Ukwazisa

Ulawulo lomthetho lusisixhobo esiyintloko solawulo lwedemokhrasi, esisebenza njengesixhobo sokuqala ekunyulwa kuso abameli abajonga, bahlolisise, kunye nokuhlola izenzo zesebe eliphetheyo. Injongo engundoqo yoku kuvelela kukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla, isisongelo esingapheliyo kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo apho igunya ligxininiswe khona. Eli nqaku linikela uhlolisiso olubanzi lokusebenza kolawulo lomthetho ekuphumezeni loo msebenzi ubalulekileyo. Lihlolisisa iziseko eziphambili, imizekelo engokwembalini, imigaqo esebenzayo, imingeni eqhubekayo, kunye neembono ezithelekisayo ezichaza ukuphatha kolawulo-demokhrasi. Ngokuhlolisisa zombini impumelelo nokungaphumeleli, sihlola indlela izicamango ezinako ngayo kakuhle ngayo ukuphumelela nokungaphumeleli, kwaye sisebenza njengedelela ngokuchasene nokulawulwa kwe-ogrobini, ukonakala, kunye nokukhuthunga.

Ukuqonda ukuphumelela kolawulo lowiso-mthetho akuyonto nje yemfundo. Kuchaphazela impilo yedemokhrasi, umthetho, nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abemi. Xa ulawulo lomelele, abalawuli bebekelwe ityala, izigqibo zemigaqo zinokugcinwa zifanelekile, kwaye abantu banokuthenjwa. Xa ibuthathaka, amandla angathintelwanga anokukhokelela ekusetyenzisweni kakubi kwenkqubo. Olu hlalutyo lunembono elungeleleneyo ngoko kunokwenzeka kwaye apho ingenako ukufikelela khona.

Isiseko esiQumrhu soLawulo loMyalelo

Entliziyweni, ulawulo lowiso-mthetho lumele luphendulelwe. Kwisiseko sokwahlula amagunya, indlu yowiso-mthetho ayingomzimba nje owenza umthetho; yinja ehlala ihleli phezu kwegunya eliphetheyo. Lo msebenzi ufakwe kwiDNA yezolawulo-moya ezininzi, nangona ubukhulu bayo namandla ayo bungafani. Ukugqithisa kunokwenziwa ngcono. Oku kunokufana nokuvalwa kwekomiti eqhelekileyo kunye nokucaciswa kohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali, okubangelwa ziimpazamo ezithile, iingxaki, okanye inkxalabo.

Iinjongo eziphambili zolawulo lowiso-mthetho ziquka ezi:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuqinisekisa ukubuyiselwa koxanduva: Ukucela amagosa aphetheyo ukuba athethelele izigqibo nezenzo zawo kubameli abanyuliweyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukusungula ukonakala nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla: ukufumana nokunqanda ukuziphatha okungekho mthethweni okanye okungamkelekanga ngokubona ngaphaya kombane nangokuhlola.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuveza ukubonakala ngaphaya: Ukwenza imisebenzi karhulumente ibonakale kwindlu yowiso-mthetho nakuluntu, ngaloo ndlela inceda ukuba kubekho ingxoxo enolwazi.
  • Inkqubo yokuhamba ehambayo: Ukunika ukhangelo kubuchule bokulawula nokucebisa ulungiso kwiinkqubo ezibuthathaka.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukukhusela amalungelo amancinane: Ixhasa ukuba izenzo zolawulo aziwanyatheli kumalungelo amaqela abuthathaka.

Ngaphandle kolawulo oluphumelelayo, umphathi ophetheyo angasebenza engazimiselanga kuphendula, nto leyo ekhokelela kwizigqibo ezinceda abambalwa ngokuphulukana nabaninzi. Ngoko ke, ukuvavanya ukuphumelela kobuveleli kubalulekile nakuyiphi na idemokhrasi efuna ukuhlala iqinile.

Ukulawula uvingco.

Umahluko obalulekileyo ekuhloleni uphakamiso kukujongana nokujongwa koxanduva olusemthethweni kunye nolawulo oluyingozi lwezinto ezincinane. Ulawulo olunempumelelo lujolise kwinkqubo yomgangatho ophezulu, umgangatho osemthethweni, kunye nenkcitho enkulu, ekuphepheni ukungenelela kwimisebenzi yegunya lemihla ngemihla. Xa izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zingenankathalo kakhulu, zingenza ulawulo kunye nemicimbi yobugcisa yobuchule. Ulungelelwaniso phakathi kolawulo kunye nenkqubo yokusebenza kolawulo lwezikhundla lucekelelene kwaye lwahluka ngokwahlukene kwiinkqubo zezobupolitika.

Imeko - ngqangi: Izenzo zophawu lolawulo

Imbali inikela ubuchule obuninzi bokuphumelela nokusilela kolawulo lowiso-mthetho. Ukuhlolisisa ezi meko kutyhila ukuba lo msebenzi unokwenzeka kwaye uthintelwe kangakanani na.

IScangate yamanzi (1972-1974)

Ingxelo yeWatergate isengumgangatho wegolide wokungamela ulawulo olusebenzayo. IBhunga laseUnited States, ingakumbi ngeNdlu yeeNkulumbuso Yokukhetha IKomiti Yomsebenzi WobuPhosa, yaqhuba iindlebe ezibhenqiweyo ezabhenca ukusetyenziswa kakubi okukhulu kwamandla olawulo oluphezulu .. Ukusuka ekuphuleni uthintelweni kobulungisa nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamaqumrhu akrelekrele. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-bipartistan ekuphengululeni, idityaniswe noxinzelelo loluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye nenkxaso yejaji enyanzelela umongameli uRichard Nixon ukuba arhoxe. Le meko ibonisa ukuba xa ulawulo lugunyaziwe, ugqwalasela, nooqaqo, kunye ne-bistatan, inokuba negunya elinamandla lokusebenza kwingxelo.

I-Iran-Contra Affir (1980)

Ngexesha lolawulo lukaReagan, ihlazo le-Iran-Contetra labona isebe eliphetheyo eUnited States lichaphazelela umthetho olawulayo ngokuthengisa izixhobo eIran ukuxhasa abavukeli baseContra eNicaragua, ngalo lonke ixesha bethintela ukuvalwa komthetho weBhunga. Uphengululo lweKhomishini yeNgqungquthela (iKhomishini kunye nokuchongwa kweNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlukwano) lwavumbulula imisebenzi yokufihla ityala. Ngoxa uphando lwakhokelela ekuguquleni iinguqu njengobuGqikeleli bobuGqikelelo, kwakhona lwatyhila imida yokuphatha: amagosa angundoqo ayexolelwa okanye asinda kwityala letyala lezaphuli-mthetho, kwaye isebe eliphetheyo lalisoloko lingavumi ukuvunywa ngokupheleleyo. Ityala libonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwemiqatha likarhulumente kodwa lizama ukukhusela isohlwayo okanye utshintsho kwinkqubo.

IPalamente yaseBritani nemfazwe yaseIraq (2003)

I-Hutton Inquiry kunye ne-Chilcot Inquiry yamiselwa emva koxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke, ihlolisisa indlela karhulumente yokusebenzisa ubulumko (ingakumbi "i-dodgy dossier") kunye nokubekwa kwemithetho yemfazwe. Ingxelo yeChilcot, epapashwe ngo-2016, yayinempembelelo egqithisileyo kulowo wayengumphathiswa wesigqeba uTony Blair kunye nekhabethelo lakhe. Kodwa, ii-Akhawuntatheli zazingagunyazi ziziphumo zeziphumo ezingokwasemthethweni. Umzekelo ugxininiso lubonisa ukuba ukuvela kokucacileyo nokuphendula kwimbali kodwa lungachaphazanga mngeni.

Inkcitho yoMongameli Park Geun-hye (206-2017) eMzantsi Korea

Umzekelo wakutshanje wobuveleli obunamandla wavela eMzantsi Korea. INdibano yeSizwe yaqalisa ukuphanda ngehlazo elikhulu lokunganyaniseki elibandakanya uMongameli uParkey Geun-hye kunye nomfihlo wakhe. Ukuchotshelwa kwemithetho yepalamente, kunye nokuvunywa kwemiqathango emikhulu kawonke wonke, kwakhokelela kwivoti yoluvo lokuba i-bipartisan ixhaswe. INkundla yezomGaqo-siseko yaxhasa ukungagunyazi, kwaye iPaki yasuswa eofisini kwaye kamva yagwetyelwa entolongweni. Le meko ibonisa indlela indlu yowiso-mthetho, xa idiyo, idityaniswa nenkcaso yoluntu kunye neyomgunyaziso, inokuqinisekisa ukuxhatshazwa ngokunelisayo kokusetyenziswa kwegunya.

Umatshini wolawulo lomthetho: Isixhobo sombane

Ukuze sivavanye ukusebenza, kufuneka siqonde ezona zindlu zowiso-mthetho zezixhobo ezisetyenziswayo. Amandla okuvelela axhomekeke ekufumanekeni, ekuzimeleni nasekusebenziseni ezi nkqubo.

Ukuchongwa Kwamatyala Neziphando zeKomiti

Eyona ndlela ibonakalayo yokuvelela lityala lekomiti, apho amagunya aphezulu ayabizwa ukuba angqine. Iikomiti ezikhoyo (umz., kwimicimbi yezemali, kwimicimbi yangaphandle) zolawulo lomgaqo-nkqubo, ngelixa kusekwa iikomiti ezikhethekileyo ukwenzela amahlazo athile. Ukuva okunempumelelo kufuna isitulo esinobuchule, abasebenzi abaneleyo, namandla okunyanzela ubungqina kunye namaxwebhu. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi zinegunya lokunikela ubungqina obuncinci kwaye zidelela abantu ngabanye ukuba bangasebenzisani.

Uphando neNgxelo yeNgxelo

Impumelelo ephambili kuphando ngalunye lukho abasebenzi abanobuchule. IiKomiti ziqesha amagqwetha, abahlalutyi bemigaqo-nkqubo, nabaphandi abalungisa iingxelo, bahlalutye ugcino-lwazi, kwaye balungiselele imibuzo. Umgangatho walo msebenzi uchaphazela iziphumo zolawulo olungqalileyo. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho eziphetheyo zidla ngokuzama ukukhuphisana namaqumrhu aphezulu aqeqeshiweyo.

ULawulo lohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

"Amandla emali" aphakathi kwezixhobo zolawulo ezinamandla. Imithetho ingayikhaba imali kwiinkqubo ezithile, iqhoboshe iimeko kwiinkcitho, okanye kwiinkcitho zophicotho. Kwipalamente, inkcaso isebenzisa iingxoxo zoqingqo-mali ukuqwalasela izinto eziza kuqala kurhulumente. Noko ke, kumazwe amaninzi, isebe eliphetheyo linobuchule obubalulekileyo bokusebenzisa uqingqo-mali, liyenza buthathaka le nkqubo.

Ukuva Nezixhobo Zokubonisa ngaphaya

Imithetho ingasebenzisa ukuchongwa ukuze inyanzelise ukubonakala kwesisa esiphezulu, njengokufuna ukuba abameli bakhuphe iingxelo zomsebenzi othe rhoqo okanye ukupapasha iingxelo zobungqina.

I-Voto yoMgaqo kunye namaGunya okuQinisekisa

Kwinkqubo ye-U.S., amandla eBhunga lokuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwesebe eliphetheyo elikwimigangatho ephezulu (kuquka abagwebi kunye noonobhala bobukhabharbhari) anikela umsebenzi wokuvavanya. Ngokufanayo, ezinye izindlu zowiso-mthetho zinemithetho elawulayo kumsebenzi okanye imimiselo. La mandla aqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi abaphambili nezigqibo ezingundoqo ziqwalaselwe ngophando lwemithetho.

Ucelomngeni Lokuphumelela Ebuvelelweni

Ukusebenza kakuhle kufuna ukuvuma ukuba uvelela kujongene nemiqobo eyoyikekayo. Kwanenkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo ezingcono zingasilela phantsi kweemeko ezithile.

Name

Kulawulo-melo oluninzi, amaqela ezobupolitika aye ahlukana ngokukhulayo. Xa iqela elinye lilawula yomibini indlu yowiso-mthetho kunye negunya eliphetheyo, uvelela kusenokuba buthathaka/ukukhusela urhulumente kungakhangelwa. Ngokuchaseneyo, xa inkcaso ilawula indlu yowiso-mthetho, uvelela kusenokuba sisixhobo esilawulayo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuhlolweni ngokunqamlezayo nasekukhetheni. Ukunyaniseka komthetho kusoloko kungaphezulu koxanduva lweziko.

Icebo

Amasebe alawulayo alawula uninzi lweenkonzo: imikhosi yamagqwetha, amaqumrhu akhethekileyo, kunye nolwahlulo lobukrelekrele. Imithetho, kwanakumazwe atyebileyo, isoloko inabasebenzi abancinane kwaye inobuchule obuncinane. Oku kungalungelelani kwenza kube nzima kwiikomiti ukucel

Ilungelo Elilawulayo Nokufihla Imfihlelo

Abalawuli basoloko bechasa ukunyanzelisa ukhuseleko lwesizwe, ilungelo eliphezulu, okanye imfihlo. Ngoxa kuyimfuneko, kusenokusetyenziswa kakubi ukufihla ukuziphatha okubi. Ngamanye amaxesha iinkundla ziyakwazi ukukhupha iziphumo ezichaseneyo, kodwa inkqubo inokuba yethe kade kwaye iziphumo zingaqiniseki. Ulawulo lwe-U.S. luyakwazi ukulwamka kolawulo lwe-Trump ukusebenzisana nomgangatho osezantsi we-Congregation poenas kubonisa indlela anokuba umlawuli osebenza ngokunempumelelo ngayo umgangatho womgangatho wamatye.

Ukungakhathali Kukawonke - wonke Nokwahlukana

Ukulawula kuxhaphakile ngenxa yomdla kawonke-wonke. Xa abemi bengayijoli ingxengxezo okanye bephazamisekile, izindlu zowiso-mthetho azicinezeli ukuba zithathe amanyathelo. Ngaphezu koko, ukwahlulwa kwamajelo kanomathotholo kamabonwakude, amagumbi okuphendula amajelo eendaba athetha ukuba ukuva okuphakathi kungafikeleli abaphulaphuli abaninzi. Iindlebe zeWatergate zinokulichasa ilizwe; namhlanje, iindlebe ezifanayo zisenokungahoywa ngabantu abaninzi.

Ukungabikho kwamandla okunyanzelisa

Inkoliso yezindlu zowiso-mthetho ayinako ukuwohlwaya ngokuthe ngqo amagosa aphetheyo ngenxa yokungathobeli kakuhle okutyhilwayo ngexesha lobuveleli. Bangabhekisela kwimicimbi kumthetho okanye kubatshutshisi, kodwa loo mibutho isenokuba izimele okanye ilungelene nomphathi ophetheyo. Izinto ezafunyanwa yiPalamente kwiMfazwe ye-Iraq azikhange zikhokelele kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngaphandle kwamazinyo, ukuvelela kunokuba yingwe yephepha.

Ingqikelelo yokuthelekisa: Indlela ezisebenza ngayo iinkqubo ezahlukahlukeneyo

Ukusebenza kolawulo lowiso-mthetho kuyahluka kakhulu kwiinkqubo zezobupolitika. Uhlalutyo lothelekiso lubalaselisa oothunywashe besakhiwo abalwenza lukwazi okanye lulunyanzele.

Inkqubo yobuMongameli (umz., United States)

E-U.S., ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kudala indlu yowiso-mthetho eyomeleleyo. Inkqubo yendlu neNdlu yeQela inezakhiwo eziqinileyo zekomiti, amandla angaphantsi kwe-poena, kunye nomkhwa wolawulo olungqongqo. Noko ke, ukubekwa kwemimandla ngokweepesenti kusandul'ukudodobala ulawulo: amalungu amaninzi asuka akhusele umongameli weqela lawo, ngoxa abambalwa besebenzisa iindlebe xa bethumela imiyalezo. Inkqubo yase-U.S. ikwanika namathuba okufikelela aliqela ukwenzela ulawulo (umz. g., GAO, CBO, iNScensersers General) kodwa ke bachaphaze kwizahlulo.

Iinkqubo zePalamente yeWestminster (umz., United Kingdom, eKhanada, eOstreliya)

Kule nkqubo, umphathi onegunya ukhutshwa kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo uyalela uninzi. Oku kudityaniswa kwamagunya kungenza uphakamiso oluncinci kuba urhulumente elawula ucwangciso lwemithetho. Noko ke, iinkqubo ezifana nexesha lombuzo, ikomiti ekhethayo, kunye nekhompathimente elawulayo imigaqo-mthetho inikela amajelo okuhlola. Iikomiti ezikhethiweyo ze-UK's zihlonelwa ngokuqhubekayo kwaye zivelisa iingxelo ezinqamlezileyo. Sekunjalo, ulawulo lukarhulumente kwiikomiti zemida yemithetho.

Iinkqubo ze-Hybrid kunye ne-Semi-Pressiterials (umz., iFransi, iPoland)

Kwinkqubo encinane, abaveleli abanamandla baxhomekeke ekubeni umongameli kunye nepalamente ivela kwiqela elinye okanye kulwabeko. Ukwenziwa komthetho kusoloko komeleza ulawulo, njengoko indlu yowiso-mthetho isebenzisa amandla ayo ukukhangela umongameli. EFransi, iNdibano yesiZwe ingabumba iikomiti zophando, kodwa amandla ayo alinganiselweyo xa kuthelekiswa ne-U.S. Congress. ePoland, iinguqu zakutshanje phantsi koMthetho neqela leJaji ziye zanciphisa ulawulo, zibalaselisa ukuchanabeka kwezi nkqubo ekufumaneni izigqeba zempanekiso.

Abaphathi Abatsha Nezigunyaziso

Kulawulo-melo olutsha oluninzi, amaziko olawulo-mthetho amiselwe ngokusemthethweni kodwa abuthathaka. Ubuncwane obulinganiselweyo, ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi abanamava, kunye nokulawulwa kwegunya kunciphisa ukusebenza kwabo. Kumazwe afana neHungary, iqela elilawulayo liye lasebenzisa inkcubeko yalo enkulu yepalamente ukuchitha amaqumrhu olongatho lomkhosi nokunciphisa amandla enkcaso ukuphanda. Ukuthintelwa kokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla kwiimeko ezinjalo kusoloko kuxhomekeke kubadlali bangaphandle (umz., iEuropean Union, eendaba zezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe) kunokuba kujonge ulawulo lwemithetho yasekhaya.

Ukuphucula Ukuphumelela Kolawulo Lomthetho

Ngokusekelwe kuhlolisiso, utshintsho oluninzi lunokunyusa ubuchule bokongamela luze luthintele ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla.

Ukuqinisa Inkululeko Yekomiti

IiKomiti kufuneka zibe nabasebenzi abanikezelweyo, abangenaparatis, abalawuli abacacileyo, namandla okubamba ukuchotshelwa ngaphandle kokungenelela kwempatho yempangelo. Ucwangciso olusisigxina lokuchonga, kunokuba lube lwezo zithwaxwa ziimeko ezimaxongo kuphela, luqinisekisa uphando oluqhubekayo. Iipalamente ezininzi zithathe ulwamkelo "olunganyukiswayo" kunye "lokungamiselwa" amalungiselelo afuna uhlolo lwexesha ngalinye lwamasebe neenkqubo.

Uphicotho-zincwadi oluzimeleyo nophando

Ii-ofisi zophicotho-zincwadi lwesizwe (umz. GAO kwi-US, i-NAO kwi-UK) inikela inkxaso ebalulekileyo kulawulo lowiso-mthetho. Le mibutho kufuneka izimele yaye ifakwe kakuhle, inegunya lokuphicotha zonke iinkcitho zegunya eliphezulu kwaye inike ingxelo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Ngokufanayo, iinkonzo zophando lwemithetho zinganika uhlalutyo oluneenjongo.

Ukuncitshiswa Kwezibonelelo

Imithetho efuna ukuba amaphepha angaphantsi kwepoena athe anconywa okanye agcinwe kumava kwiikomiti ezincinane ingathintela ukuvelela. Utshintsho ukuqinisekisa ukuba abambalwa bangaqalisa uphando, okanye ukuba iikomiti zinezihlalo ezivela kuwo omabini amaqela, zinganceda. Noko ke, akukho silungiso silula secandelo lenqanawa elikwi-etheropatitive.

Ukukhuthaza Ubungqina Boluntu

Ukuchongwa kwetyala elikhoyo, ukupapashwa kweengxelo ngendlela efikelelekayo, nokusetyenziswa kwejelo leeNtlalo ukugxininisa izinto ezifunyenweyo kunokunyusa ingcinezelo kawonke-wonke. Amaphulo okufundiswa kwezemfundo ebhadileyo namaphulo oluntu ngendima yobuveleli anokuphinda avuselele imfuneko yokuphendula.

Imida Yokuvala Inyanzelisa

Imithetho kufuneka ibe namandla okuya enkundleni ukuya kunyanzelisa oopopu abangaphantsi ngaphandle kokungenelela kwegunya. Abameli bezaphuli-mthetho abajongene nabatshutshisi abazimeleyo kufuneka babe ngabanyanzelekileyo xa uvelela kutyhila ubungqina obunzulu bolwaphulo-mthetho. Amanye amazwe ayile iikomiti ezikhethekileyo ezilwa norhwaphilizo ezinamandla okuziko.

Isiphelo: Ingxilongo Engenakuthelekiswa Nanto, Engafezekanga

Ukungavumelani nokusebenza kolawulo ekuthinteleni ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya kunika isigqibo esicacileyo. Kukho impumelelo ecacileyo: iWatergate, ukungakhuthazi kwe-South Korea, kunye nophando oluncinane oluninzi olulungisa ikhondo nolubalela amagosa ukuba aphendule. Ukugaxeleka kubhence amahlazo, inkqubo ephuculiweyo, kwaye kuthintele ukuziphatha okubi kwixesha elizayo. Kodwa ukungaphumeleli kuyabonakala ngokulinganayo: i-Iraq Warbuths ayizibohlwayeli; iiblock zomngxube ezithelekisa ii-gridss eUnited States; kwaye kumazwe amaninzi, ukuvelela kusiko olungenamsebenzi olusilela ukuthintela ukuxhatshazwa kokuxhatshazwa okunzulu.

Ukuphumelela kobuveleli ekugqibeleni kuxhomekeke ekudibaniseni ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, impucuko yezobupolitika, kunye nokuthelelwa kwabemi abakhutheleyo. Akukho nkqubo yokhuseleko lokusilela. Noko ke, ukuzinikela kokuvelela/ukuqhuba, hayi nje umgaqo , okuhlala kusesikhuselo esinamandla sokulwa nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla. Ulawulo olufaka kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho nezibonelelo, inkululeko, kunye nenkxaso kawonke-wonke luxhotyiswe bhetele ukuqinisekisa ukuba isikhulu esiphezulu sihlala sinetyala. Kwixesha lokukhula kwe-populism kunye nolawulo oluphezulu lomthetho, olomeleza ukulawulwa komthetho akungolulo nje utshintsho lobugcisa; lusikhuselo olubalulekileyo ekuhlaleni kwedemokhrasi ngokwalo.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, qwalasela ezi zixhobo zangaphandle: uhlalutyo lweziqu zobugqeba kwi-odonga ye-, i-Inter-Parliament Union's umsebenzi wongameli wepalamente[, kunye nencwadi ye- ye-International IDEA's kulawulo lwezixhobo zepalamente[.