantu kunye neemfuno zasekuhlaleni.

Amandla Akhoyo

Amanye amagunya ahlanganyelwa ngoorhulumente borhulumente borhulumente, abaziwa njengamagunya akhoyo. Oku kuquka amandla erhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukuseka iinkundla, nokunyanzelisa imithetho. Xa kungquzulwano lwemithetho karhulumente nekarhulumente, umGaqo-siseko weSupremacy Claus wase-U. umisela ukuba umthetho wesizwe uthathe indawo yokuqala, ukuba nje ungaphakathi kwegunya likarhulumente. Le nkqubo ivumela intsebenziswano nokulungelelaniswa komgangatho olungelelanisiweyo womthetho wesizwe xa kuyimfuneko. Imizekelo yamandla anxulumeneyo asebenza kunye nokuqokelela irhafuthelo kunye nokugcinwa kweenkundla ezihlukeneyo.

Ukubaluleka Kwamandla Karhulumente Okuqonda

Ukuze abantu babe ngabathathi-nxaxheba abaphumelelayo kwidemokhrasi, ulwazi olusebenzayo lwamagunya karhulumente lubalulekile. Lunika abemi amandla okuba netyala kwiinkokeli zabo, ukuxhasa iinguqu zenkqubo, nokukhusela amalungelo abo. Ukuqonda ukwahlulwa kwamagunya nolawulo kunceda abantu balawule ngendlela entsonkothileyo, bazi ukuba liliphi isebe okanye umgangatho karhulumente omele ubangele imbambano ethile. Olu lwazi lukhuthaza ukuvota, ukuqulungelana kwezentlalo-ntle, kunye nentetho kawonke-wonke entle.

Ubungqina

Xa abemi beyiqonda indlela amagunya karhulumente asasazwa ngayo kwaye asetyenziswa ngayo, baxhotyiswe bhetele ukuba babandakanye ngokunentsingiselo kwinkqubo yezobupolitika. Bangabona ukuba ngawaphi amagosa adibanayo ngeengxaki ezithile, athathe inxaxheba kwiindlebe zikawonke-wonke, axhase okanye aphikise umthetho ngokuqonda okucacileyo okuthethwa ngawo. Ulwazi lokuhlola nokulinganisela lukwakhuthaza abemi ukuba bajonge izenzo zikarhulumente baze bamele ujonge abaphathi xa kuyimfuneko. Oku kunyanzelekile kungumoya wedemokhrasi ephambili, kuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uyaqhubeka esabela yaye umele abantu.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Kubalulekile ukuyiqonda kakuhle imiqathango karhulumente ukufumanisa xa loo magunya eqatshelwa. Umthetho wesiGawulayo kunye nezinye imigaqo zomGaqo-siseko ziyasebenza kuphela ukuba abemi bayakwazi ukuphawula ukwaphulwa komthetho nokufuna ukubuyiselwa ngokufanelekileyo. Ukuqonda indima yejaji ekuhloleni imithetho nezenzo zegunya eliphezulu kuvumela abantu ukuba bavavanye ukuchaswa kwenkululeko yabo. Umzekelo, ukwazi ukuba uMphengululo weSine ukhusela ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni kungenza omnye umntu axhamle ngokuphazanyiswa okungekho mthethweni. Oku kwenza abantu basebenzise amalungelo abo ngokuzithemba baze bafune ubulungisa xa loo malungelo abo esongelwa.

Isiphelo

Ngokushwankathela, amagunya karhulumente awamiselwanga ngokufanelekileyo kodwa alungelelaniswe kakuhle kwaye ahlulwe ukukhuthaza inkululeko, ukulandisa, nokulawula okunempumelelo. Ukusukela kukwahlulwa kwamandla ngokwesiseko ukuya kwimithetho yecawa, isebe elilawulayo kunye nenkqubo entsonkothileyo yezolawulo kunye nezolwahlulo kunye nolwahlulo lolawulo lolawulo lwezwe, ilungu ngalinye linendima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni inkqubo yezopolitiko elungeleleneyo. Abafundi, abafundisi, nabo bonke abemi abaqukiweyo, ukuqonda oku akuyo nje inkqubo yemfundo kodwa sisixhobo esisebenzayo sokuthabatha idemokhrasi nenkululeko yabantu. [FFOT], [12] [FOT],[3] [FON], okanye ugcino-thu lolawulo oluphezulu, abantu ngabanye bayakwazi ukuphumeza iimbopheleleko zabo zoluntu kunye nokufumana intlawulo oluphezulu. [FON]