Isiseko Embalini Sokuphendulelwa Kukarhulumente

Ukuziphendulela kukarhulumente asiyonto isungulwayo yale mihla .Iimvelaphi zisusela emva kwiinkulungwane zentanda-bulumko yezobupolitika kunye nomzabalazo osebenzisekayo. Ukusuka kwimida yeMagna Carta elawula amandla olawulo ukuya ekumisweni kwemibutho ezimeleyo yokuhlola, ibutho labantu kudala lazi ukuba igunya elingathintelekiyo libangela ukunganyaniseki. Noko ke, ingcamango yanamhlanje, ecaciswe ngokukhula kweenkonzo zoburhulumente, imithetho yokukhazimla, kunye nolunyulo olukhululekileyo lokukwazi ukucutha amaziko kawonke-wonke.

Ukusuka Kwiinguqu Zamandulo Ukuya Kulawula Ulawulo - melo Lwanamhlanje

I-Athene yamandulo yalinga ukuvalwa njengendlela yokuhlola iinkokeli ezidumileyo. IRiphabliki yamaRoma yayineengcinga zayo [[FLT: 0] ezithe zadlula kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha kawonke-wonke. Kodwa yayiziingcinga zoluvo olukhanyiselweyo `John Locke, Montesquieu, kunye nabanye .ekwathiwe yachaza imfuneko yokwahlulwa kwamandla kunye nokuvavanywa kwegunya eliphezulu. Ezi ngcamango zaphembelela ngqo iU.S. umGaqo-siseko kunye nesiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke. Kwangokunjalo iinkqubo ezicacileyo zokuphendula umkhalazeli, njengemithetho ekhuthaza ukuvuselelwa kwemilo kunye noompethu, zavela ngokuthe ngcelele kwimpendulo ye-encwadi ye-APichrence, yavela ngokuphendula kwintsongelo nenkcekwa-o.

Amathuba Angundoqo Alawula Ukhuseliso Lwemiphunga

Umthetho wokuqala wesiphekepheke se-odoli eUnited States wawungu-1863 otheths-uMthetho wobuxoki, odluliselwe ukulwa ingeniso yemfazwe ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya. Ilungiselelo lawo [i-'FLT'] liququ''''''i''i'''i-'am' ilungiselelo elivumela abemi abazimeleyo ukuba bangenele urhulumente baze bafumane isahlulo semali efunyenweyo. Lo mthetho uhlala usisisixhobo esinamandla namhlanje. Le ngxelo i-1970 ibonise igaza elikhuselayo elilandela iWatergate kunye nePentagon Papers, kuquka noMthetho we-Whistledgeter Protection ka-R. Kutshanje, uDodd-Frafdive Act (2010) usungulwe izikhundla zemali zokuxela ukuchatsha komthetho, nangona inkqubo ijonge imingeni esemthethweni.

Uqhagamshelwano lwangaphandle: I-ofisi yeSiluleko esikhethekileyo sase-U.S. inika ukhokelo lwangoku kukhuseleko lwabavuli-mlozi[[FLT: 1].

Uhambo Lomphini: Izisusa Neengozi

Ngokwahlukileyo kujongo oluqhelekileyo, abafuthi bempempe abasoloko beqhutywa yimpindezelo okanye inzuzo yabo siqu. Uphando olupapashwa kwi Journal of Business Ethics lubonisa ukuba uninzi lwesenzo esisuka kwimvakalelo yenyanzelo yokuziphatha: bayabona ububi kwaye baziva benyanzelekile ukubuyeka. Abacuphi bempempe-mfa bangaphakathi `abasebenzi abanikela ingxelo ngemijelo-ethetho esemthethweni] basoloko bejongene nesetiti yooderhutho olwahlukileyo kunabo bahamba uwonke wonke.

Abaqhubi bengqondo nabasebenzisa ingqondo

Uphando lubonisa ukuba abafutha iimpendulu badla ngokufumana iziphumo eziphezulu kwimilinganiselo yokuzilawula nokuqiqa. Abaninzi bachaza “incopho encomekayo” apho ukungakhululeki kungabikho. Isigqibo asisoloko singxama; sidla ngokundulela ngeenyanga zexhala, uxwebhu, nokuxilonga abantu abathembekileyo okanye amagqwetha. Uloyiko lokuziphindezela lukho kwasekuqaleni, kodwa luyimvakalelo enamandla yomsebenzi kuluntu. Oku kuchaza isizathu sokuba abavuli besandi bebalisa beqhayisa kwizenzo zabo kunye nentlungu yabo yobuqu emva koko.

Imiphumo Yobuqu Neyoogqirha

Phezu kwazo nje iinkuselo ezisemthethweni, ukuziphindezela kuhlala kuxhaphakile. Ingxelo kaRhulumente Iprojekthi yokuphendula ifumanise ukuba ama-70% abaqhubi bemikhala bafumana indlela ethile yokuziphindezela, kuquka ukuthotywa, ukuthotywa kweminxeba, ukungxengxezwa, okanye ukukhathazwa. Uxinzelelo lwengqondo lungaba lukhulu: udandatheko, ukonakalisa, kunye nomonakalo wemali uxhaphakile. Amatyala aphezulu afana nokaEdward Snowden kunye neWear Wern abonisa ukugqithisa. Kwanangeeeeeeewadi ngaphantsi kwemali engekho mthethweni e-RD.$2,5,5,5,5,5,5.5.

Isiphumo esimandundu sikho ngokwenene. Abavuli-mlozi banokubeka ezi ngozi ngokungeqinisekiyo kwinzuzo yokuza phambili. Oku kubonakalisa ukubaluleka kokhuseleko olomeleleyo, olunyanzelisayo kunye nesithethe esixabisa ukubonakala ngaphandle kokunyaniseka okungabonakaliyo.

Uphando Lwemichiza Engaphanda Ngayo

Ngokungafaniyo neengxelo zemihla ngemihla, i-arhente ebhekisa kwiziganeko, i-operariji ibhenela phantsi kwembonakalo yeengxaki zenkqubo("ukonakala, ukungafezeki kwemigaqo-nkqubo, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamalungelo abantu---apho kubandakanya uluntu. Lo msebenzi ufuna ixesha, oovimba, ubuchule, kwaye ngokufuthi ukhaliphe ukujamelana nengcinezelo yezopolitiko.

Indaleko Yokufumana Ingxelo

Iminyaka yee1970 entle yophando logcino-lwazi lweziko lobuzwilakhe lwavelisa izinto ezifunyenweyo ezifana neWatergate octoption in ibali, ezazisa phantsi umongameli. Elo xesha lakwabonwa kwakhona ukusekwa kweZiko loPhindelo lobuGcisa kwingxelo yoMgaqo-mvana ngo19977) kunye nokudalwa kwePulitzer Price-wind kwimisebenzi esukela kwimpatho enzima yamapolisa ukuya ekungakhathalelwanga. Kwinkulungwane yama-21, unyuko lwe-media lwamajelo ludefayitha e-ICPUP, ubugcisa ngoku busebenzisa ii-database, inkululeko yolwazi, intellig, kunye noxwebhu olufihlakeleyo lokusebenza kunye. I-RGlobalterm ye-SCICICI) [FLTY]

Izixhobo zamanani kunye nogcino-lwazi

Ingxelo yophando yangoku ixhomekeke kakhulu kuhlalutyo logcino-lwazi. Iindaba ziyakwazi ukunqumla iindleko zikarhulumente ezithandwayo, imigudu yokutsala irekhodi, kunye nochokoza iimfazwe zomdla kusetyenziswa ii-data zikawonke-wonke. Amaqonga akhuselekileyo afana ne-Covity Drop avumela abacuphi bempempe ukuba babelane ngokungaziwayo. Ukusebenzisa kwe-ICIJ ukuncokola okufihlakeleyo kunye nezixhobo ezidibeneyo kunokwenza ukuba iintatheli ezingaphezu kwama-400 ezivela kumazwe angama-80 zikwazi ukuhlalutya amaxwebhu avulileyo avela kwiPanamapas. Lo mphakathi wezo wezobugcisa iyenze yanzima kakhulu ukuba abonakale ukuba abonakale kakubi, kodwa ikwafuna ukuba iintatheli zikwazi ukuhlaziya imisebenzi yazo yokhuseleko lwamanani okukhusela imithombo.

Uqhagamshelwano lwangaphandle: International Comculation of Investigative jointers – uphando olunqamlezayo lwemida [[FLT: 1].

Ulwalamano Oluchaseneyo Phakathi Kwabacuphi Neentatheli

Unxulumano phakathi kwabavuli-mlozi kunye neentatheli eziphandayo luyenye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokuphendula kwibutho labantu ledemokhrasi. Abavuli bompuluko banolwazi olungaphakathi kodwa abanalo iqonga lokulusasaza ngokubanzi; iintatheli zineqonga kodwa azingeni ngaphakathi. Bobabini, bayakwazi ukudlula abagcini-sango bemibutho baze bazise abantu ngokuthe ngqo. Olu lwalamano lufuna ukuthembana, ukuqinisekisa ngocoselelo, nokuhlonelana ngeengozi ezibandakanyekileyo.

Isifundo Setyala: Watergate

Ihlazo leWatergate linguhlobo olubalaseleyo lombutho-mpuluswa-journalist. NgoJuni 17, 1972, amadoda amahlanu abanjwa ngenxa yokwaphulwa kwekomkhulu leKomiti yesizwe yeDemocratic. Le ngxelo ibinokutyhaphala ukuba ibingengenxa yemvelaphi engaziwayo ebizwa ngokuba “yi-Holly Throat" (emva yatyhilwa ukuba yiFvix Seader Prepherace Barce Mark Felt). Kwinyanga ezininzi, inkcukumiso egxekayo eyandiswayo kwiWashington Post Boodward kunye noCarl Bernstein, ibavumela ukuba banxulumane nephulo elibanzi le-Speage kunye netyala lobulungisa. Ukunika kwabo ingxelo yabo eshwa kwengqungquthelana iPrence Richard Nixon i-Primplay, idiant, idityaniswe ne-injini ye-mentelling, i-ethel, ibangela ukuba i-ofisi ye-ofisi ye-ofisi yolawulo ephakamileyo.

Isifundo Setyala: Iphepha LePanama

Ngo- 2015, umcuphi wempempe ongaziwayo wavuza amaxwebhu asuka kwifektha yomthetho yase Panama iMossack Fonseca ukuya kwintatheli yaseJamani iBastian Obermaker. Kunokuba apapashe ngokukhawuleza, intlangano ye-Obermander, Süddeutsche Zeitung, isebenzisana nenkampani ye-ICIJ ukuhlolisisa ugcino-lwazi nokudibanisa ububanzi bemibhobhobho ephumayo. Uphengululo olulandelayo, olwapapashwa ngo-2016, lwabonisa indlela abalawuli behlabathi jikelele abayisebenzisa ngayo kwiinkampani zebhombu yonxweme ukuphepha irhafu, imali, kunye nezinto zokufihla intengo. I-Pronsoli yakhokelela ekulahleni kweentloko zephondo, kuquka nombutho ye-Icelardergen Smunddavdavdagson, kunye nood transner, ngokufunya kwe-okstrier, i-operver.

Imisebenzi Yamatyala Nezikhuseli Ehlabathini Lonke

Ukuma okusemthethweni kwabaqhubi bemiloti kuyahluka kakhulu ngaphaya kommandla ophakamileyo. Amanye amazwe anikela ukhuseleko oluqatha; amanye ajonga ukufungqwa kwempendulu njengokuvukela okanye ukohlwaya njengokuvalelwa entolongweni. Ukusebenza kwemithetho kuxhomekeke ekunyanzelweni komthetho, kwisimo sengqondo senkcubeko, nakuzimele kwejaji.

Umthetho weWhistlepunder okhuselayo kunye neDodd-Frank

Abafuthi bempempe bamazwe asekuhlaleni bakhuselwe kakhulu phantsi koMthetho weWhistleer Protection Act (WPA) ka- 1989, oyalela ukuphindezela ukuxelelwa kolwazi oluthi ngokusengqiqweni umqeshwa akholelwe ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukusetyenziswa kakubi, okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya. Noko ke, iWPA igubungela abasebenzi borhulumente kuphela. Ababhexi bepeyinti yecandelo loshishino bakhuselwa yimithetho yeshishini, enjenge-Sarbanes-Oxley Act yorric yenkampani kunye noMthetho we-Dodd-Frank wakwanges awestiki wokwaphula umthetho. Dodd-Frank wasungula inkqubo yokufutha i-Swemist, ehlawule ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingamawaka zezigidi zemali ukususela ekuhlaselelweni kwayo. Isaziso sabagxeki-o abagxeki be-U.

Imiyalelo yeEuropean Union

Ngo-2019, i-EU yamkela iNkokeli eLawulweni Yokhuseleko Lwabantu Abayinikelayo Kumthetho we-Bountains, ifuna ukuba amazwe angamalungu amisele imijelo yokubika yangaphakathi, akhusele abacuphi bempempe, anike iinkonzo zokuxhasa. Le miyalelo igubungela uludwe olubanzi lwemimandla equka ukuqokelelwa koluntu, iinkonzo zemali, ukugawulwa kwemali, kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke. Ukufakelwa kwemali kuye kwatshintshatshintshana kwemithetho edityanisiweyo, ngoxa amanye amazwe e-a. Ingxelo ye-2023 Transparediation International ifumanise ukuba amalungu e-EUNIA kuphela afake ulwalathiso kumthetho wesizwe.

Iingxaki Neemeko

Kwanalapho kukho imithetho, abavuli-mpempe bajongene nemiqobo eluncedo. Impindezelo inzima; abaqeshi basoloko bethethelela izenzo ezingalunganga kwezinye iindawo. Imithetho emininzi ayigqubutheli ingxelo engaziwayo, ityhalela abacuphi bempempe ekwahluleni. Kumazwe athoba ulawulo, ukhuseleko olusemthethweni alukho, kwaye abavuli-mpeli basengozini yokuvalelwa okanye bafumana okungaphezulu. Uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe kufuneka luqhubeke lutyhalela phambili kwimilinganiselo esezantsi yendalo yonke [[FLT],1] kwaye luqinisekisa ukuba imibutho yehlabathi kunye nemibutho ye-ogcuntswana yamazwe amkela imigaqo-yokufutha.

Uqhagamshelwano lwangaphandle: umahluko wehlabathi – uphalo lwezibonelelo kunye neengxelo zamazwe.

Iingxaki Ngeminyaka Yamanani

Ubugcisa buye banika amandla abavuli-mlozi kunye noomngcipheko abangakumbi. Izixhobo ezifanayo ezivumela unxibelelwano olukhuselekileyo zikwanceda uphando oluninzi lwamazwe kunye namaqumrhu. Ukungaqiniseki kunzima ukukugcina kunanini na ngaphambili, kwaye iinyawo zamanani zingayityhalela imithombo.

Isandi nokungaqondwa

Oorhulumente baye bandisa amandla okuhlola ngemithetho efana ne-USA PARIOTT Act kunye noMthetho we-UK we-Presignication Powers. Abacuphi kufuneka bathathe uluvo lonxibelelwano lwabo lujongiwe. Ukukhowuda, ukukhusela iTor, kunye nenkqubo zokuhlisa ilahleko zinika ukhuseleko oluthile, kodwa ukhuseleko lufuna ubuchule abasebenzi abaqhelekileyo abanabo. Imeko yokusebenza kweChelseater Maning ibonisa oku: Ukusebenzisa umjelo ofihlakeleyo ukudlulisa amaxwebhu acaciweyo eWikiLeaks kodwa ekugqibeleni kwafunyaniswa ngomatshini bokudambisa ii-millimeta kunye nokuvumisa izono. Ngo-20222. Ngo-U. U.S. urhulumente umangalela abantu abaninzi ukuba bavune iimfihlelo, imiqondiso yokuqhamkelo.

Ukungachazi Nokuthenjwa Nguwonke wonke

Okuhlekisayo kukuba, isizukulwana samanani sikwanciphisa impembelelo yokuvuthelana. Ubuninzi benkcazelo bungatshona kumabali abalulekileyo. Amaphulo okuchaphazelisa ulwazi angagxeka abavuli-mlozi okanye iingxelo ze-media. Ukuthemba uluntu ngejoni kurhoxisiwe kumazwe amaninzi, kukwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuguqula iingxelo zophengululo. Iinkqubo zezentlalo-ntle zidla ngokukhulisa ulwaneliseko olungaphaya kocaciso, ingxelo yobungqina. Abacuphisi kunye neentatheli kufuneka ngoku bakhuphisane kungekuphela nje ngemfihlo yasemthethweni kodwa nangezinto ezidityanisiweyo zendalo.

Ukuqinisa Ubuchule Bokuphendula

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba abavuli-mlozi kunye noondaba abaphandi bayaqhubeka bebeka oorhulumente esweni, zombini iinguqu zoorhulumente kunye nokutshintsha kwenkcubeko ziyimfuneko. Ukhuseleko lulodwa alwanele; abavuli-mlozi bafuna inkxaso, ukugqalwa, kunye nendlela zokufumana ukhuseleko.

Imigaqo-nkqubo

  • Amaqumrhu azimeleyo ajongele ukuphatha: Yenza amaqumrhu anikezelwe ukuphanda iingxelo zokuvulela impempe ngaphandle kokungenelela kwezobupolitika, efaniswe kwi-Ofisi yeSigqibo esikhethekileyo se-U.S. okanye i-UK’S Public Conservation at Work.
  • [ izikhuthazo zemali kunye nenkxaso yomthetho: iinkqubo zomvuzo ezandisiweyo njengazo ziphantsi koMthetho wobuGcisa bobuxoki, kodwa kwakhona zinika isiluleko somthetho sesisa ngoko abavuli-mlozi abazibonwli ukubuyisa impindezelo.
  • Imithetho yokhuseleko lomkhosi wemfazwe: ikhusela abacholacholi ekunyanzelweni ukuba bafumane imvelaphi, kunye nemithetho yohlaziyo ebandayo enika ingxelo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amalungelo okhuseleko: Uhlaziyo imithetho yabucala ukukhusela uthungelwano lwabavuli-mlozi ekujongweni kwentsebenziswano, kunye nokuxhobisa ngokhuseleko lwamanani ukwenzela iintatheli.
  • Inyathelo lokufundisa: Ukufutha amalungelo okudubula kwimfundo yemigaqo yenkonzo kawonke-wonke kunye nezifundo zezifundo zesikolo.

Indima yoluntu ne-NGOGO

IBlorho yemibutho engeyoyarhulumente isithuba phakathi kokhuseleko olusemthethweni kunye nezinto ezikhoyo emhlabeni. Amaqela afana neprojekthi yeGovernment Accomplity, , [[FLT]] i-Transpancy International[[, kunye Abalawuli Abangenamida [ banikezela inkxaso ethe ngqo, uxinzelelo lwezizwe ngezizwe. Bakwalawula ukuthobela imigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe kunye neengxelo zesithunzi. Izakhono zingaqinisa ezi migudu ngokuxhasa ulawulo oluzimeleyo, ukulwa nokuqhankcaza ngokuchasene nokonakala, kunye nokuvocaza ngokurva ngokurhweba.

Isiphelo

Abacholacholi-ndaba nabaphandi beentatheli abachasana norhulumente; bangabagcini-ngxolo bawo. Ngokubhenca ubuqhophololo nokuxhatshazwa, banyanzela amaziko kawonke-wonke ukuba aphile ngokweenjongo zawo ezisisiseko. Imbali ibonisa ukuba ngaphandle kwezi nja zigadeli, amandla asoloko enikela ingqalelo kwaye ebolile. Ixabiso lenkalipho yawo lisoloko liphezulu, kodwa ixabiso lokungathethi nto. Ngoko ke idemokhrasi ephilileyo kufuneka ikhusele, imbeko, ifunde kwabo bathetha inyaniso ngegunya. Kwixesha lobugxaso bolwazi nokwehla kokuthembana, umanyano phakathi kwabavuli neenkota luhlala lukho olunye lwezona zenzo zithembekileyo zokuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente unyani unceda abantu.