Ukwazisa: Isizathu Sokuba Kumelwe Umelo

Umelo lwePropotionel (PR) lujolise ekuguquleni iivoti eziphoswe kwizihlalo zowiso-mthetho ngendlela enciphisa ukugqwethwa phakathi kwesabelo sombutho ekuvotelweni okuqhelekileyo kunye nesabelo sawo sezihlalo zepalamente. Ngokungafaniyo nokufumana zonke iinkqubo ezifana nezokuqala-phambili-mkhohlo (FPTPP), apho umvotisi onenkoliso eninzi kwizihlalo zephondo ezuza isihlalo kwaye zonke ezinye izivoti zilahlwa ngokunempumelelo, i-PR yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba kwanamaqela anenkxaso esezantsi angakhusela umelo. Umgaqo ongundoqo ulungile: ukuba iqela lifumana amaphesenti angama-30 evoti yevoti yesizwe, kufuneka libambe ipesenti engama-30 yezihlalo.

Eli nqaku lihlola ukusebenza kwenkqubo ye-PR ekudluliseleni umelo olulungileyo, ekukhuthazeni ulawulo lwedemokhrasi, kunye nokulungisa imingeni evela kwezobupolitika ezindidi ezininzi. Ngokubhekisa kwimizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene kunye nophando lobugcisa, siza kuvavanya iinzuzo nxamnye norhwebo kwaye siqwalasele indlela i-PR enokutshintshwa ngayo kwimo yezobupolitika eyahlukileyo. Ukuqonda ezi mpembelelo ziyimfuneko kubemi, abenzi bemithetho, nabaguquleli abafuna iinkqubo zokhetho eziqinisa kunokugqwetha idemokhrasi.

Imeko yembali yomelo lwenkcazelo

Imvelaphi yobuchule bolwahlulo lomelo lolwahlulo ibuyela emva kumbindi wenkulungwane yama-1878. Umvumisi wezibalo nonyulo lwezinyusi wase Belgium uVictor D’Hondt wayila enye yezona ndlela zolwahlulo lwesihlalo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu (indlela ye D’Hondt). Kulo lonke ixesha, igqwetha nentanda-bulumko yamaNgesi Thomas Haretas Vote (STV). Ukwenziwa komsebenzi wokuqala kwesizwe kwavela eBelgium ngo18997, kwaye ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye 20 yenkulungwane ye-1978. Kuquka amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, Denmark, kunye ne-Netherlands.[FLTLTY] kwamukelwa enye indlela ye-PFTLTY:3]

Iinkqubo zePR zafumana unyuko olungakumbi emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, xa ulawulo-melo olutsha lufuna ukuphepha ukungazinzi okunxulumene neziphumo ezitheth'thsileyo zokhetho. Namhlanje, amazwe angaphezu kwama-80 asebenzisa iPR kwindlu yawo esezantsi yepalamente, kwaye amaninzi ayisebenzisa kunyulo lwengingqi okanye lwasekuhlaleni. Ukunyuka kwePR kuye kwaqhutywa ngumnqweno wokwandisa ukufakwa, ukunciphisa iivoti ezichithiweyo, kwaye akhuthaza ukubandakanyeka kakhulu kwezobupolitika.

Iintlobo zeenkqubo zomelo

Umelo lweprojekti asiyonkqubo enye kodwa yentsapho eneendlela zokukhetha. Umahluko ongundoqo wahlukile kwindlela amavoti aguqulelwa ngayo kwizitulo nendlela abavoti abachaza ngayo izinto abazithandayo.

Uluhlu lwe PR

Kuluhlu PR, abavoti bafaka ibhola yokukhetha kuluhlu lweqela lezobupolitika. Ii-setts kwindlu yowiso-mthetho zisasazwa ngamaqela ngokuhambelana nesabelo sawo sovoti. Ulwabiso lungabalwa usebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zezibalo (eziqheleke iD’Hondt indlela okanye umlinganiselo weHare nobukhulu bentsalela. Uluhlu lwePR lungavalwa (iindawo kuphela enokuthi ikhethe iqela, hayi abaqhubi abatshabhini ngabanye) okanye ukuvula (amavota angachaza izikhethelo phakathi kwabathathi abathathi beqela abakwisigaba solawulo olunamandla, ngelixa kuvula uluhlu olugunya elikhulu lokulawula abaququququzeli beqela, loluhlu olugunyazisa impembelelo kulawulo lwabatsha abatsha.

Isivakalisi esinye esidluliswayo (STV)

STV luhlobo oluthe xhaxhe lomelo oluthe lwamiselwa ngokulinganayo. Abathathi-nxaxheba basetyenziswa kunyulo lwemithetho yepalamente kwiRiphabliki yase-Ireland naseMalta, kunye nokhetho lwengingqi ``````````'''''''. Unyulo olusuka kubanyulwayo lusuka kubavoti-nxaxheba kwaye amavoti asuswe kunyuso olulandelayo. I-STV isetyenziselwa unyulo lwepalamente kwiRiphabliki yase-Ireland naseMalta, kwaye kwezinye izinyulo zasekuhlaleni eScotsch neNew Zealand. Ngenxa yokuba abavoti abavoti abavoti abaquli abacholi abakhethekileyo, i-SV banokuvelisa umelo olugqithisileyo lobuqu kunenkqubo yoluhlu.

Ipropoti yorhwebo exutyiweyo

I-MMP idibanisa iziqalelo ze-PR kunye neziqendu ezizimeleyo. Iivote zidla ngokuphosa iivoti ezimbini: enye yezakho ugqibo (ngokufuthi inyulwe yi-FPTP) kunye nenye kuluhlu lwamaqela. Ivoti yeqela isetyenziselwa ukuphakamisa izihlalo ezizimeleyo ukwenzela ukuba ulwabelo lwezihlalo lubonise umlinganiselo wevoti yeqela. Amazwe anjengeJamani, New Zealand, kwaye iBolivia isebenzisa i-MMP. Le nkqubo ye-project ijolise ugcino lwasekuhlaleni ngexesha lokuqinisekisa ulwahluzo lolwano. Noko ke, ukuntlukwano kokulawula iivota ezimbini kusenokudida ezinye izivoteko, kwaye inkqubo elungiselelwe ngobuchule bokuphepha iinko lokufumana izihlalo okanye ukungalingani.

Ezinye Izinto

Iindlela ezongezelelweyo ziquka uluhlu lwe-PR olunomda (umz. 5% eJamani), oluthintela amaqela amancinane kakhulu ekungeneni epalamente, kunye nolwahlulo-zibonelelo lwe-bipropartical [, olusebenzisa ulungelelwaniso kwimimandla emininzi ngaxeshanye.

Iingenelo Zomelo

Abaxhasi bePR bathi le nkqubo inika uncedo oluninzi kunezinto ezisetyenziswa kwii-atripitali. Ezi ngenelo zixhaswa ziingcamango kunye nobungqina obusekelwe kwimiba.

Umelo olwandisiweyo lwemboniselo ezigqwethekileyo

Ngokuhlisa umqobo wokuphumelela, iinkqubo ze-PR zivumela ukuba amaqela asasazekileyo ezobupolitika angene epalamente. Oku kuquka amaqela amele ubukho bepalamente, izilangazelelo zengingqi, iinjongo zemekobume, okanye intlalo entsha. Umzekelo, kwi- New Zealand[ emva kokutshintshela iMMP, i-Māori Parti kunye neGreves efumene ubukho bepalamente obungenakukwazi ukufumaneka phantsi kwe-FTPP. Sween's inkqubo yePR isoloko inika izihlalo ezihlalo ezisibhozo okanye ngaphezulu, ibonisa udwebo olubanzi lwembono zembono ukusuka kude ukuya kumgangatho ophezulu. Ukuguqula ukugqugqi kwe-enjiweyo, i-evinggggneader ithetha oko kubandakanya i-PGenetics, i-PLTPGrective, kunye ne-ographdiations, i-od, i-ognomed, i-

Ukuncitshiswa Kwemibhobho Elahlwayo

Kwinkqubo zodidi olukhulu, ivoti yomvotelwa ophulukana nento eninzi idla ngokulahlwa; kunyulo lwe-FPTP, ngokufuthi ama-40-50 ekhulwini ovoti akasayi kufumana umvoti ophumeleleyo kwisithili ngasinye. Iinkqubo zePR zinciphisa inani levoti ezilahlwayo kuba kwanamaqela amancinane angafumana umelo ukuba agqitha kumnyango osemthethweni. Oku kuncitshiswa kokuvota okulahlwayo kungakhuthaza ukurhoxa okuphezulu, njengokuba abavoti bekholelwa ukuba ukhetho lwabo lunethuba lokuphembelela iziphumo.

Icebo lokucoca ulwelo

Uphando lwezizwe ngezizwe olwenziwa yi International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Uncedo (IDEA) lufumanise ukuba amazwe asebenzisa iinkqubo ze-PR athambekela ukuba abe nomvoti ophezulu kunalawo asebenzisa iinkqubo zobuntloko. Isizathu esixhaphakileyo sikukuba abavoti ePR bavakalelwa ukuba ukuvota kwabo “kuthethyiwe” kuba kunegalelo kubalo lwezihlalo zeqela ngokubanzi kunokuba kulahleke ngaphandle kwesithilithili esikhuselekileyo. Umzekelo, BElimy[[FLT] [ii] (uvota yothulo olukhawulezayo) kunye [[FLT] [FLT]] [2] kakhulu] [iiiindlela ephezulu yokuzithandela] ukulondolo olungaphezulu kakhulu kwexabiso ngaphezu kwama-80 ekhulwini, lohlobo olufana nokhetho lwe-United States (ieanjotma) ngokufunyanisek) kunye neminye imithetho elungele ukuvoluko yonyuselwa kwezo yezo yezopolitikizo.

Oorhulumente Abamanyana Nezobupolitika Ezimanyeneyo

PR phantse ayenzeki `````inkulu''; endaweni yoko, ikhuthaza urhulumente odibeneyo'. Ngoxa abanye abahlalutyi bejonga imiqolo njengengaguquguqukiyo, abaphengululi abaninzi baphikisa ngelithi imicimbi yezobupolitika edibeneyo ikhuthaza ucwangciso, ukulalanisa, nokuqhubekeka kwenkqubo. Kumazwe anjenge iJamani[ kunye kunye [FLT]] ne-Nethalands [[[FLT]] [[FLT]], iikhabhinethi ezingqutheleyo ziye zalawula ngokuneyo kangangamashumi eminyaka, imigaqo elungelelaniswayo iprojectives ezinokuthi zenzeke ngaphantsi kocateethi ezinkulu ezitshintshayo. PR izenze ulawulo lwevo olubonisa uvo lwezibombo olude lwezimpi.

Umbhalo ongcono nofuziselwayo

Ngenxa yokuba iinkqubo zePR zingakhetha amalungu amaninzi kwisithili ngasinye, zisoloko zikhokelela kulwahluko olukhulu phakathi kwamabhinqa akwimimiselo yemithetho, amabhinqa angakumbi, amancinane eentlanga, kunye namarhamente amaninzi avela kwiimvelaphi ezingengawo ama-76eli. Ukusetyenziswa kwenani lamaqela kungayiphucula ngakumbi le miphumela. Uphando lwe- Interpablialiamentary Union lubonisa ukuba amazwe anePR okanye iinkqubo ezixubeneyo aye, ngokwe-avareji, 24.8% abameli bamabhinqa epalamente, xa kuthelekiswa ne-19,6% kwiinkqubo ezinkulu. Ukuba nepalamente ezibonisa ubuninzi obunokuphucula ubunjani boluntu ekuboneni umgangatho wokwenza inkqubo kunye nokuthemba kwabantu.

Ucelomngeni Lomelo Oluvela Kulwazi

Akukho nkqubo yokhetho egqibeleleyo, kwaye iPR iza neseti yayo yeengxaki ezibalulekileyo ezimele ziphethwe ngocoselelo.

Ukwahlulwa Nokungalawuleki Korhulumente

I- ulawulo lwe-PR lungakhokelela kwipalamente eyahluleke kakhulu. Xa iqela elincinane liwina izihlalo, kunokuba nzima ukwenza umbutho kunye noninzi olucacileyo kunye neqonga lenkqubo elilungelelanisiweyo. uSirayeli [ unamava anzima kule ngxaki kangangeminyaka emininzi, noorhulumente abahlala ixesha elide phakathi kweminyaka emibini. Ukungazinzi kungakhutshwa xa amaqela afumana ungenelo olugqithisileyo okanye oluchasene nolulungelelwaniso. Italy, ukusetyenziswa kwe-PR phantse ngexesha lemfazwe yemfazwe kunegalelo kwienguquko ezikhoyo zorhulumente (orhulumente abamalunga nama-60 phakathi konyaka ka-19905). Kodwa ke, ukusetyenziswa kombutho lwezi zivumelwano ezicwangciso ezicwangcisiweyo zesivumelwano ezicwangciisiweyo. kusetyenziswa kwezimeko ezininzi ze-R, uninzi lwezibonelelo lwe-RCRCR, ngaphandle kolawulo oluzinzinyana lwezinzinyana lwe

Ukuphazamiseka Kwezinto Ezintsonkothileyo Nezinto Ezininzi

Iindlela zokuvota ezilayishwe ngecala, ezimbini, kunye nezibalo zingadida abavoti abaqhele ukuvota okulula kwe- “X”. E-New Zealand, ukulandela ukutshintshela kwi-MMP, amaphulo emfundo abaluleka ukuchaza iprojekthi emibini ye-66vote. Ngokufanayo, kunyulo lwe-STV, abanye abavoti bafumana inkqubo ephezulu inzima. Noko ke, ukuntsonkotha akukwenzi ukujika; uphando lubonisa ukuba nakwiinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo, abavoti ekugqibeleni bayazivumela, kwaye ulungiso olubonakalayo lwenkqubo lungabuyisela udideko lokuqala.

Anokubangela Imithendeleko Eyingozi

I-PR inganika iqonga kumaqela angonakeleyo azakucinezelwa phantsi kwemithetho engundoqo. Impumelelo ekhethekileyo yamaqela athe tye e- inyusen (I-Sween Democrates) kunye IsiJamani [iimpumelelo ephezulu] [iiiindlela-OFU)] iphakamise inkxalabo malunga nothetho-" weembono ezigqithisileyo. Amanye amazwe athetha ngale nto ngokubeka umqobo omncinci wevoti (umz. 5,%) eJamani, 3% kwaSirayeli). Amanye axhomekeke kwimiqathango yezomthetho evalwayo echaphaza ukuchasana. Urhwebo oluthiweyo lunganciphiswe ngokomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo.

Unxulumano Olubuthathaka

Uludwe olukhulu lwe-PR lungalunciphisa unxulumano phakathi kommisi-mthetho kunye nomthetho othile welizwe. Kwinkqubo apho amalungu adwelisweyo, amalungu ngamanye anokuba noxanduva oluphezulu kukhokelo lweqela kunokuba avoti bengingi. I-MMP ne-STV izama ukulondoloza uqhagamshelwano lwasekuhlaleni, kodwa kwanakwezo nkqubo ulwalamano olungqalileyo ludla ngokuba buthathaka ngakumbi kunakwimimandla enye enamalungu e-1962. Oku kungabikho koxanduva lwasekuhlaleni kungakhokelela ekuvotiseni i-vota, ingakumbi kwiindawo zasemaphandleni.

Uphando lwetyala: Umelo oluvela kumthetho

Ukuhlolisisa indlela iPR esebenza ngayo kumazwe awahlukahlukeneyo kunceda ekucaciseni ukuphumelela kwehlabathi layo lokwenene neemeko ekuthi phantsi kwazo iphumelele okanye iphoxeke.

IJamani: Ukuzinza ngeMMP

Inkqubo yeMixdied ÚMember Proportional yeJamani iye yasebenza ukususela ngowe-1994 kwaye ijongwa ngokubanzi njengemodeli yozinzo. IiVoter zikhetha isiqingatha seBundestag ukusuka kwimimandla ekwilungu elinye (ngaku-FPTP) kunye nesinye isiqingatha kwiqela elivaliweyo. ivoti imisela ulwabeko lwesihlalo sonke, kunye notshintsho lokuqinisekisa ukuba amaqela amancinci angenayo, ngoxa ubuntu boomeli basekuhlaleni bunika inkonzo elungeleleneyo. Urhulumente wobukhokhomo umelo umisela inkonzo esesikweni, kodwa ivoti yokungathembana (okufuna ukuba ummeli obuyiselweyo anyulwe ngexesha elinye) uthintele uhlobo lwemeko ebhankini ebonwayo.

ESweden: Phezulu Turnout neBroad Consenus

I-Sweden isebenzisa inkqubo evaliweyo ye-PR ngomqobo wesizwe (okanye i-12% kulawulo olunye). Isiphumo sindawo eninzi evelisa ummandla ophakathi "% okanye umbindi olungileyo oorhulumente abangumbutho. Uvoter ujika-jika ngokungaguquguqukiyo ungaphaya kwama-85%, kwaye inkqubo inandipha inkxaso kawonke-wonke. Imodeli ye-Swedish ibonisa ukuba ulungelelwaniso oluphezulu lungahlala kunye nolawulo olusebenzayo, ingakumbi xa amaqela enesithethe somcimbini kunye nokulala. Ubukho bemibutho elisibhozo okanye amaqela amaninzi kwi-Riksdag ayizithinteli ukwakhiwa kwe-kabhitry; kunoko, ikhuthaza ukuxhathisana kwe-ombutho (“69,5", kunye“i-Aunicediant") ezidiyo-ongqubano.

INew Zealand: Iinguqulelo Eziphumelelayo

I-New Zealand yasuka kwi-FPTP yaya kwi-MMP ngo-1996 emva kweminxeba emibini ebonakalisa ukunganeliseki okusasazekileyo kwinkqubo yolawulo. Utshintsho lwakhokelela kwipalamente eyahlukeneyo, neGreen Party, New Zealand Kuqala, kunye neMāori Parti ifumana umelo oluthe rhoqo. Isivumelwano sobucala noorhulumente abambalwa baye baba yimithetho esesikweni, efuna amaqela anxibelelana ngaphaya kwemiqathango yolwahlulo. Ngoxa inkxaso yokuqala malunga nozinzo ichazwe, iNew Zealand iye yafumana amaxesha olawulo olunamandla, kuquka nomphathi omkhulu wemikhosi ka-Clark (1999-2009) kunye nomanyano oluzinzileyo emva konyaka ka-2017. Uwonke ulwaneliseko luhlala luphezulu, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kweqela levoti yemithetho-othotho lwamazwe kunyuse ukwanda komgangatho wemigangatho yasekuhlaleni.

INetherlands: Ingcamango Embi

I-Netherlands isebenzisa uluhlu lwelizwe lonke lwe-PR inkqubo enomqobo osezantsi kakhulu (0.67% wevoti). Isiphumo sesinye sezona nkqubo zonyulo ezilungelelanisiweyo ehlabathini, ngokufuthi ivelisa amaqela ali-10/15 kuma 15076site Tweede Kamer. Nangona oku kwahlulwa, i-Netherlands isoloko inandipha ulawulo oluzinzileyo, incediswa yinkqenkqele yezopolitiko ye protom kunye nezivumelwano zomnqongo. Imeko yamaDatshi ibonisa ukuba ulwahlulo oluphezulu alukhokeleli ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba amaqela akulungele ukusebenzisana. Noko ke, inkqubo ijongene nemingeni: ucalulo yomanyano ithatha iinyanga, kwaye amaqela e-popplist afumene izihlalo eziphambili kuvolo lwakutshanje, uvavanyo ugcino lwenkqubo yokuzinzo.

Uthelekiso neenkqubo zeMajonitha

Ukuqonda amandla nobuthathaka bePR kulula xa kuthelekiswa nolunye uhlobo olubalaseleyo: okokuqala uphastנthe preprep (FPTP), osetyenziswa kumazwe anjengeUnited Kingdom, iKhanada, neIndiya.

Umelo

I-FPTP ecwangcisiweyo ngaphantsi kwe-28relates amaqela amancinane kunye nezilangazelelo zengingqi. Kunyulo lwe-2019 lwe-UK jikelele, iSigqeba se-Conservative Party sawina 56% yezihlalo kwi 44% kuphela yevoti, ngelixesha iLiberal Democrat ifumana 1.7% yezihlalo kwi 11.6% yovoti. Ukungalingani okunjalo kungasusa abavoti kwaye kudala “izihlalo ezikhuselekileyo” apho isiphumo simiselwe kwangaphambili. Iinkqubo ze-PR ziphelisa ezi zinto zijijekileyo, ziqinisekisa ukuba isihlalo sabelana ngokusondeleyo ivoti.

Ukuphendula nokuzinza

Umelo lwenkqubo zorhwebo lokulungelelanisa ukubekwa koxanduva olucacileyo: iqela elinye lingabumba urhulumente ngoninzi olusebenzayo, kwaye abavoti banoku “lahla iintsontela” ngqo. EPR, ityala lenkqubo lisasazwa phakathi kwamaqabane ahlangeneyo, lenza kube nzima kakhulu kubavoti ukuba bohlwaye okanye bavuse amaqela athile. Kwelinye icala, iinkqubo zobuphathi-mikhosi zingavelisa inkqubo eguquguqukayo ngokungxama xa oorhulumente betshintsha, ngelinye ixesha oorhulumente befuna ukuba bagcine imithetho engquzulanayo.

Ukhetho lwe Voter

Isixokelelwano sePR sinika abavoti imenu ebanzi yamatheko, enokunyusa ukujika nolwaneliseko. Kwi-FPTP, ukuvota okuqhelekileyo: abavoti bangalishiya iqela elithandwayo kuba bebona kungekho thuba lokuphumelela kwisithili. I-PR inciphisa imfuneko yokuvota okucwangcisiweyo, ivumela abavoti ukuba bachaze izinto abazithandayo zokwenyaniso.

Indima Yemida Nobukhulu Besithili

Impumelelo yayo nayiphi na inkqubo yePR ixhomekeke kakhulu kwimida emibini yokwakha: imiqobo ephakamileyo (umz., 5% eJamani) kufuneka yamkele ukuphumelela izihlalo eziphezulu zomvoti) nobukhulu besithili (iindawo ezibekwe kuzo izihlalo ezininzi). Imiqobo esezantsi kunye nezihlalo ezinkulu zivelisa iziphumo ezithe zalingana kakhulu, kodwa ikwanyusa nokwahlukana. Imiqobo ephakamileyo (umz., 5% eJamani) inciphisa ukrwelelo kodwa ingashiya amaqela amancinci kodwa asemthethweni. Ubukhulu besithilithi: isithi esinye esinezihlalo ezingamakhulu amane sinolwahlulo ezilingana kakhulu, kanti isithi esinezihlalo ezintathu kuphela (njengoko kuludwe oluthile lwePR) ivelisa iziphumo ezincinane zolwahlulo.

Uphando olusuka ku I-IDEA yehlabathi lonke yesiseko sedata lubonisa ukuba umqobo olungileyo wokulinganisa umelo nozinzo uphakathi kwe 3% ne 5%. Amazwe amaninzi atshintsha la maxabiso ezinto ngexesha ukuya kucombulula umsebenzi wendlela ehamba ngayo.

Utshintsho Nezingxubusho

Amazwe asebenzisa iPR asoloko elungisa iinkqubo zawo ukucombulula uxinzelelo oluvelayo. Umzekelo, Italy isuka kumgangatho ococekileyo wePR ukuya kumbindi wendlela yolwahlulo lwecandelo lezwe ngo 1993, kwaye emva koko abuyele kumgaqo wendlela yolungelelwaniso ngo-2017, kuphendlo oluqhubekayo lokukhangela uzinzo. uSirayeli unyuse umqobo wawo ukusuka ku-1.5% ukuya ku-2% ngo-192, ngoko ukuya ku-3.25% ngo-2014, kumzamo wokunciphisa ulwahlulo. Ezi nguqulelo zibonisa ukuba akukho cwangciso olunye lusebenza ngonaphakade; izithethe zezopolitiko, kunye neenkqubo zokhetho kufuneka zihlolwe rhoqo.

Olunye utshintsho kusetyenziso lwe uluhlu oluvulekileyo ukunika abavoti impembelelo ethe kratya kukhetho lomvoti. Kumazwe afana Finland kunye [[FLT]]-Brazil, ukuvula uluhlu PR luye lwanda intlukwano kwaye luvumele ivoti ukuba i-“enzalise". Ngoko ke, uluhlu oluvulekileyo lungakhokelela kwiphulo elinzima phakathi kwabathathi beqela elifanayo, kwaye lungadanisa ingqeqesho.

Ukugxekwa Nezityholo

Abahlalutyi bePR basoloko bephikisa ngelithi oorhulumente abanqophisanayo ngokwemvelo abagqibeleli kangako, kwaye i-PR inika amaqela angenathothoba. Noko ke, ezi zixhobo azinziyo ezininzi, ezichumileyo . . .Iidemo-demokhrasi ezininzi ezizinzileyo . .Izibonelelo zelizwe laseJamani, eSweden, i-New Zealand. Apho i-PR ibangele ukungazinziseki (njengase-Itali okanye e-Israel), ingxaki yayisoloko ibangelwa kukungalawuleki, okunokuthi kuxutyushwa ngokuphakamisa umqobo okanye ngokukhuthaza isithethe sombutho.

Enye into edla ngokugxekwa yile i-PR inciphisa ukubekwa ityala, ngenxa yokuba amaqabane asebenza kunye anokutyholana ngemigaqo engathandwayo. Kodwa uhlolisiso lokuphendula ngokumanyeneyo eJamani naseNetherlands lubonisa ukuba abavoti bayakwazi ukuchaza amaqela amakhulu karhulumente baze bawavuze okanye bohlwaye ngokufanelekileyo. “ukuzimela imbopheleleko” kusezantsi kunenkqubo emibini encinane, kodwa akukho nto ingekhoyo.

Njengesazinzulu sezobupolitika Pippa Norris siphikisa, imicimbi yobunjineli obukhethiweyo ingaphantsi kwemeko ebanzi yezobupolitika. Iinkqubo zePR zisebenza kakuhle xa zibotshelelwe kwibutho elineenkqubo zedemokhrasi ezomeleleyo, ezongameleyo, ezonxibelelwano, kunye nokuvuma ukulalanisa. Kumazwe anezahlulo ezinzulu zobuhlanga okanye iingcamango, kwaneyona nkqubo yolwahlulo-mali ayinakuqinisekisa idemokhrasi eqinileyo ngaphandle kwenkxaso eyongezelelweyo.

Isiphelo: Ikamva Lomelo Lwenkcazelo

Umelo lweprojekthi lusasoloko lusisixhobo esinamandla sokwakha izindlu zowiso-mthetho eziquka zonke. Ukusebenza kwazo akufani: kuxhomekeke kuhlobo oluthile, umqobo, ubungakanani besithili, kunye nempucuko yezobupolitika yelizwe ngalinye. Xa yenziwe ngobuchule, iPR idlulisela umelo oluphezulu kwiqela elincinane, umvoti ophezulu, kunye noluhlu oluninzi lwemiqathango yemigaqo epalamente. Ucelomngeni lokwahlula, ukuntsonkotha, kunye nokungena kwenkcaso yezopolitiko lungancitshiswa yimiphelo, imithetho yemimiselo yemali, nemimiselo yemibutho yezeko, kunye nemithetho yemithetho yemibutho yezemali.

Njengokuba ulawulo-demokhrasi oluninzi luqwalasela utshintsho lokhetho olukhoyo − kuquka iKhanada, iUnited Kingdom, kunye ne-Korea yoMzantsi . obu bungqina obuvela kumazwe asebenzisa iPRûa buza kuba yimfuneko. Akukho nkqubo ifezekileyo, kodwa umgaqo wokuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ifanele ibonise amavoti usisiseko kwingcamango yangoku yedemokhrasi. Umelo lwezibonelelo lunika eyona ndlela ingqalileyo yokufikelela esi sipili, kwaye kumazwe amaninzi luye lwangqineka ukuba lusebenza kwaye luhlala ixesha elide. Ngokufunda impumelelo nokungaphumeleli kwePR ehlabathini lonke, singenza iinkqubo zokhetho eziqinisa ulawulo-demokhrasi kunokuba ziguqule idemokhrasi.