Table of Contents
Iinkqubo zokwahlulwa komgangatho: Intsika eCwangcisiweyo kwi-odoli yale mihla
Kumlo oqhubekayo wokulwa nogonyamelo, oorhulumente kunye nemibutho yasekuhlaleni ijonge ngaphaya kwemilinganiselo enzima yokhuseleko enjengeyokungenelela komkhosi, ukugada, nokunyanzelisa umthetho. Iinkqubo zokulwa nokusetyenziswa kolawulo loburhulumente ziye zavela njengenxalenye ephambili yeenkqubo zobuphengululi ezibanzi. Ezi zingenelelo zicwangcisiweyo zijolise ekulungiseni abantu abaye baphenjelelwa ziingcamango ezingenamandla, zibakhokela kwimiqathango egqithisileyo, zibakhokela kwimiqathango yokuzivuselela ukhuseleko kwibutho labantu abaqhelekileyo. Nangona le ngcamango ingentsha, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuye kwakhula ngokuphawulekayo kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edluleleyo, ingakumbi njengemilo ephakathi kweMpuma, Afrika, kunye ne-Asia iye yavelisa amanani amakhulu abantu ababesalwa nobuchule obunamandla. Isithembiso sokukhuthathiswa kwemiqatha kwemiqatha, ukusetyenziswa kweenkcubeko, ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo ezisetyenziswa kwe-syprionthrozi, iipropati ezithe zasekuhlaleni, iingcuka, iingcungcungcungcuka, ukusetyenziswa kweemeko ezithelelane, ukusetyenziswa nokusetyenziswa kwe
Ziyintoni Iinkqubo Zokudityaniswa?
Iinkqubo zokwenza utshintsho zijolise ekungeneni okucetyweni okanye ekulungiseni iingcamango ezigqithisileyo, ukuziphatha, kunye nonxulumano. Zisebenza kwimo yokuba ulwahlulo luyinkqubo, kwaye ngoko ke, lungaphinde luncitshiswe. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi zinyathelo zijolise kubantu abasele befumene iimbono ezigabadeleyo ````edentiv''''. Ukuba sele bevalelwe, ukubuyiselwa kwenye indawo kwiingingqi zemfazwe, okanye ukufunyaniswa ngokujongwa kwabantu. Usukelo olupheleleyo lukunciphisa amathuba okuba baza kubandakanyeke okanye baxhase ubugrogrisi kwixesha elizayo.
Ezi nkqubo zahluke kwimigudu nje yokuphelisa isimilo, enokugxininisa ekutshintsheni ukuziphatha ngaphandle kokutshintsha iinkolelo ezisisiseko. Iinjongo zokuguqula umgangatho wobunzululwazi zifuna utshintsho olunzulu: ukusuka kwisiseko sengqondo esithethelela ugonyamelo. Abathathi-nxaxheba basebenzisa ukuxubaniswa kwengcebiso yengqondo, imfundo yengqondo, uqeqesho lwezimvo, inkxaso yemisebenzi, kunye nokubuyiselwa koluntu kwinkxaso engundoqo. Oku kudla ngokuba kukufumana ubuchule obusuka kwinzululwazi yengqondo, kwizifundo zonqulo, umsebenzi woluntu, kunye nezifundo zokhuseleko. Iinkqubo zisetyenziswa kakhulu ngabameli bakarhulumente, kodwa iiNGO kunye nemibutho yonqulo zikwadlala iindima ezibalulekileyo kumazwe amaninzi.
Iindlela
Uyilo lweenkqubo zokwenza i-arhente yahluka-hlukene kakhulu ngokusekelwe kwimo-bume yasekuhlaleni, uhlobo lobugqeba boyikiso, kunye nezibonelelo ezikhoyo. Noko ke, inkoliso yabelana ngeseti yee-asethi ezingundoqo ezilungiselelwe iimfuno zabathathi-nxaxheba.
Icebiso lengqondo kunye neNkxaso
Ilungu elisembindini lingumntu ngamnye okanye iqela lonyango olujoliswe ekuhlangabezaneni nokwenzakala kwentliziyo, ukugqwethwa kwengqondo, kunye nokungaqondakali kweemvakalelo okusenokuba kunegalelo ekwakheni utshintsho. I-Cogbar Behavical Therapy (CBT) isoloko isetyenziswa ukunceda abathathi-nxaxheba baqonde kwaye bacebise imilinganiselo yokungalungelelani, njengenkolelo yokuba ugonyamelo lungumsebenzi wobulungisa okanye iintshaba ezingekho maqela angabantu abanobuntu. Abacebisi bakwasebenza ekwakheni ulwano, umgaqo ongokweemvakalelo, kunye nokuzinzisa ngokuchasene nobuxoki. Ezinye iinkqubo ziquka ukuchanabeka ingxilonga-zimo-zimo zengqondo, ingakumbi kwabo banamava olw'uvel'und okanye ukungquzulwano okanye ukulahleka kwengxabano.
Imfundo Engokweengcamango Neyonqulo
Ekubeni iingcamango ezininzi ezigqithisileyo zikhuthaza iingcamango zonqulo, ezopolitiko, okanye ezobupolitika, iinkqubo zokuguqula imbali zidla ngokuquka iintlanganiso ezilungiselelwe ukucel ’ umngeni ezo ngxelo. Abaphengululi bonqulo abaqeqeshiweyo okanye abathathi-nxaxheba babandakanyeka kwingxubusho yezakwalizwi, bechaza ezinye izibhalo okanye imfundiso ekhuthaza uxolo, ukunyamezela, kunye nobungcwele bobomi. Umzekelo, imigudu yokuziqhelanisa eSaudi Arabia ne-Indonesia ibandakanya ufundo oluneenkcukacha zemibhalo yamaQuanic ukuphikisa ukuthethelela ugonyamelo olusetyenziswa ngamaqela afana no-al-Qaeda okanye ISIS.
Ubandakanyeko Loluntu Nentsapho
Ukubuyiselwa kwakhona okuphumelelayo kudla ngokufuna ulwakhiwo lweentsapho kunye noluntu olusenokuba luye lwaphazamiseka okanye lwanqunyulwa. Iinkqubo ezininzi ziquka ukucebisa intsapho, ukutyelela rhoqo ekhaya, kunye neentlanganiso zokulungisa ulwalamano. Amalungu entsapho aqeqeshelwe ukuqaphela iimpawu zokubuyela kwemitshato nokunika inkxaso eqhubekayo ngokweemvakalelo nesebenzisekayo. Amanyathelo okubophelela abantu abandakanya iinkokeli zasekuhlaleni, amanani onqulo, nababefudula besenza izinto eziluncedo. Ngokudala imekobume yentlalo exhasayo, le migudu inciphisa iimvakalelo zokuzikhusela ezinokutyhalela abantu kwimibutho enempembelelo egqithisayo.
Uqeqesho lwemisebenzi yezandla
Ukuthotywa kwemali kungunobangela owaziwayo womngcipheko wokupheliswa kwemali. Ukuze kwenziwe kube lula ukubuyiselwa komsebenzi ozinzileyo, iinkqubo ezininzi zinika uqeqesho lomsebenzi, uncedo lokunika umsebenzi, imfundo yangaphakathi, okanye imali-mboleko encinane yeshishini. Abathathi-nxaxheba bafunda ubuchule bokuthengisa obufana nokuchwetheza, ukufunda iikhomputha, okanye ukulungisa iikhompyutha. Kwezinye iimeko, bafumana iimali ngexesha locwangciso ukuze banciphise ukuphelelwa yimali. Ilungu lezoqoqosho alinikezeli nje kuphela umsebenzi kodwa likhuthaza nengqiqo yenjongo kunye nokuba lilungu elingaphandle lezaphuli-mthetho.
Ukusondela kweqela
Iinkqubo zahluka ekubeni ziphatha umntu ngamnye okanye amaqela. Ukucebisa ngamanye kuvumela ukuhambelana neembali zobuqu kunye nezenzo ezibucala, ngelixa iintlanganiso zeqela zingakhuthaza inkxaso yoontanga nokuphendula koxanduva. Ezinye iinkqubo, njengaleyo eseSingapore, zidibanisa zombini: abathathi-nxaxheba bangena kwiiklasi zonqulo kunye nezoluntu ngexesha abafumana icandelo elinye lengqondo. Indlela yokuzilungisa ixhomekeke kumgangatho oyingozi wamalungu kunye nomongo wenkcubeko.
Ukuphumelela: Ukuphumelela Neengxaki Zako
Ukuvavanya ukuba iinkqubo zokususa uxinzelelo zisebenza ngenene zizaliswe ziingxaki zenkqubo. Izinga lokuzikhusela liyanda. Ngokubhekele phaya, umlinganiselo wabathathi-nxaxheba ababuyela kwimisebenzi yezoyikeleleyo emva kokugqiba inkqubo, "isoloko isetyenziswa njengekhompyutha esebenza njengomqobo ukuze iphumelele, kodwa ingalahlekisa. Abaninzi ababenenxaxheba ngaphambili bahlala phantsi kokhangelo, kwaye uphumlo oluphinda-phindiweyo lungabonakalisa ukhuseleko oluqinisiweyo kunokuba lubonise ukuqina kwakhona kwe-stytynamistic. Ngaphezu koko, ukungakho kokuziphatha kogonyamelo akubonisi inguqulelo kwiinkolelo; umntu unokuba ngononophelo.
Iimeko ezininzi zinxulumene nempumelelo ephezulu. Ezi ziquka ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokuzithandela, inkxaso emandla yentsapho, kunye nokufumaneka kwamanye amathuba ezoqoqosho. Iinkqubo ezihlala ixesha elide (umz., iinyanga ezintandathu ukuya kwezili-12) kwaye ziquka ukomelela emva kokukhathalelwa . Oku kuquka ukusoloko kusenziwa, ukujongwa komsebenzi, kunye nokujongwa kwamagosa oluntu entlalo-ntle. Ngokuchasene noko, iinkqubo ezixhomekeke kwingxoxo kuphela ngaphandle kokuthetha ngeemfuno zengqondo ezikhoyo okanye iimeko zentlalo zisoloko zingaphumeleli ukuvelisa utshintsho oluhlala luhleli. [[FLT: 0] I-United Nations Ofireshit ye-Trorrism igxininise ukuba impumelelo ifuna i-hoversi, iinyanga ezininzi ezidibanisa zonke ezi zinto.
Uphando lwetyala: Ukwenziwa kwamaxwebhu
Ukuhlolisisa iinkqubo ezithile kunokucacisa oko kusebenzayo, kunye noko kungasebenziyo.
ISaudi Arabia: Umzekelo Wobuvulindlela
ISaudi Arabia yaqalisa inkqubo yayo yokwenziwa idemoniki ekuqaleni kowama- 2000 njengenxalenye yeqhinga elibanzi lokulwa nobugrogrisi. Le nkqubo ijolise kubantu abavalelwe kwityala lokhuseleko, ngokuqhelekileyo abo badityaniswe ne-al-Qaeda okanye kamva i-ISSIS. Abathathi-nxaxheba bafumana imfundo yonqulo kwakhona nabefundisi abavunyiweyo, abefundisi abaqeqeshiweyo, kunye noqeqesho lwezobugcisa. Ucwangciso olukhethekileyo kukubandakanyeka kwentsapho kuyo yonke inkqubo, kuquka inkxaso yemali kunye noncedo lwezindlu. Urhulumente waseSaudip ubiza isantya esiphezulu sempumelelo, kodwa abagxeki abathathi-nxaxheba babala ukuba amaqela athile aneziphendumiso zengqondo kwamanye amazwe. Noko ke, inkqubo iphembele imigudu yokusebenza kwemali, kuquka nenkxaso kwemali kunye noncedo lwezindlu.
I-Indonesia: Iindlela ezisekelwe kuluntu
I-Indonesia yamkela imodeli elungeleleneyo, enenkqubo elawulwa yiwo omabini urhulumente kunye neNGO. Okuphawulekayo kukuba, eli lizwe liye lazama ukusebenzisa ababekho bezotheski njengabacebisi −a ubuchule obubangela ukuvavanya uqikelelo olungundoqo lweengxelo. Yasama Prassasti Permaian[[FLT]] [[FLT]] [1] [iiiiiimeko] (iNkqumrhu leMonual of Peast)] iqhuba inkqubo edibanisa incoko yonqulo, inkxaso yengqondo, kunye noqeqesho. Ufundo olupapashicilelwe [[FLT:] kwi-RGOLT] kunye nogonyamelo lwepolitian [FLTLT:3] lufumanise okokuba imigudu yoluntu, xa idityaniswe nenkxaso ngamandla yentsapho, ikhokelele ekuncipheni kweminye yemibutho yesizwe, ngoko kuxanduko, ngoko, ngoko, ngoko, ukuxandukulwano lwezizwe, kunye nolungeleneno lwezizwe phakathi
Umntla Ireland: Umhlaba Osisigxina Wezobupolitika
Isivumelwano esiLungileyo soLwesihlanu kunye nenkqubo yoxolo eyalandelayo kuMntla Ireland inika ityala elikhethekileyo apho ukubekwa kwesantya esiphezulu esithe tye yenzeka ngokufakwa kwezobupolitika kunokuba kusetyenziswe iinkqubo zokubuyisela uluntu. Ezo mkhosi zombini zadityaniswa kwimikhosi yoorhulumente kunye neyobunyani kwizixhobo zedemokhrasi, kwaye amanyathelo okulungisa asekelwe kuluntu anceda ekunciphiseni ugonyamelo. La mava acebisa ukuba ukusingatha izikhalo zezopolitiko ezithi ipetroli ezinokuba luncedo kakhulu kunokubhekisa nje kwinzululwazi yengqondo yomntu ngamnye, qhawe kwizifundo zokulwa nemfazwe kwamanye amaphondo aneziphene.
Ukufumana Ithuba Ezintolongweni: Ucwangciso Olumanyumnyezi
Iintolongo zisoloko zikho apho kubekwa khona ulwahlulo, kodwa zikwanika ukulawulwa kokusingqongileyo ukuze kungenelwe. Amazwe amaninzi aye avelisa amaqela okufumana intolongo alwahlula oontamo-phambili kubemi jikelele ukuthintela ukukhutshwa kombutho othe rhoqo. EFransi, amaqela ovavanyo oluthe kratya (RAD) asebenzisa iqela elininzi lokuqeqesha (iiiingcali zezenzululwazi, iingcali zezentlalo-ntle, kunye nabacebisi bonqulo, `ukuvavanya nokunyanga amabanjwa. Noko ke, iinkqubo ezinjalo ziye zajamelana nokugxekwa ngenxa yokunganikezeli ngokwaneleyo inkxaso yeposi. Ufundo lwamashumi amabini oluye luye lusetyenziswa yi International Center forstatection-Terismsism lwafumanisa ukuba kwinkqubo ye-mfudula Yurophu ngokufuthi abasebenzi abaswele ukuqhubekeka nokusebenza kwentlalo emva kokuziselwa, ukuphumelela ixesha elide.
Ucelomngeni Nezinto Ezisikelwe U umda
Naphezu kwesithembiso sazo, iinkqubo zokususa utyalo-moya zijongene nemiqobo emikhulu elinganisela ukusebenza kwazo.
Ukwazi nokuvavanya
Ukukhetha abafanelekele ukukhutshwa kobuphengululi kungucelomngeni olukhulu. Abanye abantu bazinikele ngokunzulu ukuba bangatshintsha, ngelinye ixesha abanye basenokuzenza ngathi bayavumelana ukuze bafumane ukukhululwa kwasekuqaleni. Izixhobo zokuvavanya iingozi azikafezeki, kwaye ukuchaza kakubi abantu kusenokuba neziphumo ezinzulu: ukukhupha ingxilimbela eqinileyo ingakhokelela kuhlaselo olutsha, ngexa uthintelo lomntu ophantsi lungachitha ubuncwane kwaye ngokungaziqondisi. Urhulumente kufuneka alungelelanise inkxalabo yokhuseleko nosukelo lokubuyisela umva.
Umngcipheko Wokomeleza Iinkolelo
Ungenelelo oluyilwe ngokungekho mgangathweni lungabuya nomphumo. Ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bavakalelwa ukuba inkqubo isebenza kunye okanye iinkolelo zabo ziyahlaselwa ngaphandle kokuqonda, banokuba ngamanyumnyezi. Iintlanganiso zeqela ezidibanisa oontamo-phambili abaqinisekisiweyo zingadala amagumbi eentlokoma apho imbali eziphambili ziqiniswayo kunokuba zicelwe umngeni. Umzekelo, iinkqubo zentolongo zangaphambili eUnited Kingdom ezahlala kunye nabagcin ’ amadlala zisenza sinyanzele ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokunxibelelana kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokudlala kunye nokuzidibanisela. Le nto ibangele ukuba abantu ngabanye bangenelelana ngobuchule.
Ubutyebi Obulinganiselweyo Nokuthanda Kwezobupolitika
Ukukhutshwa kwemiqathango ebuthathaka kubiza imali eninzi. Kufuna izazi ngengqondo eziqeqeshiweyo, abaphengululi bonqulo, abasebenzi bokhuseleko, kunye nabasebenzi bezentlalo, kwanamazwe amaninzi alandela iziphumo ezinde. Ngokungakumbi lawo akwimimandla ebuthathaka kunye namaziko abuthathaka, angabinabo amandla okuzalisekisa iinkqubo ezomeleleyo. Kwanakumazwe afumileyo, inkxaso yemali idla ngokwenziwa kumthetho kunye neempendulo zomkhosi kunokuthintelwa nokubuyiselwa konyango. Ngaphezu koko, uxinzelelo lwezopolitiko lokubonisa iziphumo ezikhawulezileyo lungakhokelela kwiinkqubo ezithi ncam (njengamanani okuzingamanani okufunda) enyani ekutshintsheni ukuziphatha.
Ukuchasa Imibandela Nezobupolitika
Ukudibanisa abo babengabalawuli bezothe kwintlalo kusoloko kusenziwa ngoloyiko kunye nentiyo. Abamelwane bangala ukubamkela, abaqeshi bangabaqeshi, kwaye iintsapho zingalahlwa. Oku kukruqula ukuphumelela kwenkqubo, kushiya abantu abahlukeneyo nabasengozini yokuphinda baqaliswe. Kwezinye iindawo, kukho ukuchaseka kwezobupolitika naluphi na uhlobo lokungakhathaleli kwamaphekula, okungathomalalisa inkxaso kawonke-wonke yokungalawuleki. Oorhulumente kufuneka basebenzele ukwakha ukuthemba uluntu ngamaphulo oluntu kunye nangabaphathi basekuhlaleni kwinkqubo yokuquququzelela uluntu.
Isiphelo: Ukuya Kwindlela Ebalulekileyo
Iinkqubo zokuzinzisa amaxabiso okusebenzisa i-arhente azinakutshintsha ubukrelekrele, umsebenzi wamapolisa, okanye isenzo somkhosi apho kukho izisongelo ezikhawulezileyo. Noko ke, zimela isixhobo esibalulekileyo kumzabalazo othabatha ixesha elide nxamnye nezenzo ezimandundu. Ngokuthetha ngezizathu ezibangela ukuqhuba abantu bejamelene nogonyamelo //ukuqengqeleka, ulwelo lwengqondo, udandatheko, ukuphelelwa lithemba, ukuphelelwa lithemba, `ukuthelekelela) okunika indlela ebambekayo yokunciphisa umbhobho wamaphekruthelo wexesha elizayo. Ubungqina bubonisa ukuba impumelelo ixhomekeke ekudibaniseni ingqondo, ingcuka, intlalo, kunye nezoqoqosho zixhasa isiseko sokuthabatha inxaxheba sokuzithandela kunye nokudibana kwengingqini. Iinkqubo ezixhaswa ngokungeyo, ukunyanzelwangalawuleki, okanye ezithengwa ngaphandle kokuthenga ngokuqhelekileyo zibangela ukuba iingxaki zezo ezikhoyo.
Ukuhambela phambili, oorhulumente kunye noogqirha kufuneka bafake ingeniso engqongqo yovavanyo olulawulwa ngokungacwangciswanga apho kunokwenzeka, kunye nophando olude oluthi lulandele abathathi-nxaxheba kwiminyaka emva kokugqitywa kwenkqubo. Ukwabelana ngoqheliso olungcono kuwo onke amazwe, ngexa ukulungelelanisa nomongo wobulali, kuya kubaluleka. Iintlangano zezizwe ngezizwe ezifana i-United Nations Ofest Office kwi-Drugractics kunye ne-Crime[FLD] [FLT] [1] kunye ne-General Counterbactic Forum iphuhlisegnomes zokunceda ukufikelela umgangatho ophezulu. Ekugqibeleni, ide-radiation ayisoli nje umlinganiselo wokhuseleko; luzibongela ukulungisa nokuphatha isidima koluntu. Xa idityaniswe nemigudu eninzi yokulawula, kunye nokuzinzisa i-enza, inegalelo kwimiba yehlabathi apho i-erhentix efumana umhlaba.