Ukuqonda Amalungelo Abemi: Onjani Nangoko Akwenzayo

Ayintoni Amalungelo Abemi?

Amaziko alwela amalungelo abantu asebenza njengabalondolozi ababalulekileyo bokulingana nokusesikweni kwibutho lanamhlanje, besebenza ngokungayekiyo ukukhusela abantu ekucalucalulweni kwaye beqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu baphathwa ngokusesikweni nangokulinganayo phantsi komthetho. Le mibutho yoorhulumente isebenza kurhulumente, kwimimandla nakumazwe asekuhlaleni, ngamnye usenza indima eyahlukileyo kodwa enxulumeneyo ekulondolozeni amalungelo asisiseko aqinisekisiweyo kubo bonke abemi. Ukuqonda indlela aba basemaqumsheni abasebenza ngayo, amagunya abanawo, nendlela abanokubanceda ngayo abantu abajongene nocalucalucalucalulo kubaluleke kuye nabani na ofuna ukukhusela amalungelo abo oluntu okanye ukuxhasa abanye ekwenzeni oko.

Ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu eUnited States kuntsonkothile yaye kuphithizela, kubandakanya amaqumrhu amaninzi anemithetho elungelelanisiweyo nesebenzisanayo. Ucalulo emsebenzini ukuya ekuhlaleni, ukususela ekuphulweni kwamalungelo okuvotelwa ukuya kwimibandela yokufikelela kwimfundo, amaqumrhu alwela amalungelo oluntu athetha ngemibandela emininzi echaphazela izigidi zabantu baseMerika suku ngalunye. Le mibutho ayiphengululi nje kuphela izikhalazo nokunyanzeliswa kwemithetho kodwa ikwasebenza ngokunempumelelo ukuthintela ucalucalucalulo ngemfundo, ukukhuthulwa kwemfundo, nokuphuhliswa kwemigaqo.

Isiseko Samalungelo Abemi Embalini

Ukusekwa kwamaqumrhu alwela amalungelo abantu eUnited States kwavela kumashumi eminyaka ezama ukulingana nokusesikweni. Isiseko sale mihla sokunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu saqalisa ukuqalwa kwiminyaka yee-1960, emva kokumiswa komthetho ophawulayo kuquka uMthetho wamalungelo abantu ka-1964, iSivumelo samaLungelo sowe-1965, kunye noMthetho weSibonelelo somthetho weSigqeba sangowe-1968. Ezi mpumelelo zomthetho zavelisa isiseko esisemthethweni apho amaziko alwela amalungelo abantu ayeza kwakhela khona iinkqubo zawo zomthetho kunye neenkqubo ze-enkcubeko.

Ngaphambi kwala maxesha apheliswayo, ukukhusela amalungelo abantu kwakuguquguquka kwaye ngokufuthi kwakunyanzeliswa ngokufanelekileyo. Ukudalwa kwamaqumrhu azinikeleyo anemiyalelo engqalileyo yokuphanda izikhalazo zocalulo nokunyanzelisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu kwabonisa utshintsho olusisiseko kwindlela urhulumente asingatha ngayo imibandela yokulingana. Esi siseko savuma ukuba ukukhusela amalungelo abantu kufuna okungaphezulu kunokudlulisa nje imithetho efuna ukwenziwa, ukunyanzeliswa okuqhubekayo ngamaziko angoothile anobuchule negunya lokugcina abo baphule ityala.

Indaleko yamaqumrhu alwela amalungelo abantu iye yaqhubeka ukutyhubela amashumi eminyaka, kumthetho omtsha owandisa umgangatho wawo negunya lawo. Ngokomzekelo, uMthetho waseMerika oneziphene owenziwe ngo-1990, wandisa igunya leentlangano eziliqela eliquka ucalucalulo lweziphene. Ngokufanayo, ukupheliswa nemithetho emitsha iye yachaza iindlela ezintsha zokucalula, kuquka ucalucalulo ngemfuno yemfuzanyana kunye nokukhulelwa kwemfuno, iqinisekisa ukuba ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu kusenelo olunexabiso kwibutho eliguqukayo.

Imicimbi yamaLungelo aMazwe: Abanyanzelisi besizwe

Amaziko alwela amalungelo abantu asisiseko sokunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu eUnited States, esebenzisa igunya elibalulekileyo lokuphanda ukwaphulwa, ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho, nokulandela inyathelo elingokwasemthethweni ngokuchasene nolwaphulo-mthetho. La masebe asebenza kulo lonke ilizwe, eqinisekisa ukuba ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu kusebenza ngokuqhubekayo kuwo onke amazwe nemimandla. Umsebenzi wawo ubandakanya imicimbi emininzi, ukususela kucalucalulo lwemisebenzi ukuya kumalungelo engqesho, ukususela ekufikeleleni kwemfundo ekukhuseleni ekuvoteni

IKhomishini yamathuba oMsebenzi alinganayo (EOC)

I-Aumencial Opportunity Commission imiswe njengequmrhu eliyintloko lesizwe elijongene nokunyanzeliswa kwemithetho echasene nocalulo emsebenzini. Limiselwe nguMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964, i-EEOC inegunya lokuphanda ngezityholo zocalulo ezisekelwe kwibala, imibala, unqulo, isini (kuquka ukukhulelwa, ubufana, kunye nokukhula ngokwesini), imvelaphi yesizwe, iminyaka engama-40 yobudala, ukukhubazeka, kunye nolwazi lwemfuzamfama. Igunya lequmrhu ligubuthela abaqeshina babaqeshi kunye nabaqeshwa abali-15 okanye abangaphezulu, kunye nemibutho yemi yemi.

Inkqubo yokusebenza kwe-EEOC iqala xa ityala localucalulo, eliqheleke kwiintsuku ezili-180 zesenzo sokugweba (okanye iintsuku ezingama-300 kumaphondo afumana amasebe awo afanelekileyo omsebenzi). Xa kubekwa ityala, iEOC iqhuba uphando lokufumanisa ukuba kukho unobangela ofanelekileyo wokukholelwa ukuba ucalucalulo luyenzeka. Oku kuphengululo kusenokubandakanya ukuhlolisisa amaxwebhu, ukubuza amangqina, nokutyelela umqeshi emsebenzini. Ukuba iEOC ifumana isizathu esisengqiqweni, izama ukusombulula ityala ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba kukuxokozela. Ukuba ukuququzelelwa kwetyala kungenziwa, isiko senkundla yenkundla yesizwe okanye "eright ikho" imvume yokuqhuba i-ejoni, ivumela iqela elijongene ne-mthetho.

Ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwetyala ngalinye, iEEOC ikwabandakanyeka kuphando lwendlela esetyenziswayo okanye uqheliselo localulo oluchaphazela abasebenzi abaninzi. Olu phando lubanzi lungaphumela ekuhlalweni kwabantu ababalulekileyo nasekuvumeni imimiselo eguqula imisebenzi kwimizi-mveliso yonke.

ISebe leMicimbi yeSizwe

ISebe leSigqeba samaLungelo esiSizwe lisebenza njengelungu lemithetho elawula amalungelo abantu, elinomyalelo obanzi owehlayo obandakanya ngaphandle kwemisebenzi yokufumana izindlu, amalungelo okuvota, imfundo, iindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke, kunye nezenzo zokugcinwa komthetho. Icandelo limangalela amatyala abandakanya ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu kwaye lisebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuba elo lizwe norhulumente wasekuhlaleni bathobela iimfuno zomgaqo-siseko ukuze bakhuselwe ngokulinganayo phantsi komthetho.

Kummandla wezindlu, iDOJ inyanzelisa i-Fair House Act, elwalela ucalucalulo kwintengiso yezindlu ezinxulumene nohlanga, umbala, imvelaphi yesizwe, unqulo, isini, ubume bobufazi, kunye nokukhubazeka. Icandelo liphengulula izikhalazo zokubolekisa ngocalucalulo, ukubopha, ukubhalisa, nokungavumi ukwenza iindawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo kubantu abaneziphene. Xa kufunyanwa ukuchasana, iDOJ ingalandela ukusetyenziswa kwemibutho yamakhaya ukuze ifumane unyango lwamaxhoba kunye nokufumana uncedo olukhutshwayo ukuze kuthintelwe ukucalulwa ngokweentloko.

Amalungelo ecandelo agxininisa ekuqinisekiseni ukuba bonke abemi abafanelekileyo bangathatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yonyulo ngaphandle kokujongana nekhethelo okanye imiqobo engafanelekanga. Oku kuquka ukuqinisekisa amalungiselelo oMthetho wamaLungelo weSizwe, uMthetho weSizwe weSikolo sobhalisa, uMthetho woNcedo lweMelika Vote, kunye noMthetho weZingami eziBalukileyo ne-Overseas Abvate Voing Act. Unyulo lweDOJ luhlola unyulo, luhlola utshintsho kwiinkqubo zokuvota kwimiqathango ethile, kunye neetyala zokhetho olubandakanya ukuvota, ukrutyo, okanye ukwenziwa kokhetho loburhulumente.

Ukongezelela, iCavil Rights Division ithetha ngocalucalulo kwimfundo, kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke, nokufikelela kwiinkonzo zikarhulumente. Icandelo limisa imithetho efuna ukufikelela kwizakhiwo neenkqubo zikarhulumente, liphanda izikhalazo zocalulo ngurhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni, lisebenzele ukuphelisa izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho kumaqumrhu afumana inkxaso-mali karhulumente. Icandelo likwavelela nemigudu yokuphucula imigaqo yolungiso-mthetho ngokuvumela nokuphengulula imigaqo yomthetho etyholwa ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu.

ISebe leMidlalo noPhuhliso lwaseDolobheni (HID)

ISebe leNkundla neNkcubeko yoPhuhliso lweZindlu neDolobhan lidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulweni nocalucalulo lwezindlu nokukhuthaza iinkqubo zezindlu ezintle kulo lonke elaseUnited States. I-HID iyamkela ize ihlole izikhalazo zokucalucalucalulo ngokuthobela, ukulungiselela imfundo nokufikelela kwabagcini bezindlu nabathengi ngamalungelo afanelekileyo ezindlu neembopheleleko.

Xa abantu bekholelwa ukuba baye bafumana ucalucalulo lokuhlala, banokufaka isikhalazo nge-HID kunyaka omnye emva kwesenzo esityholwayo solwaphulo-mthetho. Abaphengululi be-HID bahlola isikhalazo ukuze babone ukuba kukho isizathu esisengqiqweni sokukholelwa ukuba ucalucalulo lwenzekile. Ukuba kufunyaniswe isizathu esisengqiqweni, i-HUD izama ukucombulula le ngxaki ngokuqululisa. Ukuba ukuququzelelana akuphumelelanga, ityala lisenokuqhubeka libekwe phambi komgwebi womthetho we-HUD okanye lithunyelwe kwiSebe logwebo lweJaji kwinkundla yephondo.

I-HID ikwalawula iinkqubo ezilungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba zikho iindawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo, ezifuna imigaqo-siseko yokwamkela iimali zezindlu zemali karhulumente ukuze zithathe izenzo ezifanelekileyo zokoyisa iinqobo nokukhulisa abantu abahlala kunye. Oku kuquka ukuhlalutya imiqobo yokukhetha indawo yokuhlala entle, uphuhliso lobuchule bokulungisa imiqobo echaziwe, kunye nenkqubela elandelelanayo ekhokelela ekudaleni iindawo zokuthengisa izindlu ezidityaniswe kunye nezinokulingana.

I-ofisi yeSebe lezemfundo yamalungelo amakhaya

ISebe leDerception’s Office for Civil Rights liqinisekisa ukufikelela kwimfundo ngokulinganayo kwaye likhuthaza ukuphumelela kwemfundo ngokunyanzelisa imithetho engqongqo yamalungelo abantu. Iofisi iphanda izikhalazo zocalulo ezisekelwe kuhlanga, ibala, imvelaphi yesizwe, isini, ukukhubazeka, kunye nokukhula kweenkqubo kunye nemisebenzi efumana uncedo lwemali kurhulumente kwiSebe lemfundo.

IOCR ibandakanya iinguqu ezininzi zemibandela yamalungelo abantu, kuquka uqeqesho olugqwethekileyo, ukufikelela kobuchule obugqithisileyo kwizifundo kunye nobuncwane bemfundo, ukuhlaselwa ngokwesini nogonyamelo, ucalucalulo nxamnye nabafundi abakhulelweyo nabangabazali, nokusilela ukunikela iinkonzo ezifanelekileyo kubafundi abaneziphene okanye abafundi besiNgesi. Inkcubeko yokuthobela izicelo, ukuphanda izikhalazo, nokunika uncedo lobugcisa kwimfundo enokubanceda baqonde baze bahlangabezane neemfuno zabo zamalungelo abantu.

Xa i-OCR ifumana ukwaphulwa kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu, kusebenza namaziko emfundo ukuvelisa izivumelwano zesigqibo ezilungisa ucalucalulo nokuthintela ukuphulwa kwemithetho yexesha elizayo. Ezi zivumelwano zidla ngokuquka iimbopheleleko ezingqalileyo zokuguqula imigaqo-nkqubo, ukubonelela ukubonelela, ukunikezela ngeendawo ezahlukeneyo, okanye ukwenza ezinye izenzo zokulungisa. Ukuba isiko ala ukuthobela ngokuzithandela, i-OCR ingaqalisa imigaqo yokunyanzelisa enokuthi ekugqibeleni iphumele ekuphelisweni kwemali ye-mali karhulumente.

Amanye amalungelo asekuhlaleni

Ngapha koko, amanye amaqumrhu amaninzi angoorhulumente aneembopheleleko zamalungelo abantu kwimimandla ethile yolawulo. ISebe le-Ofisi yeSebe le-Ofisi yeNkxaso yoMsebenzi weKhompathiso yeKhompathimenti iqinisekisa iimfuno zesenzo kwizindlu zorhulumente kunye neenkokeli ezincinci. ISebe lezeMpilo-ntle yoLuntu ne-Ofisi yamaLungelo e-Ofomini kumagunya oluntu. ISebe lezezothutho liqinisekisa ukuba i-oklurhwaphindo lwezothutho lungadibanisi kwiinkonzo zezithuthi nakwimisebenzi. IKhomishini yoNxibelelwano lwamayelano lucebisa ufikelelo kunye neenkonzo zonxibelelwano ezingadibaniselwano.

Ngamnye kula masebe unegalelo ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu, eqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo elwa nocalucalulo isebenza kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMerika. Ubuchule bawo obukhethekileyo buwavumela ukuba athethe ngeengxaki ezikhethekileyo zamalungelo abantu ezivela kwiindawo zawo, ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela konxibelelwano olungenabungozi kubantu abaneziphene ukuthintela ucalucalulo ekuthwaleni kwempilo.

Urhulumente woKhuseleko lwaMalungelo aBangabemi: Ukhuselwa nokunyanzelwa

Amaqumrhu alwela amalungelo abantu aseburhulumenteni asebenza njengelungelo elibalulekileyo ekunyanzelweni kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu, ngokufuthi enikela iindlela ezifikelelekayo nezinokusebenza ngakumbi zokusingatha ucalucalulo kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho yawo yamalungelo abantu enikela ukhuseleko olulinganayo okanye olungaphezulu kunomthetho karhulumente, kwaye amaqumrhu karhulumente ajongene nokunyanzeliswa kwala malungiselelo. La maqumrhu asebenza ngokusebenzisana namaqumrhu orhulumente ngokusebenza ngezivumelwano ezivumela ukuba ahlole izityholo ezilungelwano zikarhulumente.

Imibutho yezemisebenzi esesikweni yesizwe, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yikhomishini yamalungelo abantu okanye amaqela amalungelo abantu, isingatha izikhalazo zocalulo lwemisebenzi phantsi komthetho karhulumente. Kumazwe kunye nabameli abanjalo, abantu ngabanye bagunyazisa ucalulo lwemisebenzi ngokweefayile ezidla ngokubekwa izityholo zombutho karhulumente kunye ne-EEOC ngexesha elinye ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-pagement ezimbini. Isebe lesizwe lingaphengulula ityala phantsi komthetho worhulumente lo gama iEOC ibambe i-'uphando lokuqala. Eli lungiselelo livumela amaziko esizwe ukuba athethe ngekhethelo kusetyenziswa ukhuseleko lombuso lombuso ngoxa lilondoloza amalungelo orhulumente agunyazisweyo.

Umthetho omninzi wamalungelo abantu unikela ukhuseleko olubanzi kunomthetho karhulumente. Umzekelo, ngoxa umthetho wocalucalulo lwezemisebenzi usebenza kuphela kubaqeshi abaqeshwa (okanye abangama-15 okanye ngaphezulu ngenxa yocalulo lobudala), amazwe amaninzi amisela imiqobo esezantsi, egquma abaqeshi abancinane. Amanye amaphondo akhusela iindidi ezongezelelekileyo ezingaqukwanga ngumthetho wesizwe, njengobume bomtshato, ubudlelane bezobupolitika, okanye isikhundla njengexhoba logonyamelo lwasekhaya.

Amaziko karhulumente akwafeza indima ebalulekileyo ekunyanzeleni imithetho yezindlu ezifanelekileyo, imithetho yeendawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke, nezinye iinkuselo zamalungelo abantu. Amaqumrhu afanelekileyo ezindlu ahlola izikhalazo zezindlu zokuhlala kwaye asebenzela ukukhuthaza ukudityaniswa kwezindlu kumazwe awo. La masebe asoloko ekwazi ukuqhelana kakhulu namashishini ezindlu zasekuhlaleni kunye nemisebenzi yenkcubeko, ewavumela ukuba alungise imigudu yawo yokunyanzelisa kunye nemfundo ukuze alungise iingxaki zemimandla ecacileyo.

Inkqutyana yeNkcubeko yeQhinga

Amaziko alwela amalungelo abantu asekuhlaleni, kuquka izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu, anikela eyona ndawo ilula yokunxibelelana nabantu abaninzi abacalucalucalulo. La masebe asebenza kumgangatho kamasipala okanye kwiphondo, ethetha ngemibandela yamalungelo abantu kwimida yawo ekhethekileyo yendawo. Ubuhlobo bawo nengingqi akhonza kuyo bubenza bakwazi ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwizikhalazo nokuphuhlisa ukuqonda okunzulu ngemibango kunye neengxaki zasekuhlaleni.

Amaziko asekuhlaleni asoloko esingatha imicimbi emininzi yamalungelo abantu, kuquka ukucalucalulwa kwemisebenzi, ucalucalulo lwezindlu, ucalulo lweendawo zokuhlala, kunye nocalulo kwiinkonzo zikamasipala. Izixeko ezininzi kunye namaqumrhu abonisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu yasekuhlaleni enikela imigaqo yokukhusela ingakumbi kunaleyo ikhoyo phantsi komthetho karhulumente okanye kurhulumente. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye iindawo ziye zalwalela ucalucalucalulo olusekelwe kwingeniso, ukuqinisekisa ukuba abemi bezindlu abanakulahla abantu abasebenzisa iindawo zokuhlala. Ezinye ziye zafaka imigaqo yokukhusela ubufana naleyo kunye neyo ngokokuziphatha ngokwesini okukhokelela kwiphondo okanye kwimicimbi yezo zolawulo yesizwe efana neyangaphambili.

Inkqubo yokukhalaza kumasebe asekuhlaleni enzelwe izipili eziqhelekileyo zamasebe karhulumente kunye norhulumente kodwa zisenokuba zifumaneka ngokuzeleyo. Abameli basekuhlaleni basoloko begxininisa ukusetyenziswa konxibelelwano kunye nokuququzelelwa, befuna ukucombulula iingxoxo ezilula phakathi kwamaqela kunokuba kuphandwe ngokusemthethweni. Le ndlela isenokukhokelela kwizigqibo ezikhawulezileyo nokugcina ulwalamano phakathi kwabantu, nangona uphando olucwangcisiweyo kunye nenkqubo yokunyanzelisa ihlala ikho xa kuyimfuneko.

Amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni akwabandakanyeka kakhulu kwimfundo yasekuhlaleni, aqhuba iintlanganiso zoqeqesho, asasaza izixhobo zolwazi, athathe inxaxheba kwiziganeko zoluntu ukuphakamisa ulwazi malunga nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu. Indlela asetyenziswayo ekuhlaleni iwavumela ukuba athembe abantu abahlala apho aze azimise njengoovimba abafikelelekayo kubantu abasenokusoyikiswa zizikhalazo ezithenjiswa amasebe akude karhulumente.

Imisebenzi ye-Core kunye namagunya aMalungelo oNondyebo

Ukuqonda le misebenzi ingundoqo kunceda abantu basebenzise indlela yokuqinisekisa amalungelo abantu yaye kunceda imibutho iqonde indlela abawasebenzisa ngayo la masebe ukuze kukhuselwe amalungelo abantu.

Uphando Olukhalazayo Nokulungelelaniswa

Uphando lwezikhalazo zocalulo lubonisa mhlawumbi owona msebenzi ubonakalayo nobalulekileyo wamaziko alwela amalungelo abantu. Xa umntu ngamnye efaka isikhalazo esichaza ucalulo, amaqumrhu asungula inkqubo yophando elungiselelwe ukuqokelela izibakala, ukuvavanya ukuthembeka, nokufumanisa enoba ubungqina buxhasa ukufunyanwa kocalulo. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukucela iimpendulo ezibhaliweyo kunye neengxelo ezibhaliweyo kwiqela elityholwayo, ukuphendula amangqina, ukuqwalasela imigaqo nezenzo ezinxulumene nayo, nokuhlalutya inkcazelo yezibalo xa kufanelekile.

Abaphandi abaqeshwe ngamaqumrhu alwela amalungelo abantu banemfundo ekhethekileyo kumthetho wamalungelo abantu, ubugcisa bokwenza uphando, kunye nentlobo ezithile zocalulo ngokwegunya lombutho wabo. Bafikelela kwii-phando ngokungakhethi buso, befuna ukutyhila inyaniso kunokuba bakhuthaze iqela ngalinye. Inkqubo yophando ingathabatha iinyanga eziliqela okanye kwaneminyaka, kuxhomekeka kubuntsonkotha betyala kunye nokukhutshelwa kwetyala lombutho.

Xa kugqitywe uphando, amasebe enza izigqibo zokuba kukho unobangela ofanelekileyo wokukholelwa ukuba ucalucalulo lukho. Ukuba kufunyenwe unobangela ofanelekileyo, amaqumrhu asoloko ezama ukuyicombulula le ngxaki ngokuthethana okanye ngokuququzelelana. Ukuba akukho sizathu sifanelekileyo sifunyenweyo, isikhalazo siyarhoxiswa, nangona amaqela ahlaselayo ngokufuthi ehlala enelungelo lokufuna ukusetyenziswa komthetho wasese. Ukucokiseka nokulunga kophando olusesikweni lweziko lweziko kuyimfuneko ukugcina ukuthemba abantu kwinkqubo yokugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu.

Ukunyanzeliswa nokubethwa

Xa ukuthotyelwa ngokuzithandela kungenakuphunyezwa, amaqumrhu alwela amalungelo abantu anawo amandla okunyanzelisa ukuthobela imithetho yamalungelo abantu. Amasebe alawulayo afana ne-EEOC kunye neSebe leMithetho yeJaji anokufaka ityala kwinkundla yephondo efuna amayeza amaxhoba ocalucalulo kunye nenkululeko yokuthintela ukuphulwa kwemithetho yexesha elizayo. Oku kumangalelwa kusenokuphumela kwimivuzo yemali ephawulekayo, kuquka ukuhlawula, ukuhlawula, ukuhlawula, ukukhupha iziphumo zomonakalo, kunye nentlawulo lwamagqwetha, kunye nemiyalelo yenkundla efuna iinguqulelo kwimigaqo-mthetho yezomthetho nezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Amanye amasebe alawulayo anenkqubo evumela ukuba ahlule amatyala angeyonkundla yephondo. Ngokomzekelo, i-HUD ingabhekisela kumatyala kubagwebi bomthetho wolawulo abaqhuba izigqibo ezinyanzelekileyo kwinkundla yelifa lesizwe. Urhulumente kunye namasebe asekuhlaleni asenokuba neenkqubo ezifanayo zokuqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo lungacalulwa, nto leyo enokuthi ingabi naxabiso likhulu.

Amandla okunyanzelisa amaziko alwela amalungelo abantu asebenza kwiinjongo zokophula umthetho kunye nokuthintela. Ngokubhekiselele kumthetho, ukunyanzelisa amaxhoba entlungu awaba nayo, nokuwabuyisela kwimeko awayeza kuhlala kuyo engekho ucalucalulo. Isisongelo sokunyanzelisa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu kunye nemiqondiso enokuba ngabaphula iziphumo ezinzulu.

Uphuhliso lomgaqo-nkqubo nokhokelo

Amaziko alwela amalungelo abantu enza indima ebalulekileyo ekuchazeni imithetho yamalungelo abantu nasekunikezeleni ukhokelo kumaqumrhu alawulwayo anxulumene neemfuno zawo. Ngokulungelelanisa imimiselo, amaxwebhu okhokelo, iimpapasho zobugcisa, kunye nokhokelo lobugqeba, amasebe anceda abaqeshi, abasebenzi, abasebenzi bezindlu, amaziko emfundo, nabanye bayayiqonda indlela imithetho yamalungelo abantu esebenza ngayo kwiimeko ezithile kunye namanyathelo abamele bawathabathe ukuqinisekisa ukuba bayathobela.

Lo msebenzi wokhokelo ubaluleke kakhulu ukunikwa ukuntsonkotha nokuguquguquka komthetho wamalungelo abantu. Njengoko kuvela iindlela ezintsha zocalulo kwaye iinkundla zikhupha izigqibo ezintsha ezichaza imithetho yamalungelo abantu, amaqumrhu ahlaziya ukhokelo lwawo lokubonakalisa imigangatho ekhoyo yomthetho kunye nemisebenzi emihle. Umzekelo, iEEOC inike ukhokelo oluninzi kwimixholo esukela kulwahlulo olusuka kukukhulelwa ukuya kukusebenzisa ubukrelekrele ezigqibeni zemisebenzi, ukunceda abaqeshinanisi ukuba bahambele kwindawo entsonkothileyo esemthethweni.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yokumiselwa kwemithetho ikwabandakanyeka kwiinkqubo zokumisela imithetho ebophayo ezalisekisa imimiselo yamalungelo abantu. Le migaqo inamandla omthetho kwaye inika iimfuno ezineenkcukacha ezongezelelweyo zomthetho wamalungelo abantu. Inkqubo yokumiselwa komthetho ibandakanya isaziso sasekuhlaleni kunye namagqabaza, ivumela abaxhasi bemimiselo ukuba banikele igalelo kwimigaqo ecetyisiweyo ngaphambi kokuba igqibele.

Imfundo kunye nonikezelo

Ukukhusela ucalucalulo ngaphambi kokuba luvele kuyinto ephambili kumaqumrhu alwela amalungelo abantu, kwaye imfundo kunye neenkqubo zokufumana amalungelo zisebenza lo msebenzi wokukhusela. Iinkqubo zoqeqesho zinceda abaqeshi, abasebenzi, abaqeshi bezindlu, abafundisi, nezinye izinto ezigqunyweyo, zifundisa ngeemfuno zabo zamalungelo abantu kunye neenkqubo ezisebenzayo zokuthintela ucalucalulo. Ezi nkqubo zoqeqesho zigubungela imibandela enjengokuqonda nokungacalucalucalucalulo, ukuqesha nokukhuthaza ngokufanelekileyo, ukulungiselela iindawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo, nokusabela ngokufanelekileyo kwizikhalazo zocalulo olunelo.

Amaphulo okufundisa abantu ngoluntu axelela abantu ngamalungelo abo nendlela yokuwasebenzisa. Izikhululo zivelisa iincwadana, iividiyo, iiwebsite nezinye izinto ezichaza ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu ngolwimi olufikelelekayo. Ziba nenxaxheba kwiziganeko zoluntu, zithethe kwiingqungquthela, zisebenzisane namajelo eendaba ukuphanda ngemibandela yamalungelo abantu. Olu hlolo lubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo ekufikeleleni abantu abangakwaziyo ukufikelela amalungelo abo okanye abangazimiselanga ukuwaphakamisa.

Amaqumrhu amaninzi asebenzisa iinkqubo zoncedo lobugcisa ezinika ukhokelo kwimibutho efuna ukuphucula ukuthobela amalungelo ayo. Ezi nkqubo zingaquka ukuxilonga, uhlolo-hlolo lwenkqubo, kunye noncedo ngokuphuhlisa iinkqubo zokulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokunceda imibutho ikwazi ukusingatha iimfuno zamalungelo abantu, iinkqubo zobuchule zinciphisa amathuba okuchaswa kwamalungelo oluntu kunye nezithethe ezikhuthaza ukulingana.

Ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi nophando

Amaziko alwela amalungelo abantu aqokelela aze ahlolisise iinkcukacha zokuchaza iindlela zocalulo, ahlole ukuphumelela kwemigudu yokunyanzelisa, kunye nezigqibo zokwazisa. Ngokomzekelo, iEEOC ifuna abaqeshi ukuba bathumele iingxelo zonyaka ezichaza ukubala inani labemi abasebenzayo, ivumela isebe ukuba libone amaziko asekuhlaleni kunye nemisebenzi apho amabhinqa aphantsi kwegunya. I-HUD iqokelela ulwazi ngezikhalazo zokucalucalucalulo nokuvavanya iziphumo zokulandelela iziphumo zocalulo lwezindlu.

Le nkcazelo ifeza iinjongo ezininzi. Inceda amasebe acwangcisa ugcino-mali lwawo lokunyanzelisa ngokuchaza iindawo apho ucalulo luxhaphake kakhulu khona. Inika ubungqina kuphando olucwangcisiweyo kunye namatyala obuchule kunye nemigaqo. Inika isaziso sophuhliso lokhokelo nemigaqo ngokutyhila imiba evelayo. Inceda ekuqondeni uluntu ngeengxaki zamalungelo abantu ngokubhala umgangatho nohlobo localucalulo kwibutho laseMelika.

Uphando olwenziwa ngamaqumrhu alwela amalungelo abantu lukwakhuthaza ukuqonda ucalucalulo kunye nongenelelo olusebenzayo. Iikomiti zeekomishini ziphanda ngemibandela efana nokuvavanywa kwemisebenzi, ukwahlulwa kwemisebenzi, ukwahlulwa kwezemfundo, okuvelisa ubungqina obuzisa umsebenzi wabo kunye neengxoxo ezibanzi zemigaqo-nkqubo. Olu phando lubeka iinkokeli ezijongene namalungelo abantu njengomgudu oqhubekayo wokufumana ukulingana nokusesikweni.

Indlela Amaxhoba Achokopheleyo Anceda Ngayo Amalungelo Asekuhlaleni

Kubantu abaye baphathwa ngocalucalulo, amaqumrhu alwela amalungelo abantu anikela uncedo oluninzi olubalulekileyo ukuze kufumaneke okusesikweni nokucombululeka. Ukuqonda iindidi zenkxaso ezikhoyo kunceda amaxhoba asebenzise iindlela ezinzima nezisoyikisayo zokuqinisekisa ukuba anelungelo lokufumana amalungelo.

Uncedo Olukhalazayo

Amaxhoba amaninzi ocalucalulo awaqhelananga neemfuno ezisemthethweni zokufaka izikhalazo zamalungelo abantu yaye asenokuzama ukuchaza amava awo ngokufanelekileyo. Amasebe alwela amalungelo amakhaya anikela uncedo kwinkqubo yokufaka isikhalazo, anceda abantu baqonde oko kufuneka bafunyanwe, oko kufuneka kuqukiwe, kunye nombhalo onyanzelekileyo. Amanye amaqumrhu anikela udliwano-ndlebe oluqulunqiweyo apho amalungu abasebenzi ahlola enoba amava abo awenza ucalucalucalulo olusebenzisekayo aze abakhokele ngefomu yokukhalaza.

Olu ncedo luxabiseke kakhulu ngenxa yokuba izikhalazo zamalungelo abantu kufuneka zibekwe ngexesha elingqongqo. Kwimiqathango ye-EEOC, ixesha elithe gqolo liyientsuku ezili-180 ukusuka kwisenzo solwaphulo-mthetho (okanye iintsuku ezingama-300 ezisezixekweni ezikumaziko afanelekileyo amaziko omsebenzi). Ukungalufumani olu cwangciso lungaphumela ekulahlekelweni ngokusisigxina kwamalungelo asemthethweni, ukwenza ukuba kubekwe ixesha elifanelekileyo yaye kubekwe izikhalazo ezichanileyo. Abasebenzi be-Arhentente bayakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba izikhalazo zibekwa ngokufanelekileyo nangexesha, ukulondoloza amandla amaxhoba okufuna unyango.

Iinkonzo zophando

Xa kuthe kwafakwa isikhalazo, uphando lweziko lunika amaxhoba ubuchule obungenamali bokuvelisa ubungqina bocalulo. Abaphengululi basebenzisa amandla abo angaphantsi kwepesenti kunye nobuchule bophando ukuqokelela ulwazi amaxhoba anokuzama ukufumana ngokwawo. Banganyanzela abaqeshi, abanini-ndlu, okanye abanye abaphendulayo ukuba bavelise amaxwebhu, banikele ubungqina, kwaye baphendule imibuzo eneenkcukacha ngemigaqo nezenzo zabo.

Inkqubo yophando inika uhlolo olunyanisekileyo lwezincomo zokukhalaza. Nangona olu hlolo lungasoloko luxhasa iqela elikhongozeliyo, lunika ulwazi olubalulekileyo malunga namandla emeko kunye nempumelelo ekuhlaziyweni. Ukufunyanwa kwezizathu ezifanelekileyo zeziko lombutho kungaqinisa indawo yexhoba kwaye kungakhuthaza ukuhlaliswa kwalo. Naxa abameli bengenasizathu esivakalayo, uphando lungatyhila ulwazi oluluncedo kwilishwa labucala.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Amaziko alwela amalungelo abantu anikela ungenelelo kunye neenkonzo zokulungisa iingxoxo zocalucalulo ngaphandle kwexesha neendleko zokuhlahlela. Ukuphendula kuyindlela yokuzithandela apho umlamli ongathathi-nxaxheba enceda angene kwisigqibo esamkelekileyo phakathi kwamaqela. Amasebe amaninzi anikela ungenelelo kwasekuqaleni kwinkqubo yokukhalaza, ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe uphengululo olupheleleyo, evumela amaqela ukuba acombulule iingxabano ngokukhawuleza ngoxa elondoloza ulwalamano.

Ukwenziwa komanyano kwenzeka emva kokuba umbutho ufumene isizathu esisengqiqweni sokukholelwa ukuba ucalulo luye lwenziwa. Ngexesha lokuhlanganiswa, abasebenzi besebe basebenza nabo bobabini bahlukene ukuze bathethe ngesivumelwano esibonisa ukuba ucalucalulo luza kucombulula kwaye luthintele ukuchasana kwixesha elizayo. Iziseko ezifikelelwa ngokudibanisa intlawulo yemali, iinguqu zenkqubo, iimfuno zoqeqesho, kunye nezinye iimeko zohlangulo ezilungiselelwe iimeko ezithile zetyala.

Ezi nkqubo zokhetho lwempikiswano zinika uncedo oluninzi ngaphezu kolu xwebhu. Ziyakhawuleza kwaye azingenisi manzi, zinciphisa uxinezeleko kuwo onke amaqela. Zivumela unyango olunokufumaneka ngemigwebo yenkundla. Yaye zigcina imfihlelo, esenokubaluleka kumaxhoba nakwabaphenduli. Amaxhoba aswele ubuncwane bokuqesha amagqwetha azimeleyo, iinkqubo zokuhlalisana nezibonelelo eziziko ezizizizizinzileyo zingamela ithuba lawo elifanelekileyo lokufumana uncedo olubalulekileyo.

Umelo olusemthethweni

Xa kukhethwa amatyala athile, amanye amasebe alwela amalungelo abantu anikela imelo elingqalileyo kumaxhoba ajongene nocalucalulo. Ngokomzekelo, iEOC ithetha ngokumangalelwa kwamaqela ahlawuliswayo kwiimeko ezibalulekileyo ezibandakanya imibandela engokwasemthethweni okanye umdla obalulekileyo kawonke-wonke. Ngokufanayo iSebe leMicimbi yoLuntu linikela ingqwalaselo yamatyala ajongene nocalucalulo kwizindlu, amalungelo okuvota, nezinye iindawo eziphantsi kolawulo lwalo. Oku kumiselwa ngaphandle kwexabiso kumaxhoba kwaye kuzisa ubuncwane obupheleleyo bukarhulumente orhulumente ukuba athwale amatyala abo.

Kwanaxa abameli benganikezi melo lungqalileyo, basenokukhupha "ilungelo lokumangalela" iileta ezivumela amaxhoba ukuba aqhubeke nokutyholwa ngasese. Ezi leta zisoloko ziyimfuneko ekufakeni ityala localucalulo kwinkundla yenkundla karhulumente. Amanye amaqumrhu anika izalathiso kumagqwetha azimeleyo okanye imibutho yoncedo lwasemthethweni enokuthi imele amaxhoba kwiimeko zamalungelo abantu.

Ulwazi kunye noovimba

Iiwebhsayithi zeAgency zinikela inkcazelo engakumbi ngemithetho elawula amalungelo abantu, iinkqubo zokukhalaza kunye nezibonelelo ezikhoyo.

Kwakhona izikhululo zivelisa iimpapasho ezichaza ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu ngokweemeko ezithile, njengokucalulwa kokukhulelwa emsebenzini, iindawo zokuhlala ezineziphene kwizindlu, okanye ukufumaneka kolwimi oluthethwayo kwimfundo. Ezi zinto zisoloko zifumaneka ngeelwimi ezininzi kunye neefomati ezifikelelekayo, ziqinisekisa ukuba inkcazelo ifikelela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.

Ukukhusela Iiklasi Neendidi Zocalucalulo

Ukuqonda ezi mpawu zikhuselweyo nocalucalulo oluvaliweyo nolungavumelekanga ngumthetho kubalulekile ukuze kuqondwe xa kufikelelwa ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu naxa kusenokufumaneka uncedo lweziko.

Ucalucalulo Lobuhlanga Nolwabantu

Ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga nebala luye lwathintelwa ngumthetho wesizwe ukususela oko kuMthetho wamalungelo abantu wowe-1964 yaye lusasoloko lujoliswe kwisiseko samaziko alwela amalungelo abantu. Ucalulo lohlanga luquka ukuphatha abantu ngendlela engathandekiyo ngenxa yohlanga lwabo okanye iimpawu ezinxulumene nohlanga, ezifana nohlobo lweenwele, ibala lolusu, okanye imbonakalo yobuso. Ucalucalulo lubandakanya ukuphatha umntu ngokungafanelekanga ngenxa yebala lakhe okanye ibala labo, kwanaxa umkhuphiswano kunye nexhoba lohlanga olunye.

Amaziko alwela amalungelo abantu athetha ngokucalucalulwa kwemibutho yekhethe lohlanga kwimisebenzi, kwizindlu, kwimfundo, kwizindlu zikawonke wonke, nakwimisebenzi karhulumente. Oku akuquki nje ucalucalulo olugqithiseleyo, njengokungaqeshwa kwabo bafanelekeleyo ngenxa yohlanga lwabo, kodwa kwaneendlela ezichuliweyo ezinjengokuqhuba abathengi bezindlu zabo kwimimandla ethile esekelwe kuhlanga, ukusebenzisa imigaqo yokuqeqesha ingqwabalala ngakumbi kubafundi beentlanga ezithile, okanye ukusebenzisa imilinganiselo yokukhetha ebala iqaqaqa iintso elincinane leentlanga ngaphandle kokugwetyelwa kwezoshishino.

Isini Nocalucalulo

Iintwale neenkundla zezonyango ziye zaqonda ngokukhula ukuba ucalucalulo ngokwesini luquka uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali olungamkelekanga olusekelwe kwisini, kuquka ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwiintlobano zesini, ucalulo olusekelwe kwiintlobano zesini, ucalucalulo olunxulumene nesondo.

Ukukhathazwa ngokwesini kumela uhlobo oluxhaphakileyo localulo ngokwesini. Amaqumrhu alwela amalungelo abantu ahlola izikhalazo zokukhathazwa ngokwesini okuthe kwaxhatshazwa, apho iingenelo zemisebenzi zigunyaziswa kwizenzo zesini, nokuhlaselwa kwemekobume engekho mthethweni, apho ihambo engafanelekanga yesini ibangela uloyiko okanye imo ephazamisayo. Kwakhona izikhululo zithetha ngocalucalulo lokukhulelwa, ziqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi abakhulelweyo bafumana unyango olufanayo nabanye abasebenzi abakwaziyo ukusebenza yaye bafumana iindawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo xa zifuneka.

Ucalucalulo Lonqulo

Ucalucalulo lonqulo luquka ukuphatha abantu ngendlela engafanelekanga ngenxa yeenkolelo zabo okanye izenzo zabo. Amaqumrhu alwela amalungelo abantu amisela imithetho efuna abaqeshi namanye amaqumrhu agqunyweyo alungele imicimbi yonqulo ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza oko bekuya kubangela ubunzima obungeyomfuneko. Oku kunokuquka ukunxiba nokuzilungisa konqulo, ukulungiselela ixesha lokuzigcina kusenziwa imicimbi yonqulo, okanye ukuvumela ukurhoxa komthandazo ngexesha lomsebenzi.

Kwakhona oorhulumente bathetha ngokuhlaselwa kwabantu ngonqulo, ukucalucalulwa kwizindlu, imfundo nakwiindawo zikawonke wonke, oku kuquka ukukhusela abantu abajongene nocalucalulo ngenxa yokuba bengamaSilamsi, amaYuda, amaKristu, amaHindu, amaSikh, okanye amalungu awo nawaphi na amanye amaqela onqulo.

Imvelaphi Yocalucalulo Lwesizwe

Ucalucalulo lwesizwe lubandakanya ukuphatha abantu ngendlela engathandekiyo ngenxa yelizwe labo, umnombo, uhlanga, indlela abavela ngayo, okanye ngenxa yokuba bebonakala benemvelaphi ethile yobuzwe. Amasebe alwela amalungelo amakhaya athetha ngocalucalulo lwesizwe kuzo zonke iinkalo zomthetho wamalungelo abantu, kuquka imisebenzi, izindlu, nemfundo. Olu khuselo luquka abantu kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngabemi okanye abavela kwamanye amazwe, nangona ezinye iimfuno zemisebenzi zinezimfaneleko zobumi.

Ucalucalulo lweelwimi ludla ngokudibana nocalucalulo lwesizwe. Ngoxa imithetho yesiNgesi kuphela isenokuvunyelwa kwezinye iimeko, amasebe ahlolisisa iinkqubo ezinjalo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyagwetyelwa ngokwemfuneko yoshishino kwaye azisetyenziswa njengesizathu socalulo lwesizwe. Iinkonzo zikwanyanzelisa iimfuno zokufikelela kolwimi eziqinisekisa ukuba abantu abanobuchule obulinganiselweyo bamaNgesi bayakwazi ukufikelela kwiinkonzo neenkqubo ezibalulekileyo.

Ucalucalulo Lobudala

IAge Cream Act ikhusela abantu abaneminyaka engama-40 ubudala okanye abakhulileyo ekucalucalulweni emsebenzini ngenxa yobudala. I-EEOC iqinisekisa ukuba lo mthetho uyaqhubeka, ingxilonga izikhalazo zocalulo lobudala ekuqeshweni, ekudubuleni, ekunyuseni, ekunyuseni, nakwezinye iimeko zemisebenzi. Ucalucalulo lweminyaka lungachaphazeleka, luboniseka kwizinto ezikhethwa "kwindawo yoluntu abavela kwamanye amazwe," iimfuno zabo basandula ukuphumelela ukuphumelela ukuphumelela, okanye amagqabaza abo basebenza abakhulileyo abangakwazi ukuqhelanisa nobugcisa obutsha.

Amagosa alwela amalungelo abantu ayaqonda ukuba ucalucalulo lobudala ludla ngokubandakanya nezinye iintlobo zocalulo. Ngokomzekelo, amabhinqa akhulileyo asenokucalucalulo ngenxa yobudala bawo kunye neentlobano zesini.

Ucalucalulo Olungenakufikeleleka

Ucalucalulo olungafezekiyo lubandakanya ukuphatha abantu abafanelekayo ngokungafanelekanga ngenxa yokukhubazeka kwabo. UMthetho waseMerika oNyukela, onyanzelwa yiEOC, iSebe leMithetho, kunye namanye amasebe, uthintela ukucalucalulwa kwesiphene emsebenzini, kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke, kwizithuthi, nakwizibonelelo zikarhulumente. I-Fair Howard Hosley Act, enyanzeliswe yi-HUD neSebe leJaji, ithintela ukucalucalula-calucalucalulo lwezindlu.

Umthetho ongundoqo wocalucalulo lweziphene ngumthetho ofunekayo wokulungiselela iindawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo .___ukulungisa okunokwenza abantu abaneziphene zikwazi ukunandipha amathuba alinganayo. Emsebenzini, oku kunokuquka ucwangciso oluhlengahlengisiweyo lomsebenzi, ubugcisa obuncedisayo, okanye imisebenzi elungiselwe imisebenzi. Kwizindlu, kubandakanya ukuvumela izilwanyana zisetyenziswe okanye ukwenza utshintsho lomzimba kwimiqathango. Kwindawo yoluntu, kufuneka kususwe imiqobo yokwakha nokulungiselela uncedo kunye neenkonzo zoncedo.

Amagosa alwela amalungelo abantu aphanda izikhalazo ezibandakanya ukungakwazi ukubonelela iindawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo, izakhiwo neenkqubo ezingafikelelekiyo, indlela yokuhlola ulwaphulo-mthetho, nokungcungcuthekiswa okusekelwe kwisiphene. Kwakhona athetha ngocalucalulo olusekelwe kunxulumano lomntu othile onesiphene, njengokungavumi ukuqesha umntu othile ngenxa yokuba enomntwana onesiphene.

Ucalucalulo lolwazi ngemfuza

I-Generictic Information Nondiscrinication Act iyalwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwinkcazelo yemfuza kwimfuza kwi-assurance yempilo. Inkcazelo yemfuza iquka ulwazi olumalunga neemvavanyo zofuzo zomntu othile, iimvavanyo zemfuza, kunye nembali yezempilo yentsapho. I-EEOC inyanzelisa amalungiselelo omsebenzi, iqinisekisa ukuba abaqeshi abasebenzisi ulwazi lwemfuza zofuzo ekuqeshini, ekuduleni, ekunyuseni, okanye kwezinye izigqibo zengqesho, kwaye abafuni, okanye bathengi ulwazi lwemfuzamzamzamzanyana ngabaqeshwa okanye abaceli.

Ezinye Iiklasi Ezikhuselweyo Ngaphantsi Komthetho Wasekuhlaleni

Imithetho emininzi yasekuhlaleni namalungelo abantu ikhusela iiklasi ezongezelelekileyo ngaphandle kwezo zigutyungelwe ngumthetho wesizwe. Iiklasi ezixhaphakileyo ezikhuselweyo ziquka ukukhuselwa komtshato, ukuthelelwa kwezobupolitika, imikhosi okanye iphondo, umthombo wengeniso, kunye nesikhundla njengexhoba logonyamelo lwasekhaya. Amanye amagunya akhusela ngokucacileyo ubudoda kunye nembonakalo yesondo apho ukhuseleko lukarhulumente lungaqinisekanga. Urhulumente kunye namaqumrhu asekuhlaleni anyanzelisa ezi ntloko zikhuselwa kakhulu, zinika intlawulo olubanzi lwamalungelo abantu kuneyo mthetho worhulumente kuphela.

Inkqubo Yokukhalaza: Ukusuka Ekuphoseni Kuse Kwisigqibo

Kubalulekile ukuba ubani aqonde inkqubo yokukhalaza acinge ngokufaka isikhalazo socalulo kwiqumrhu lamalungelo abantu. Nangona iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zingafani phakathi kwabameli, abaninzi balandela inkqubo efanayo equka ukutya, uphando, ukuzimisela, kunye nesigqibo.

Uvavanyo Lokuqala Nokuthatha

Inkqubo yokukhalaza iqala ngokuxilongwa okanye ngokunikwa udliwano-ndlebe lokuqala. Ngeli thuba, abasebenzi besebe baqokelela iinkcukacha ezisisiseko malunga nocalulo oluthiwe, kuquka ukuba ngubani obandakanyekileyo, yintoni eyenzekayo, xa kwenzeka, kwaye yintoni iklasi ekhuselweyo ekwimbambano. Amalungu asebenzayo ahlola ukuba isikhalazo sikwigunya lombutho nokuba sibekwe kwimida yexesha elifanelekileyo kusini na.

Eli candelo lokuqala lisebenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo wokuhlola, unceda amasebe achaze izikhalazo ezifuna uphando olupheleleyo nokunika ulwazi kubantu abakhalazo zingekho kwicala lasekuhlaleni. Abasebenzi basenokuchaza ezinye iindlela zonyango okanye babhekiselele kwabanye oorhulumente okanye oovimba xa kufanelekile. Ukukhalaza okuqhubeka, inkqubo yokuthabatha ukutya iphumela ekufakeni ityala okanye ekukhalazeni okucwangcisiweyo okuqalisa inkqubo yenkcitho yequmrhu.

Isaziso kunye nokuphendula

Emva kokuba kubekwe isikhalazo, le nkampani ichaza ummeli (umbutho otyholwe ngocalulo) ize inike ithuba lokuphendula. Umphendulayo ngokuqhelekileyo makanikezele impendulo ebhaliweyo ephendula izityholo nokunika uxwebhu olufanelekileyo. Le mpendulo, ebizwa ngokuba yingxelo yesikhundla kwiziphumo ze-EEOC, inika uhlobo lweziphelo kunye nokhuseleko olusemthethweni.

Iqela elikhohlakeleyo lidla ngokufumana ikopi yengxelo yesikhundla somntu ophendulayo (nolwazi oluyimfihlo oluvunyiweyo) kwaye linethuba lokuphendula. Oku kutshintshisana ngenkcazelo kunceda ukulungiselela uphando kwaye kungatyhila iindawo zesivumelwano okanye impikiswano ekhokelela kwinkcaso yomphandi.

Uphando

Icandelo lokuphanda libandakanya ukuqokelela nokuhlolisisa ubungqina bokufumanisa ukuba ucalucalulo lwenzekile kusini na. Abangenisi-mali bangacela amaxwebhu awongezelelekileyo, udliwano-ndlebe namangqina, batyelele izakhiwo zomntu ochaphazelekayo, baphinde bahlole imigaqo-nkqubo nezenzo ezifanelekileyo. Bahlolisisa ubungqina bokufumanisa ukuba buxhasa iingcamango zocalucalulo, beqwalasela zombini ubungqina obucacileyo benjongo yocalucalulo-calulo nobungqina obungachaphazelekiyo obunokuvelisa iziphumo ezibonisa ukuba ucalulo.

Ixesha lokuphanda lahluka kakhulu kuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezintsonkothileyo kunye nezibonelelo zezibonelelo. Iimeko ezilula zingaconjululwa kwiinyanga ezimbalwa, ngeli xesha iimeko ezintsonkothileyo ezibandakanya abakhalazi abaninzi okanye imiba emininzi yenkqubo zisenokuthatha unyaka okanye ngaphezulu. Ngexesha lophando, omabini amacala asenokucelwa ukuba anike inkcazelo eyongezelelekileyo okanye acacise njengoko kuvela imiba emininzi.

Ukuzimisela

Xa ligqiba uphando, eli qumrhu lizimisele ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho unobangela osengqiqweni wokukholelwa ukuba ucalucalulo lwenzekile. Isizathu sokufunyanwa sithetha ubungqina obuxhasa izityholo kwaye sicebisa ukwaphulwa komthetho wamalungelo abantu. Ukufunyanwa komntu oku kuthetha ukuba ubungqina abubuxhasi izityholo okanye akwanelanga ukusungula ukwaphulwa.

Ezi zigqibo zisekelwe kubungqina obuqokelelwe ngexesha lophando kunye nemigangatho esebenzayo esemthethweni. Ii-ofisi zisebenzisa imilinganiselo efanayo esetyenziswa ziinkundla ekuhloleni iziphumo zocalulo, ziqwalasela oothunywashe abafana nokuba lowo ukhalazayo ungowadidi olukhuselweyo, nokuba babandezeleka kusini na, nokuba ubungqina bubonisa ukuba imeko ekhuselekileyo yeklasi ibangele isenzo esingalunganga.

Unxulumano nozinzo

Xa iqumrhu lifumana unobangela ofanelekileyo, lizama ukucombulula le ngxaki ngokulungisa okanye ngokulungisa iingxubusho. Abasebenzi be-Arhente bavumela iingxubusho phakathi kwamaqela, befuna ukufikelela kwisivumelwano esicombulula ucalucalulo nokuthintela ukwaphulwa kwezaphula-mthetho zexesha elizayo. Izindululo zisenokuquka imbuyekezo yemali kokhalazo, inkqubo, iinguqu, iimfuno zoqeqesho, amalungiselelo okuhlola, kunye nezinye iinceba.

Ukuququzelela ukufezekisa izibophelelo eziphumelelayo kuphumele kwisivumelwano sokulungisa imicimbi esisombululo nesisombululo. Ezi zivumelwano zidla ngokungqinelana, kwaye abameli banokuqwalasela ukuthobela ukuqinisekisa ukuba abaphenduli baphumeza izivumelwano zabo. Ukuba ukwenziwa kwesivumelwano akuphumelelanga, iziko kufuneka ligqibe enoba kufuneka lilandele ukunyanzeliswa komthetho okanye iinkqubo zolawulo.

Uphengululo okanye ilungelo kuSue

Xa umanyano lusilela, amasebe asenokufaka ityala okanye aqalise iinkqubo zolawulo ukuze kunyanzelwe imithetho yamalungelo abantu. Ngokomzekelo, iEEOC, ingafaka imvume kwinkundla yephondo efuna isiqabu seqela elichaphazelekayo kunye nabanye abantu abachaphazelekayo. ISebe leJaji ngokufanayo linika amatyala amalungelo abantu enkundleni karhulumente. Amanye amaqumrhu, njengo-HUD, asenokubhekisa amatyala kubagwebi bomthetho wolawulo ngenxa yokuchotshelwa.

Kwiimeko ezininzi, ngoko, abameli bakhupha "kunene ukuya kumangalelwa" iileta ezivumela abakhalazi ukuba balandele ityala labucala. Ezi leta zikhutshwa xa abameli bengavumi ukuthatha ityala ngokwabo, xa uphengululo lungagqitywanga kwizakhelo zexesha lomthetho, okanye xa abakhalazi becela. Ukukhutshelwa kwelungelo lokufaka ileta kuqalisa ixesha elifutshane elimisiweyo (ngokunjalo iintsuku ezingama-90) apho umkhalazi kufuneka afake ifayile yetyala enkundleni ukuba banqwenela ukulandela oko bakuthethayo.

Iingxaki Zokujamelana Namalungelo Asekuhlaleni

Nangona zinegalelo elibalulekileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu, iinkampani ezilwela amalungelo abantu zijamelana neengxaki ezininzi ezinokuzithintela.

Iinqobo zecebo

Amaziko amaninzi alwela amalungelo abantu asebenza ngokungabi namali yaneleyo yokuhlangabezana neemfuno zeenkonzo zawo. Ngokomzekelo, iEEOC, ifumana amashumi amawaka etyala localulo nyaka ngamnye kodwa iye yabona uqingqo-mali lwayo kunye nemigangatho yabasebenzi ihleli ithe tyaba okanye ide ihla kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Oku kunqongophele koovimba kunegalelo kwityala eliphawulekayo, kunye nabanye abakhalazi abalinde iinyanga okanye iminyaka belindele amatyala abo ukuba aphengululwe.

Amaziko anyanzelisayo anyanzelisa ukunyanzelisa ukuba enze ukhetho olunzima malunga nendlela yokwabelana ngobuchule bawo obulinganiselweyo. Bangabeka phambili iindidi ezithile zamatyala phezu kwabanye, bajolise ingqalelo kwiimeko ezicwangcisiweyo kunokuba bajongene nezikhalazo zabantu ngabanye, okanye baxhomekeke kwiinkqubo ezithenjiweyo ezisenokunganikezeli uphando olucokisekileyo kwityala ngalinye. Ezi zikhuthuzo zorhwebo zingashiya amaxhoba athile anocalucalucalu-calulo ngaphandle kokuwa ngokwaneleyo kwaye zingavumela ukuphanga ukuba angazihluzi.

Iindlela Ezitshintshayo Zocalucalulo

Iinguqu ziyaqhubeka zisanda, zibonakala zisanda njengoko inkqubela-phambili yobugcisa kunye nezithethe zentlalo zitshintsha. Ukucalucalulo ngokwemithetho-siseko, apho iinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo ezizenzekelayo zivelisa iziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho, zinika imingeni emitsha yamaqumrhu aqhelileyo ajongene nokuphanda ngabamisi-zigqibo. Inkcaso kwizoqoqosho iphakamisa imibuzo yokuba ngubani ofanelekela ukufaneleka njengomqeshwa onelungelo lokukhuselwa amalungelo abantu. I-mediadiathone kunye nemigangatho ye-intanethi idala iindawo ezintsha zokuhlaselwa nokucalucalucalucalulo ezingaphandle kwemithetho yesithethe.

Amaziko alwela amalungelo abantu kufuneka aqhubeke elungisa iindlela zawo ukuze athethe ngezi ndlela zilandelayo zocalulo. Oku kufuna ukuba kuphuhliswe ubuchule obutsha, ukhokelo nemimiselo yokuhlaziya, yaye maxa wambi kufune amagunya amatsha asemthethweni. Isantya sotshintsho lwezobugcisa nezentlalo singadlula amandla amaqumrhu okuphendula, abangele izithuba kukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu.

Iingxaki Zezobupolitika Nezomthetho

Amaziko alwela amalungelo amakhaya asebenza kwimeko ejongene nezobupolitika apho ukubekwa kwawo phambili, ukucaciswa komthetho, kunye nokuqiniswa komthetho kusenokuphikiswa. Ukutshintshwa kolawulo lomongameli kungazisa iinguqu kulawulo lweziko lobukhokeli kunye nolwalathiso lwenkqubo, kudala ukungaqiniseki kwaye kusenokubangela ukuba iinkqubo zokunyanzelisa ixesha elide zincitshiswe. Imingeni esemthethweni kwizenzo zowiso-mthetho, imimiselo, kunye nokucaciswa kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu inokwenza igunya elilawulayo libe nemiqobo ephumelelayo kwaye ibangele imiqobo esebenzayo.

Izigqibo zakutshanje zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ziye zanciphisa ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu kunye negunya elisikelwe umda kwimimandla ethile, zifuna ukuba abameli balungelelanise indlela abasebenza ngayo. Ukuchaswa kwezobupolitika ekunyanzelweni kwamalungelo abantu kungabonakala ngokunciphisa imali, ngokumisela imiqathango yomthetho, okanye ngemigudu yokuphelisa inkululeko yamasebe.

IMiqathango eBalulekileyo

Abantu abaninzi abacalucalulweyo abaze bafake izikhalazo kwisebe elilwela amalungelo abantu, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba bengazi lungelo labo namayeza afumanekayo okanye ngenxa yokuba bejamelene nemiqobo yokufikelela kwiinkonzo zeenkonzo zeenkonzo zeenkonzo zeenkonzo.

Amaziko alwela amalungelo abantu asebenza ukuphelisa le miqobo ngemigudu yokufikelela nokufumana imfundo, kodwa imiqathango yenkxaso-mali inciphisa umlinganiselo wezi zindululo. Abemi abanokufumaneka, kuquka abaphambukeli, abantu abanobuchule obulinganiselweyo bamaNgesi, abantu abaneziphene, nabo bahlala kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni, basenokuba bangaphantsi kwesiqinisekiso. Ukuphucula ukufikelela kumaqumrhu alwela amalungelo abantu kufuna ukuveliswa okuqhubekayo, iinkonzo zokufikelela kwiilwimi, amaziko afikelelekayo kunye nonxibelelwano, kunye namaqumrhu oluntu.

Ikamva Lokunyanzelwa Kwamalungelo Abemi

Njengoko ibutho liqhubeka liguquka, amaqumrhu alwela amalungelo abantu kufuneka aqhelane nokucombulula iingxaki ezivelayo ngoxa egcina uthumo lwawo olungundoqo lokukhusela abantu ekucalulweni. Imeko nenkqubela-phambili eninzi isenokubumba ikamva lokunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu kwiminyaka ezayo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka namalungelo asekuhlaleni

Ukusetyenziswa okukhulayo kwenkqubo yobuchule obungeyoyamvelo kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezizenzekelayo emsebenzini, kwizindlu, kwityala, nakwezinye iindawo kunika amathuba kunye nocelomngeni lokunyanzelisa amalungelo abantu. Ezi zixhobo zobugcisa zinakho ukunciphisa ikhethe lomntu ekwenzeni izigqibo, kodwa ziyakwazi ukukhuthaza okanye ukunyusa ucalucalulo xa ziqeqeshelwe ugcino-lwazi olunekhethe okanye zenziwe ngaphandle koqwalaselo olwaneleyo kubulungisa nokungalingani.

Amasebe alwela amalungelo abemi aphuhlisa iindlela ezintsha zokusingatha ucalucalulo lwe-algorith, kuquka ukhokelo lokusetyenziswa kwe-Al kwizigqibo zemisebenzi kunye nophando lwemithetho-siseko. Imigudu yokwandiswa kolawulo kwixesha elizayo iya kufuna ubuchule obungakumbi bobugcisa, izixhobo ezintsha zokuphanda ngezixhobo zokuhlola amanani, kunye nezixhobo ezintsha ezisemthethweni ezicetyelwe ngokukhethekileyo ukusingatha ucalucalulo oluzenzekelayo. Ucalulo phakathi kwabameli bamalungelo abantu kunye noochwepheshe bobugcisa luya kuba yimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubela-lwazi lwezobugcisa ayingeni ekufuneni ukukhuselwa kwexabiso lamalungelo abantu.

Ulwalamano Olulungeleleneyo Nocalucalulo Oluntsonkothileyo

Ukuvunywa kocalulo lokudibana kwemida, ngokusekelwe ekudibaneni kweemeko ezininzi ezikhuselweyo, kwaye amaziko alwela amalungelo abantu akhula ngokukhulayo adibanisa uhlalutyo lonxulumano lomsebenzi wawo. Umntu angajamelana nocalucalulo kungekuphela nje ngenxa yebala lakhe okanye ubufana kodwa ngenxa yokuxubanisa iimpawu anazo. Umzekelo, amabhinqa amnyama anokufumana ucalucalulo olwahlukileyo kulolo lwamadoda okanye amabhinqa amhlophe.

Ukunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu kwixesha elizayo kuya kugxininisa ngakumbi ekuqondeni nasekucombululeni ezi ndlela zocalucalulo. Oku kusenokufuna utshintsho kwindlela abameli abaqokelela ngayo ulwazi, abaphandayo, nabasebenzisa ngayo imigaqo efuna ucalucalulo.

Unyanzeliso lwenkqubo kunye nenkqubo esebenzayo

Nangona ukusetyenziswa kwetyala ngalinye kusengundoqo ekunyanzelweni kwamalungelo abantu, amasebe agxininisa ngokungakumbi uphando olungokwenkqubo oluthetha ngeendlela zocalulo oluchaphazela abantu abaninzi. Oku kuvumela amaziko ukuba afikelele kwimpembelelo ebanzi ngezinto ezisikelwe umda nokulungisa ucalucalulo olungenakubangela izikhalazo zabantu ngabanye.

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kwixa elizayo kusenokuqhubeka, amaqumrhu esebenzisa uhlalutyo lwedata, uvavanyo kunye nokuthobela ingqwalasela yokuchaza ucalulo phambi kwamaxhoba ezikhalazo zefayile. Oku kuthintela kunganciphisa umthwalo kubantu abakhalazayo nokuphelisa ucalucalulo olubanzi. Noko ke, kufuneka oovimba abafanelekileyo kwaye basenokujamelana neengxaki ezingokwasemthethweni nezezobupolitika kwabo bajonga ukunyanzeleka komsebenzi njengonochuku.

Umanyano nolwahlulo

Ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo enzima yokunyanzelisa amalungelo abantu, kunye namasebe amaninzi asebenza kumgangatho owahlukeneyo karhulumente, kubangela amathuba nocelomngeni lokusebenzisana. Ukukhuthaza umanyano phakathi korhulumente, urhulumente, kunye namasebe asekuhlaleni kungaphucula ubuchule, kuncitshiswe, kuqinisekise ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu ngokuphandle. Ulwabelana ngenkcazelo, uphando oludityanisiweyo, kunye nezenzo zokwalathisa imigaqo-siseko elungelelanisiweyo, ziyakwazi ukukhuthaza amandla amasebe ahlukeneyo kwaye zinika unyango olunempumelelo kumaxhoba ajongenekhethe.

Ukunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu kwixesha elizayo kunokubona ukuhlanganiswa okungaphezulu kwemigudu yamasebe, kunye nezivumelwano ezisesikweni ezivumelanisa iimpendulo ezilungelelanisiweyo zolwahlulo. Ubuxhakaxhaka bungaxhasa olu manyano ngokunceda ulwabelana ngogcino-lwazi olukhuselekileyo nonxibelelwano phakathi kwamaqumrhu. Noko ke, ukufikelela impumelelo yomanyano kudinga ukufikelela kwimida elawulayo, imiqathango yeemali, yaye maxa wambi kukhuphisana izinto eziphambili phakathi kwabameli.

Indlela Yokubhala Isaziso Esikhalazayo NeArhente Yamalungelo Abantu

Kubantu abakholelwa ukuba baye bafumana ucalucalulo, ukufaka isikhalazo kumbutho wamalungelo abantu ngokufuthi kulinyathelo lokuqala ekufumaneni okusesikweni. Ukuqonda amanyathelo asebenzisekayo abandakanyekileyo ekucinezeleni isikhalazo kunokukunceda uqinisekise ukuba izikhalazo zibekwa kakuhle naphakathi kwemiqathango esebenzayo.

Ukugqiba I-arhente Efanelekileyo

Inyathelo lokuqala lokukhupha isikhalazo likubonisa ukuba ngowuphi umbutho okanye amaziko anegunya phezu kocalulo olutyholwayo. Oku kuxhomekeke kuhlobo localulo, apho kwenzeka khona, kwaye ngubani otyholwa ngokuba ngumchasi-calucalulo yile. Izikhalazo zocalulo zemisebenzi zidla ngokuya kumaqumrhu afanelekileyo emisebenzi. Izikhalazo zocalucalulo lweziqendu zingabekwa kwi-HUD okanye urhulumente kunye namaziko asekuhlaleni abonisa intsebenziswano.

Kwiimeko ezininzi, amasebe amaninzi asenokuba nemithetho elawulayo, kwaye izikhalazo zingabekwa nangaphezulu kombutho omnye. Izivumelwano zomsebenzi phakathi kwamaqumrhu zisoloko zivumela ukuba isikhalazo esibekwe nombutho omnye sidityaniswe nabanye, kulondolozwe amalungelo phantsi kwemithetho emininzi. Iiwebhsayithi ze-arhente kunye nabasebenzi abathabatha ukutya okuninzi bayakwazi ukumisela amaqumrhu alawula izikhalazo zawo.

Iqokelela ulwazi noxwebhu

Phambi kokubhala isikhalazo, abantu ngabanye kufuneka baqokelele ulwazi olufanelekileyo noxwebhu. Oku kuquka iinkcukacha malunga noko kwenzekileyo, xa kwenzekile, ukuba ngubani obandakanyekileyo, kunye nawo nawaphi na amangqina. Uxwebhu lungaquka ii-imeyili, imiyalezo yokubhaliweyo, izicelo zokuqesha, izicelo zokuqesha, iileta zokukhanyela, okanye ezinye iirekhodi ezinxulumene nocalulo olutyholiweyo. Ngoxa uxwebhu oluninzi lungafunwanga mfuneko uku bhala unxulumano, ukuba ulwazi olunenkcukacha luqinise isikhalazo kwaye lucebisile.

Abantu kufuneka baphawule imihla yezenzo zocalulo, njengoko ezi zingqina ukuba isikhalazo sifike ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Kuzo izityholo ze-EEOC, isenzo solwaphulo-mthetho kufuneka senzeke kwiintsuku ezili-180 (okanye iintsuku ezingama-300 kumazwe anezibonelelo zemisebenzi esesikweni) zokukhutshelwa. Amanye amasebe anemida eyahlukeneyo yexesha, ngoko ke ukuhlola ixesha elifanelekileyo elifanelekileyo kuyafuneka.

Ukuphelisa Isikhalazo

Inkoliso yamaziko alwela amalungelo abantu anikela iindlela ezininzi zokukhalaza, kuquka ii-ports, iiposi, ukutyelela nge-intanethi, kunye nemfonomfono. I-Indawer engaphakathi ixhaphakile kwaye inika imvume eluncedo kunye nesiqinisekiso esikhawulezileyo se-lisithi. Amanye amasebe afuna udliwano-ndlebe olungxamisekileyo kwiintlobo ezithile zezikhalazo, ngoxa amanye evumela ngokupheleleyo ukuba zibhalwe kude.

Ifomu yokukhalaza icela inkcazelo ngomkhalazi, umphendulani, uhlobo localulo, udidi olukhuselekileyo olubandakanyekileyo, nemihla yezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Abakhalazi kufuneka banikele iinkcukacha ezininzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka ngexa bechaza ngokufutshane kwaye benikelw' ingqalelo kwezona zibalulekileyo. Amaqumrhu amaninzi anikela ukhokelo okanye uncedo kwiifomu zokuqukumbela isikhalazo, kwaye amanye anikela udliwano-ndlebe apho abasebenzi banceda abantu balungiselele izikhalazo zabo.

Emva Kokubhabha

Emva kokuba isikhalazo sifakiwe, umbutho uthumela isiqinisekiso kwaye wabela inombolo yetyala. Abakhalazi kufuneka bagcine olu lwazi ukuze babonise iziphumo zexesha elizayo. Isibonelelo siya kwazisa umphendulayo wesikhalazo size siqalise inkqubo yaso yophando. Abakhalazi basenokufunyanwa ukuze kufumane inkcazelo eyongezelelekileyo okanye bathathe inxaxheba kwisebe lokugcina ulwazi.

Ngexesha lophando, abakhalazi kufuneka baphendule ngokukhawuleza kwizicelo zomaziko zenkcazelo baze bagcine umbutho uxelelwe ngotshintsho kulwazi loqhagamshelwano. Kufuneka bagcine amaxwebhu afanelekileyo kwaye baphephe ukutshabalalisa ubungqina obunokwenzeka. Ngoxa uphando luthe lwahlala luhleli, abakhalazi kufuneka bawaqaphele amalungelo abo, kuquka nokukhuselwa ekuziphindezeleni ukuvala isikhalazo.

Inkqubo yokukhalaza ingaba mide, kwaye kufuneka umonde rhoqo. Noko ke, abo bakhalazayo banelungelo lokubuza ngemeko yeemeko zabo kwaye abafanele bathandabuze ukuqhagamshelana nesebe ukuba banemibuzo okanye amaxhala. Ukuqonda ukuba abameli basingatha ityala elikhulu kunokukunceda umisele amathemba afanelekileyo malunga nexesha elifanelekileyo, kodwa abakhalazi bafanele bawamele amatyala abo kwaye baqinisekise ukuba bafumana ingqalelo efanelekileyo.

Oovimba kunye noLwazi olongezelelekileyo

Kukho oovimba abaninzi abafuna ukufunda okungakumbi ngamaziko alwela amalungelo abantu nangamalungelo abo phantsi kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu. Ukuqonda apho kufumaneka khona inkcazelo ethembekileyo kunokunceda abantu benze izigqibo ezithe ngqo ngokuqinisekisa amalungelo abo nokufikelela kwiinkonzo zesebe.

I-website ye- epheleleyo ye-Opportunity Commission inikela iinkcukacha ezibanzi malunga nemithetho yocalulo lwemisebenzi, inkqubo yokutyala ishefu, kunye namayeza akhoyo. Inxuwa eliqulathe amaphepha enyaniso, amaxwebhu okhokelo, kunye nezinto zokufundisa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemisebenzi. Ngokufanayo, ukurhoxiswa kwezindlu ezintle ze-Urbacty transfort transpage inika ubuncwane malunga nocalucalucalulo lwezindlu nendlela yokuzisola iifayile.

Ii-website ezilungiselelwe amalungelo abantu zigcina iiwebhsayithi ezinenkcazelo ephathelele imigaqo, iinkqubo nemigaqo ekhethekileyo. Ezi zinxulumani zidla ngokuquka inkcazelo yokunxibelelana nezikhalazo ezithe zathethwa nokufumana iinkonzo.

Imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni namalungelo abantu anika ubuncwane obuxabisekileyo kumaxhoba ocalucalulo, kuquka umelo olusemthethweni, izinto zokuzinceda, kunye namagqwetha. Imibutho e-American Liberties Union, iNaACP Legal Defense Fund, kunye neZiko loMthetho leSizwe elisebenza kwimicimbi yamalungelo abantu kwaye linika abantu abajongene nocalucalulo izinto zabo.

Iinkonzo zebhari zidla ngokusetyenziswa ligqwetha elinobuchule obudibanisa abantu namagqwetha ajongene nomthetho wamalungelo abantu. Amagqwetha amaninzi amalungelo abantu asebenza ngesiseko semali ehlawulwayo, okuthetha ukuba aqokelela iindleko kuphela ukuba aphumelele, enza ukuba ukumelelwa okusemthethweni kufikeleleke ngakumbi kubantu abangakwaziyo ukuhlawula iindleko ezisemthethweni.

Amaziko emfundo, amathala eencwadi, nemibutho yoluntu isoloko ifumana iindawo zokusebenzela kunye neentlanganiso zolwazi ngamalungelo abantu. Ezi ziganeko zinika amathuba okufunda ngamalungelo namayeza ngokwemimiselo efikelelekayo, esekelwe kuluntu. Zikwanika amathuba okunxulumana nabanye abaye bacalucalulwa kwaye bafunda kumava abo alawula iinkqubo zamalungelo abantu.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Kwamalungelo Abemi

Amaqumrhu alwela amalungelo abantu asafuneka kumzabalazo oqhubekayo wokulingana nokusesikweni kwibutho labantu baseMerika. Phezu kwako nje ukujamelana nocelomngeni oluphawulekayo, kuquka imiqathango enzima yoovimba, iintlobo zocalucalulo, kunye nenkcaso yezopolitiko, la maqumrhu ayaqhubeka ephanda amawaka ezikhalazo zocalulo minyaka le, enyanzelisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu, kwaye esebenzela ukuthintela ucalucalucalulo ngemfundo nangendlela yokufumana intlukwano. Umsebenzi wawo uchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bezigidi zamaMerika, unika uncedo kumaxhoba ajongelwano ajongene nenkqutho eentsi ngemisebenzi, izindlu, imfundo, neendawo zokuhlala zikawonke wonke.

Ukusebenza kwamaziko alwela amalungelo abantu akuxhomekekanga kuphela kwimithombo eyaneleyo negunya elisemthethweni kodwa kwanakulwazi olusemngciphekweni nomanyano lwabantu. Xa abantu bewaqonda amalungelo abo oluntu kwaye bekwazi ukufikelela kwiinkonzo zomaziko, banokubekwa bhetele ekuqiniseni amalungelo abo nokuze banike abalawuli bolwaphulo-mthetho abanoxanduva. Xa abaqeshi, abanikezeli bezindlu, abafundisi, namanye amaqumrhu agqunyiweyo eqonda iimbopheleleko zawo kunye nomsebenzi wabo wokuthintela ukucalucalucalucalulo, imfuneko yokunyaza ngokuhlaza nokukhula kwemeko-bume ekhoyo.

Njengoko ibutho liqhubeka liguquka, amaqumrhu alwela amalungelo abantu kufuneka aqhelane nolwahlulo olutsha lo gama egcina ukuzinikela kwawo kwimigaqo engundoqo yokulingana nokusesikweni. Oku kufuna ukuba utyalo-mali oluqhubekayo kubuchule bolawulo, ukuphuhliswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokucinga, ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa, kunye nokuzibophelela okuqhubekayo kubenzi bezomthetho kunye noluntu. Le mingeni ibalulekile, kodwa ngokufanayo nokubaluleka komsebenzi. Amaziko alwela amalungelo asekuhlaleni asebenza njengabalondolozi besithembiso sokuba bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba uhlanga, ibala, unqulo, imvelaphi, isini, ubudala, ukukhubazeka, okanye ezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo, bafanelwe kulula ukunyangwa kunye nethuba elilinganayo phantsi komthetho.

Nabani na oye wacalucalulwa okanye ofuna ukuxhasa abanye ekuqinisekiseni amalungelo abo, eqonda indlela abasebenza ngayo abameli bamalungelo abantu nendlela abawasebenzisa ngayo kunye neenkonzo abazenzayo. La masebe akhoyo ukuze ancede uluntu, aphande izikhalazo, anyanzelise imithetho, akhuthaze ibutho elinobulungisa nelingenabubulungisa. Ngokusebenzisa iinkonzo zalo, ngokuxhasa umsebenzi walo, nangokuxhasa ukuphumelela kwalo, abantu banokuba negalelo kwimigudu eqhubekayo yokwenza amalungelo abantu abe yinyaniso.