Abasebenzi basekhaya eIndiya: Isikhokelo Esinetyala Kumalungelo Asemthethweni Nakukhuseleko

Abasebenzi bekhaya bazenza isiseko esingabonakaliyo sezigidi zeentsapho zamaIndiya, benza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo enjengokucoca, ukupheka, ukunyamekela abantwana, kunye nokunyamekela abadala. IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ziqikelela ukuba iIndiya iyodwa ichaza malunga nezigidi ezisisi-4,2 zabasebenzi basekhaya, nangona inani lokwenene liphakame kakhulu ngenxa yokungacwangciswanga nokungabhalwanga kwale misebenzi. Nangona iminikelo yabo ebalulekileyo, abasebenzi bekhaya baye bakhutshwa kwimithetho ephambili, abashiya bengakhuselekanga kakuhle, benokuxhatshazwa, befumana imivuzo ephantsi, iimeko eziyingozi zokusebenza, kunye nesidima sentlalo-ntle. Noko ke, i-Indiya iye yathatha inyathelo elibalulekileyo lokuqonda ukuba ngabasebenzi basekhaya abasemthethweni abasemthethweni abamele ukukhuselwa kwemithetho esemthethweni, ukulungiselela amalungelo asemthethweni, ukugcinwa kwamalungelo, kunye namanyathelo aluncedo abaqeshwa, omabini emisebenzini aqinisekisa isidima kunye nesidima kwimisebenzi yezenziwabo.

Ngoobani Abasebenzi Bezindlu EIndiya?

Ngaphantsi komthetho waseIndiya kunye nemigaqo yehlabathi, umqeshwa wasekhaya ngumntu obandakanyekileyo emsebenzini wekhaya wokubuyisela imvume ngaphakathi okanye ngaphandle kwekhaya lomqeshi. Umsebenzi usenokuba licandelo okanye ixesha elipheleleyo, uhlale okanye uhlale, kwaye uquke iindima ezifana nabapheki, abasebenzi, abasebenzi, abalimi, abaqhubi bezityalo, abaqhubi, nabagcini bendlu. Icandelo lisebenza ngokugqeba: abasebenzi basemakhaya bangamabhinqa, abaninzi babo basuka kwiindawo zasemaphandleni okanye kumazwe angoommelwane. Basoloko bengaba phakathi kwabantu abahlala elunxwemeni kuquka iShechemiste Caste, iStellet Collet, kunye nooperated Colleges. Ukungabikho kwezivumelwano ezibhaliweyo kunye noomatiloshe abaqeshi abasemthethweni nabaqeshi-Rhovaniweedeawe, unxulumano olungabonakaliyo olungooqeqeshiweyo, ukhuseleko olungomthetho, bonke besenza ukhuseleko olusemthethweni olungowona lonke.

Ubalo-mali kunye nokungabi nangxaki

Icandelo lomsebenzi wasekhaya liphawulwa ngokubalasela okungacwangciswanga, ukuthelekisa amandla aphantsi, kunye namalungiselelo emisebenzi ahlukeneyo. Umlinganiselo omkhulu wabasebenzi uqeshwa ziintsapho ezininzi, nganye ihlawula i-intelliging ngaphandle kokhuseleko lomsebenzi okanye iingenelo. Abasebenzi bamakhaya abaphambukeli bafudukayo ./abo banqumla imida yesizwe okanye kwanaphesheya kwemida ephezulu, kuquka imiqobo yolwimi, ukunqongophala kwemibutho yasekuhlaleni, kunye nomngcipheko ophezulu wokurhwebelana okanye ukunyanzelwa. Ukuqonda ezi zinto zikhuselwano ziyimfuneko ekuqondeni isizathu sokuba ukukhuselwa okungokwasemthethweni kungabi ngumbandela nje wemithetho esisiseko kodwa kumalungelo abantu.

Ukuguquka Kwembali Yokuzikhusela Ngokomthetho

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, abasebenzi basekhaya eIndiya babekhutshwe kumthetho omkhulu wabasebenzi onjengoMthetho weFactories Act, 1948, i-Ages Act, 1948, kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo yamaZiko eDistapes, 1947. Ingcamango yayikukuba amakhaya ayengamele “indawo zokusebenza” kwaye umsebenzi wasekhaya wawulilungiselelo lobuqu elingathotyelwanga umthetho. Imithetho yesizwe kuBasebenzi base-Rofulity[[FLT1] [2009] kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamalungu aphambili e-Indiya, kwimiqathango yenkundla ebanzi, iqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi bekhaya banelungelo lokufumana amalungelo abalulekileyo njengaye nawuphi namnye umsebenzi. [[FLT] umgaqo wokhuselo lwesizwe] u-2009] kunye nomthetho obalulekileyo wokhuseleko lwelizwe onyanzekileyo.

Imithetho Ebalulekileyo Nemithetho Elawula Abasebenzi Basekhaya

Isiseko somthetho saseIndiya sabasebenzi basekhaya sisixhobo esidityanisiweyo semithetho esembindini, imimiselo engqaleneyo nemigaqo ecacileyo karhulumente kunye nezicatshulwa zomthetho. Ngapha koko zizixhobo ezibalulekileyo zowiso-mthetho.

ISebe leMicimbi yoKhuseleko loMsebenzi, 2008

Esi senzo sisesona siphambili somthetho ogquma abasebenzi basekhaya njengenxalenye yecandelo elingalungelelanisiweyo. Sigunyazisa oorhulumente abasembindini kunye norhulumente ukuba benze iinkqubo zokhuseleko lwentlalo-ntle ukwenzela i-inshorensi yempilo, iinzuzo zobuTshayi, umhlala-phantsi, kunye nesigqumathelo sokukhubazeka. [UMFL] u-Mandamr Mantam Yogi-Maan (PJHAN) [PM-YM] [FLT] [FLT] kunye ne-Ayman Brashman Pradmariat Pradmaria Jan Arogya Oya (APJY)[FY] inyuselwe kwabasebenzi basekhaya, nangona intelo ihlala ingekho ngokweemfuneko ezifunekayo kuxwebhu.

UMthetho weSizwe soMqeshwa oHlanganisiweyo (Umiselo lweNgxelo-misebenzi neeNkxaso zeeNkonzo), 1979

Nangona ekuqaleni yayinzelwe abasebenzi abafudukayo abakwimizi-mveliso nakulwakhiwo lwamazwe ahlukeneyo, iinkundla ziye zatolika esi senzo ukugquma abasebenzi basekhaya abafudukela kwimida karhulumente. Umthetho ufuna abaqeshi ukuba banikele isivumelwano esibhaliweyo, baqinisekise ukuba bahlawule umvuzo omncinane, banikezele indawo yokuhlala efanelekileyo kunye nezakhiwo zezonyango. Noko ke, ukunyanzelisa kuyaziwa ukuba kubuthathaka, kwaye bambalwa abasebenzi basekhaya abawaziyo amalungiselelo ayo.

IMithetho yeBhodi yeNkcubeko neMiqathango kaRhulumente

Umazwe amaninzi, kuquka iKerala, iTamil Nadu, iKarnataka, iMaharashtra, kunye neDelhi, amisele imithetho ethile okanye iibhodi zoncedo lwabasebenzi basekhaya. Umzekelo, Kerala Abasebenzi bezempangelo-mali isebenza njengemizekelo yokukhusela abasebenzi belizwe[ iqokelela ii-ces kubaqeshi, kwaye inika umhlala-phantsi, i-inshorensi yempilo, kunye nemfundo yabantwana. Ezi zingeniso zomgangatho karhulumente zisebenza njengemizekelo yokukhusela abasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo kodwa zikude kwihlabathi lonke.

Ukukhathazwa ngokwesini kwamabhinqa emsebenzini (Ukugxothwa, Ukugwetywa Nokubuyiselwa), 2013

I- Act yePosh ngokucacileyo iquka abasebenzi basekhaya ekuchazeni kwabo “osebenzayo” kwaye ifuna abaqeshi ``kuquka amakhaya') akha iikomiti zezikhalazo zangaphakathi (okanye asebenzise iikomiti zasekuhlaleni) ukuphendula ukukhathazwa ngokwesini. Oku kukhuselo olubalulekileyo olunikwa ulwahlulo lomsebenzi wasekhaya kunye nokungalungelelana kwamandla phakathi komninimzi nabasebenzi.

UMthetho we-

Ukususela ngo-2009, oorhulumente basembindini kunye norhulumente baye baquka umsebenzi wasekhaya olungiselelwe imisebenzi elungiselelwe ukuhlawula umvuzo omncinci. Ngowama-2025, uninzi lwamazwe lunemivuzo eqingqiweyo emincinane yemihla ngemihla okanye yenyanga kubasebenzi basekhaya, nangona amanani ehluka ngokubanzi (kusukela kuma-76300 ngemini) kwamanye amazwe ukusa kuma-76600 eDelhi. Abaqeshi banyanzelekile ngokusemthethweni ukuba bahlawule ubuncinane umlinganiselo ochaziweyo, kodwa ukuthobela kuyadityaniswa.

Imigaqo yeNkcubeko, 2019 kunye neminye iMithetho

Ikhowudi entsha yabasebenzi, enenjongo yokudibanisa nokuwenza lula imithetho ekhoyo, ichaza “umqeshwa” ngokubanzi ngokwaneleyo ukuquka abasebenzi basekhaya. Noko ke, ukuzalisekisa imithetho kusagqitywa, kwaye ukhuseleko oluninzi "ezinje ngomvuzo omncinci okhoyo jikelele, intlawulo efike ngexesha elifanelekileyo, kwaye iisivumelwano esibhaliweyo siza kufezekiswa emhlabeni.

Amalungelo angundoqo nokhuseleko kwinkcukacha

Ngasezantsi sihlolisisa iimfanelo ezingokwasemthethweni abasebenzi basekhaya abanokuzifumana, kunye nezizathu ezisebenzisekayo.

Ilungelo Lokufumana Imali Efanelekileyo

Abasebenzi basekhaya banelungelo lokuhlawula umvuzo ongengaphantsi komvuzo omncinane omiselwe ngurhulumente wesizwe. Amatyala kufuneka ahlawulwa ngemali okanye ukuthunyelwa kwebhanki; ukuhlawulwa ngohlobo (umz., ukutya okanye indawo yokuhlala) akunakuthabathel' indawo yomvuzo wemali ngaphandle kokuba bavumelene ngokuzithandela kwaye babhaliwe. Abaqeshi abahlawula umvuzo omncinci kunalowo banokujamelana nokutshutshiswa phantsi koMthetho woMsebenzi oPhakathi-phantsi.

Ukusebenza Iiyure, Amaxesha Okuphumla Nokuchitha Ixesha Elininzi

Nangona kungekho mthetho uphakathi ogunyazisa iiyure zokusebenza abasebenzi basekhaya, urhulumente omninzi umisela ixesha lokusebenza iiyure eziyi-8-9 ngosuku ngesithuba seyure enye. Abasebenzi abaphilayo mabanikwe ixesha elifanelekileyo lokusebenza. Ixesha elingaphaya kweeyure ezibekiweyo kufuneka lihlawulelwe ngokuphindwe kabini kwisantya esiqhelekileyo. Ukungabikho kwexesha okanye ingxelo yokufika emakhaya kwenza kube nzima ukunyanzelisa, kodwa abasebenzi bangagcina iiyure zabo zokuhlala okanye basebenzise ii-apps zabo kwiyure zokulinganisa.

Ukukhuselwa Ekuxhatshazweni Nokukhathazwa

Abasebenzi basekhaya banelungelo lokufumana indawo yomsebenzi ekhuselekileyo nenentlonelo. Ukuxhatshazwa ngokwasemzimbeni, ngamazwi, ngokweemvakalelo, okanye ngokwesini ngabaqeshi okanye amalungu endlu kungekho mthethweni kwaye kungaxelwa phantsi kweKhodi ye-Indiya (amacandelo 354, 376, 506, njl.njl.) kunye nePoSH. Iziko lamapolisa linyanzelekile ngokusemthethweni ukubhalisa izikhalazo kubasebenzi basekhaya ngaphandle kokucalula.

Iingenelo Zokhuseleko Loluntu

KuMthetho weNtlalo-ntle yaBasebenzi, abasebenzi banokufumana uludwe lweenkqubo zikarhulumente:

  • I-inshorensi ye-Ayushman Bharat [[FULT: 0] inika umlinganiselo wama-765 kulakh ukuze igqume igumbi lesibini nelokunyamekela.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imali:[ PM-SYM inika umhlala-phantsi wenyanga we-33000 emva kweminyaka engama-60 kumnikelo omncinane.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iingenelo zobembiso: Ezinye iibhodi zikarhulumente zinika ikhefu elihlawulwayo (umz. iiveki ezili-12) kunye neenzuzo zemali, nangona intengiso yesizwe ilinganiselwe.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Isiqumla kunye nogqumo lokukhubazeka: Phantsi kwePradhan Mantri Suraksha Buma Yojana kunye nezinye izicwangciso.

Ngelishwa, ukubhaliswa kwezi zenzo kufuna uAadhaar, iakhawunti yasebhankini yaye maxa wambi umqeshi unika isiqinisekiso, abasebenzi abaninzi basekhaya abasisweleyo.

Iphepha Elilandelayo

Ngeli xesha ingagunyaziswanga emhlabeni wonke, isivumelwano somsebenzi esibhaliweyo sikhuthazwa ngamandla kwaye sifunwa ngokusemthethweni kubasebenzi basekhaya abafudukayo phantsi koMthetho weNtetho yeSizwe weMigrant Workmen. Isivumelwano kufuneka sichaze imisebenzi, imivuzo, iiyure zokusebenza, sishiye, amabinzana okuhlala (ukuba uphila-ngaphakathi), kunye nesaziso sokuphelisa isaziso. Ukuba nesivumelwano esibhaliweyo sinciphisa iingxabano kwaye sinika amandla abasebenzi abakwizikhalazo.

Ukuhlengahlengisa

Abasebenzi basekhaya bayakwazi ukufika:

  • Isebe labasebenzi okanye umkhomishinala wabasebenzi basekuhlaleni.
  • I-State Power Fomatial Welfare Boards (apho zikhona).
  • Izikhululo zamapolisa (zezamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho).
  • Ikomiti yasekuhlaleni phantsi koMthetho wePoSH.
  • ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko yeNkcubeko yeSizwe (NaLSA).

Ucelomngeni Ekufezekiseni Nakunyanzelo

Phezu kwawo nje amalungiselelo angokwasemthethweni achazwe ngasentla, isibakala esiyinyaniso semihla ngemihla senkoliso yabasebenzi basekhaya eIndiya siseyingozi.

Ukungaqwalaseli noluNcedo

Abasebenzi abaninzi basekhaya abazazi iimfanelo zabo ezisemthethweni. Kwanabo baziyo basenokuba abanazo iingxelo zemali, ii-akhawunti zebhanki, okanye iidilesi ezimiselweyo zokubhalisa.

Ukukhutshwa kwenxeba eliqhelekileyo

Abahloli abaphantsi koMthetho weFactories kunye neminye imithetho yemizi - mveliso abanagunya kwizindlu zabucala. INkundla Ephakamileyo icebise ukuba amasebe abasebenzi anike amandla okuhlola iindawo zokusebenza zasekhaya, kodwa bambalwa abaye bakwenza oko. Ngaphandle kokunyanzelisa, ukuthobela kushiyelwa ngokupheleleyo kwintsebenziswano yabaqeshi.

Amandla Alinganiselweyo Nokoyika Ukubuyiselwa

Abasebenzi basekhaya, ingakumbi abasebenzi abahlala kwilizwe labo okanye abafudukayo, baxhomekeke kuqoqosho lwabaqeshi yaye basoloko behlala kwiindawo ezihlala kuzo. Ukukhalaza ngokuba nemali, iiyure ezininzi, okanye ukuxhatshazwa kungakhokelela ekugxothweni ngokukhawuleza, ekulahlekelweni kwendawo yokuhlala, okanye kwanokurhwetyelelwa. Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kudiza ukubika.

Imingxuma Esemthethweni

Akukho mthetho uphambili ogunyazisa ukuqulunqwa koluntu jikelele kwabasebenzi bekhaya phantsi koMthetho woKhuseleko lweNtlalo-ntle okanye iKhodi eBandleni. Amazwe anemivuzo encinane elinganayo, imigaqo-nkqubo, kunye nentlawulo yequmrhu loluntu, ukudala ulwahluko-lwahluko lwamalungelo. Kubantu abasebenza kwiintsapho ezininzi, akukho namnye wabaqeshi oziva enomthwalo opheleleyo wokunika iingenelo.

Indima Yoluntu Namaqela Angenazintsebenziso

I-NGOZI kunye namaqumrhu orhwebo aye aluncedo ekukhuthazeni amalungelo abasebenzi basekhaya, ukubhalisa abasebenzi, nokunika inkxaso esemthethweni. Iintlangano ezinjenge I-Domestic Coomissions Rights Union (DWRU), [[FLT]]], [[FLT]][FLT]][AZIP]] Amalungu aMasipala (EMAMA) [SUP] [[FLT] [[FLT]], [[FLT] [4] I-Creyilelo Creyile [[[FLT:]], ukunceda abasebenzi bafumane amakhadi asekelwe kwi-odwarthmease, kwaye bamele abasebenzi kwiimeko zokuxhaphaza. [iiiiiiiiii-Genethi ye-Fout]

[[UMTL:0] ukwenzela ulwazi oluthe vetshe, bona Abasebenzi be-ILO basekhaya abaQinisekileyo [ kunye ne-UN yophawu lwamabhinqa kwabasebenzi beSebe beSebe leNtlanga.

Imigwebo yophawu lwelizwe nophuhliso lwakutshanje

Inkundla yetyala yaseIndiya iphumeze indima ephambili ekukhuseleni abasebenzi basekhaya. I-Domestic Basebenzi v. Umanyano lwaseIndiya (2009), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayalela onke amaphondo ukuba aquke umsebenzi wasekhaya kwimisebenzi ecwangcisiweyo ukwenzela imivuzo encinane nokuzalisekisa ukhuseleko lwasentlalo. Jehosh v. Umanyano lweIndiya (206), iNkundla yaphinda yaphinda yathi abasebenzi basekhaya banelungelo lokukhusela phantsi koMthetho wePoS. Kutshanje, iNkundla ePhakakhulu ye-Delhi ngo-2023 iyalela urhulumente ukuba umisele i-Oomatilathiwe-OOOMESCY ngemigaqo ecacileyo.

Ngo-2022, uBulungiseleli be-Labours kunye neMisebenzi bandulule Isiseko sogcino-lwazi sobuzwe sabasebenzi abangangeni semthethweni (NDUW) esiquka abasebenzi basekhaya njengodidi olwahlukileyo, enenjongo yokunceda ukufuduselwa ngqo kunye nokufikelela kwentlalo-ntle. Noko ke, njengo-2025, ngaphantsi kwe-15% kwabasebenzi basekhaya abaqikelelwa ukuba babhaliswe.

Oko Abaqeshi Nabasebenzi Banokukwenza

Abaqeshi

  • Ubhaliso lomsebenzi wasekhaya ngesebe lomsebenzi okanye ibhodi yentlalo-ntle ukuba ifanelekile.
  • Yenza isivumelwano esibhaliweyo ngolwimi oluqondwayo ngumqeshwa, umvuzo, imisebenzi, iiyure, ukuhamba nokuphawula ixesha.
  • Xa ubuncinane uhlawula umvuzo omncinane karhulumente; phepha ukuhlawuliswa ngaphandle kwalawo avunyelwe ngokusemthethweni (umz., ukwenzela ucwangciso lukarhulumente).
  • Qiniseka ukuba ukhuselekile yaye unentlonelo; ungaze uxhatshazwe ngamazwi, emzimbeni okanye ngokwesini.
  • Yamkela indlela obhaliswe ngayo umqeshwa ukuze afumane ukhuseleko (Aadhaar, iakhawunti yasebhankini, icell phone).
  • Ziphumze ngokwaneleyo, usele amanzi, usele izindlu zangasese, uze unike abasebenzi abahlala kwigumbi labucala elinesitshixo.

Kubasebenzi Bemizi

  • Yazi amalungelo akho asemthethweni: yiya kwintlanganiso yokwazisa abantu, funda iifoto okanye inkcazelo eluncedo, uze uthethe nabo usebenza nabo.
  • Fumana isivumelwano esibhaliweyo enoba uqala ngokusibhala ngomlomo; bhala umsebenzi wakho (thabatha iifoto, gcina incwadi yeziganeko zemihla ngemihla).
  • Ukubhalisa iqumrhu loluntu okanye iinkqubo zokhuseleko; amazwe amaninzi avumela ukuzibhalisa ngokukhupha isindululo esilula.
  • Ukuphulwa kwengxelo: yibize inkxaso yabasebenzi (efumaneka kumazwe amaninzi), qhagamshelana nesisele samabhinqa asekuhlaleni, okanye qhagamshelana neNGO ukuze ufumane uncedo olusemthethweni.
  • Yenza okanye uthelele iqela labasebenzi: Ukusebenzisana okuninzi kunciphisa ubuchule bokuzikhetha.

Ukwakha Inkqubo Yentlonelo

Ngaphandle kokuthotyelwa ngokusemthethweni, ukwenza impucuko yokuhlonela kubandakanya ukugqala umsebenzi wasekhaya njengowokwenene ofanelwe yisidima. Abaqeshi bangaqala ngokubiza abasebenzi ngamagama, bahlonele ixesha labo kunye nendawo yabo yobuqu, baze babaphathe njengabalinganayo. Inyathelo likarhulumente kufuneka liquke ukunyanzelisa, ukubhalisa indalo yonke, kunye nabahloli abazinikeleyo bemisebenzi yempangelo. Imigudu yokwalathisa kufuneka ijolise kwiNational Premistration Work Act ebanzi eqinisa amalungelo kunye nezonyango.

Isiphelo

I-Indiya yenze inkqubela encomekayo yokugqala abasebenzi basekhaya njengamalungelo ahlala ekhokelwa phantsi komthetho. I-Orthority’s Social Security Act engowona mqobo, ukufakwa komsebenzi wasekhaya phantsi kwemivuzo encinane, ukunwetywa koMthetho wePoSH, kunye neebhodi zolawulo lomgangatho ophezulu ziseke isiseko sokhuseleko. Kodwa umsantsa phakathi kokugunyaziswa okusemthethweni kunye nento yokwenene yemihla ngemihla uyaqhubeka usanda. Izigidi zabasebenzi basekhaya zisebenza ngaphandle kwezivumelwano, ngaphandle kwenzuzo, kwaye ngaphandle kwentembelo yokuba ilizwi lazo liya kuviwa. Ukuvala loo msantsalo kufuneka umgudu owenziwe kubo bonke abagcini-mathikithi: abaqeshi abakhetha ukungahambisani nje kuphela nencwadi kodwa ngomoya womthetho; abasebenzi abazilungiselelayo; abalungelelalisayo nababazi; abahlala bexhasa; abameli abahlala besasaza; nabameli abahlala besasaza; nababo abafumana inkxaso.

Ukufunda ngokubhekele phaya ngamalungelo abasebenzi basekhaya, ungajonga kwi Amalungelo abantu Watch kwiingxelo zabasebenzi basekhaya eIndiya kunye kunye ne-[FLT] ukulandelelana kwephepha elinikezelweyo le-Labour & Working . Uhambo oluya kwisidima sendalo yonke luyaqhubeka, kwaye nayiphi na intshukumo (isivumelwano esibhaliweyo, umvuzo ofanelekileyo, okanye incoko ehloniphekileyo) isondeza kufutshane nekhaya.