Ukwazisa: Iintsika Zoluntu

Ulwalamano phakathi kwamalungelo neembopheleleko ludala isiseko esiphambili salo naliphi na ibutho labantu elisebenzayo. Enoba usaqala ukufunda ngeenkqubo zoluntu, ukusebenza, okanye ukuqhuba iindawo zamanani, ukuqonda ezi ngcamango kubalulekile. Amalungelo anika abantu amandla okuphila ngokukhululekileyo nangesidima, ngeli lixa iimbopheleleko ziqinisekisa ukuba le nkululeko ayifumaneki ngokulahlekelwa ngabanye. Esi sikhokelo siza kuchaza zombini izimvo, sihlolisise imvelaphi yazo, sihlolisise izicelo zeli hlabathi lokwenene, size sinikele icebiso elisebenzisekayo lokuzilungisa kubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Ayintoni Amalungelo?

Amalungelo anikwe abantu okanye iimvume abaziphetheyo, ezikhuselwe kakhulu yimigaqo-nkqubo yomthetho, umgaqo-siseko, okanye izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe. Zimela ukuba umntu omnye ungenza nxamnye nabanye okanye nxamnye norhulumente, ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela kwinkululeko esisiseko, oovimba kunye nezixhobo. Ingqiqo yokulunga ithetha ukuba umntu othile unembopheleleko yokuhlonela okanye yokuxhasa loo nto.

Iindidi zamalungelo

Amalungelo anokubekwa kwiindidi eziliqela, nganye inemilinganiselo yayo kunye neenkqubo zokunyanzelisa:

  • Amalungelo e-Nativial-Ngokufuthi asuka kwizithethe zentanda-bulumko (umz., uJohn Locke, inkululeko, kunye nempahla). Ezi zithathwa njengemfuza kubo bonke abantu, nokuba urhulumente uyabamkela.
  • [[FLT: 0] Amalungelo e-Legal - amalungelo anikwe ngokucacileyo yinkqubo yomthetho, njengamalungelo etyala elilungileyo okanye ilungelo lokutyikitya isivumelwano. Ayahluka ngokwamandla.
  • Amalungelo abantu – amalungelo ehlabathi lonke avunywa ngamaqumrhu ezizwe ngezizwe (umz., iSibhengezo soMhlaba Samalungelo Abantu). Aquka ilungelo lobomi, inkululeko ekuthuthunjisweni, nenkululeko yokucinga.
  • ICivil kunye namalungelo ezobupolitika – Amalungelo akhusela inkululeko yabantu ekuphazanyisweni ngurhulumente kwaye avumela ukuba kubekho inxaxheba kubomi boluntu (umz., ukuvota, indibano, intetho).
  • Equotic, iNtlalo kunye neNkcubeko – amalungelo anxulumene nentlalo-ntle, imfundo, unyango, kunye nomgangatho owaneleyo wokuphila.

Isizathu Sokuba Kubaluleke Ngamalungelo

Amalungelo asebenza macala amabini. Anika abantu amandla okusukela izilangazelelo zabo, iinkolelo zabo, neenjongo zabo ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa ngokungekho sikweni. Kwangaxeshanye, azisa imida ethintela abadlali abanamandla (hokuba oorhulumente, amaqumrhu, okanye abanye abantu) bayalisebenzisa kakubi igunya labo. Xa amalungelo ehlonelwa, uluntu lunezinzo, ukuphuhliswa, nokusesikweni. Ngokuchasene noko, xa amalungelo etyeshelwa, ukungalingani kunye nengxabano zidla ngokulandela.

Ziyintoni Iimbopheleleko?

Iimbopheleleko okanye iimbopheleleko umntu ngamnye azifaneleyo, kwabanye, nakuluntu olubanzi. Ngoxa ilungelo liyinto onelungelo lokuyifumana, imbopheleleko yinto olindeleke ukuba uyinike okanye uyenze. Iimbopheleleko ziqinisekisa ukuba ukusebenzisa amalungelo akuzivelisi siphithiphithi okanye ingozi.

Iindidi Zeembopheleleko

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Iimbopheleleko ze-Legal – iimbopheleleko ezimiselwe kumthetho, ezifana nokuhlawula irhafu, ukuthobela imithetho yendlela, okanye ukuphumeza imisebenzi yesivumelwano. Ukungaphumeleli ukuhlangabezana nezi zinto kungaphumela kwisohlwayo.
  • Iimbopheleleko ze-Moral[ – iimbopheleleko ezizintlu-ntathu azinyanzeliswanga ngumthetho kodwa zilindelwe libutho labantu, njengokuthetha inyaniso, ukunceda umntu obandezelekileyo, okanye ukubonisa umbulelo.
  • Iimbopheleleko ze-pic – Imisebenzi enxulumene nobumi, njengovota, ukukhonza kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala, ukuhlala waziswe ngemicimbi kawonke-wonke, nokuhlonela impahla kawonke-wonke.
  • [[UMTHETHO] Iimbopheleleko zobuqu – Iimbopheleleko zobuqu, kuquka ukulondoloza impilo, ukusukela imfundo, kunye nokuphatha imali. Ezi zizinto ezisoloko zifuneka ekuphumezeni eminye imisebenzi.
  • [[Umsebenzi womsebenzi womsebenzi] - Imisebenzi engokomsebenzi, njengokugcina ixesha lentlanganiso, ukugcina imfihlo, nokuphatha abantu osebenza nabo ngokulungileyo.

Isizathu Sokuba Kudingeke Iimbopheleleko

Ngaphandle kweembopheleleko, amalungelo aba buthathaka. Umzekelo, ilungelo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo liyaphelelwa yintsingiselo ukuba akukho mntu uthabatha imbopheleleko yokuphulaphula okanye yokuphepha ukuphembelela ugonyamelo. Iimbopheleleko zidala iimeko apho amalungelo anokusetyenziswa ngokukhuselekileyo nangokulinganayo. Zikwakhuthaza ingqiqo yoluntu: ngokuzalisekisa iimbopheleleko, abantu banegalelo ekulondolozeni okulungileyo nokunceda ukulondoloza ukuthembana kwentlalo.

Ukulungelelanisa Amalungelo Neembopheleleko

Eyona nkalo inzima kulo mbandela kukuqonda indlela amalungelo neembopheleleko ezihambelana ngayo. Linye ilungelo elinoxanduva olufanayo, kwaye lisoloko linetyala eliyalela abanye okanye inkqubo ekhusela ilungelo. Umlinganiselo awusoloko ucacile, ingakumbi xa kungqubana amalungelo.

Indalo Enxulumene Nezityalo

Isithandi sobulumko uWesley Hohfeld sathi amalungelo nemisebenzi ayihambelani: ukuba u-A unelungelo lokulwa no-B, ngoko u-B umele anikwe umsebenzi ku-A. Umzekelo, ilungelo lakho lomhlaba linyanzelisa abanye ukuba bangabeki. Ngokufanayo, ilungelo lakho lokugweba ngokusesikweni libeka ityala kubagwebi nabatshutshisi ukuba balandele inkqubo efanelekileyo.

Uxinezeleko Oluqhelekileyo

Iingxabano zidla ngokuvela xa amalungelo amabini engqubana. Cinga ngelungelo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo nelungelo lokuzimela wedwa. Ukupapasha iinkcukacha zomntu wezonyango kusenokuba kukuthetha, kodwa kuchasene nelungelo lomntu lokuba yedwa. Ukulungisa ezo ngxabano kufuna ugwebo olucokisekileyo, ngokufuthi lukhokelwa yimigaqo esemthethweni efana nokulungelelana komgaqo oyingozi. Iinkqubo ziyahluka kwindlela ezilungelelanisa ngayo ezi ngxabano; umzekelo, amazwe aseYurophu abeka imida engakumbi ekukhuseleni imfihlo, ngoxa iUnited States inika amandla amakhulu okuthetha ngokukhululekile.

Enye ingxaki ibandakanya ilungelo lenkululeko yonqulo kunye nelungelo lokulingana.

Amacebiso Aluncedo Okulungelelana

  • Wazi umthetho [ - Ukuqonda amalungelo akho asemthethweni kunye neembopheleleko kwigunya lakho. Ukungazi okusemthethweni akusiso isingxengxezo esisebenzayo.
  • Jonga imida yabanye - Phambi kokuba usebenzise ilungelo, qwalasela indlela elichaphazela abanye. Zibuze ukuba inyathelo lakho lingawaphazamisa kusini na amalungelo omnye umntu.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukufumana kwincoko – Xa kungqubana amalungelo, unxibelelwano oluvulekileyo lungakhokelela kwisisombululo esinentlonelo.
  • [[NTLA] gcwalisa imisebenzi yakho kuqala[ – iimbopheleleko ezifana nokuhlawula irhafu, ukusebenza kwimiba yejaji, nokuthobela imithetho kwenza isakhiwo esikhusela amalungelo akho.
  • Zimisele ukulalanisa [-Kuluntu olwahlukeneyo, akukho lungelo linye lipheleleyo. Ukulalanisa phakathi kwamalungelo akhuphisanayo kubalulekile ukuze kubekho uxolo.

Amalungelo Neembopheleleko Ezingundoqo

Ukuqonda izinto ezingenamsebenzi yenye into, kodwa ukusebenzisa ezo zinto kuyenye into.

Ilungelo Lemfundo Nembopheleleko Yokufunda

Ilungelo lemfundo, eliqulethwe kwiGatya 26 le [[FT:0] Isibhengezo esingahambelaniyo samalungelo abantu, liqinisekisa ukuba imfundo esisiseko nemfundo ephakamileyo esekelwe kwinzuzo. Noko ke, eli lungelo lineembopheleleko: abafundi kufuneka baye rhoqo esikolweni, babe nenxaxheba, kwaye bahlonele abafundisi-mfundo kunye nofunda nabo. Abazali nabo banembopheleleko yokuxhasa imfundo yabantwana babo, kwaye oorhulumente kufuneka baxhase izikolo ezisemgangathweni. Xa ezi mbopheleleko zityeshelwe, ilungelo lemfundo lilahlekelwa lixabiso lazo.

Inkululeko Yokuthetha Neyokunxibelelana Ngentlonelo

Inkululeko yokuzichaza ingundoqo woluntu olulawulwa yidemokhrasi. Ivumela abantu ukuba babelane ngeengcamango, bagxeke amagunya, baze babe nenxaxheba kwingxoxo kawonke-wonke. Kodwa eli lungelo alingomqathango. Iinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho ziyayivalela intetho ethetha kakubi, ekhuthaza ugonyamelo, intetho yentiyo, okanye izibhengezo zobuxoki. Kumgangatho wobuqu, imbopheleleko yokunxibelelana ngentlonelo ithetha ukuphepha iingcamango eziphosakeleyo ngabom, ukuphulaphula iimbono zokuphikisa, nokuthetha ngaphandle kokucinga ukonzakalisa. Amacandelo ezentlalo-ntle aye azisa umqobo wokulungelelanisa amalungelo okuthetha ngetyala okuthintela ukuxhatshazwa kwi-intanethi.

Ukukwazi Ukuzibamba Nokufumana Isabelo

Ilungelo lokuvota livumela abemi ukuba bakhethe iinkokeli zabo kunye nempembelelo. Nangona ukuvota kunelungelo, kugqalwa ngokubanzi njengembopheleleko karhulumente. Umvoti ophantsi kolawulo lwedemokhrasi unciphisa igunya lolawulo-mdiliya kwaye unokukhokelela koorhulumente abangameliyo abantu. Amanye amazwe, anjenge-Australia neBelgium, enza ukuvota kube yimfanelo enyanzelekileyo, ayijonge njengelungelo nengumsebenzi osemthethweni. Kwanalapho ukuvota kuthelelwa ngokuzithandela, ukuthabatha inxaxheba exelelweni nabavoti kunye nemibandela efuna abahlali-mali.

Ilungelo Lokuba Wedwa Nembopheleleko Yokuhlonela Ubumfihlelo Babanye

Amalungelo obumfihlo akhusela abantu ekungeneleni ngokungekho mthethweni kobomi babo. Kwixesha lamanani, oku kuquka ukulawula ugcino-lwazi lobuqu kunye nokungabi nalwazi oluchaphazelekayo. Noko ke, ilungelo lokuzimela wedwa likwabeka iimbopheleleko: kufuneka uhlonele imfihlelo yabanye, uphephe ukwabelana ngenkcazelo yabucala ngaphandle kwemvume, kwaye ungasebenzisi izixhobo zokuhlola ngokungekho mthethweni. Iinkampani eziqokelela ugcino-lwazi lomsebenzisi zinembopheleleko yokukhusela loo data kwaye zibonakale ngokuphandle kwezenzo zazo. Ugcino-lwazi oluqhelekileyo lwezothintelo (GDPR)[FLT] ngumthetho okhuthaza ezi mbopheleleko.

Ukusebenza Nentsebenziswano

Abasebenzi banamalungelo afana nemivuzo elungileyo, iimeko ezikhuselekileyo, nenkululeko yokudibanisa amaqumrhu. Ngokutshintshisana, abaqeshwa baneembopheleleko: ukubonakalisa ngexesha, ukugqiba imisebenzi abayabelweyo, ukusebenzisana nabo basebenza nabo, nokulandela imithetho yomsebenzi. Abaqeshi nabo baneembopheleleko, njengokuqeqesha nokuhlonela imithetho engeyoyoyoyenkohlakalo. Umsebenzi osempilweni uyaphumelela xa omabini amalungelo neembopheleleko zihlonelwa.

Imeko Yembali: Indlela Amalungelo Neembopheleleko Eziye Zahlawulwa Ngayo

Ukuqonda kwale mihla amalungelo neembopheleleko kusekelwe nzulu kwimbali. Imithetho yamandulo efana nemithetho kaHammurabi nomthetho wamaRoma yaseka iingcamango zangaphambili zamalungelo omthetho kunye nemisebenzi. IMagna Carta (1215) yagxininisa ukuba kwanokumkani uphantsi komthetho, etyala imbewu yomthetho kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Ukukhanyiselwa kwenkulungwane ye-17 kunye neye-18 kwavelisa iingcaphephe ezifana noJohn Locke, owathi abantu banamalungelo emvelo ebomini, kwinkululeko, kunye nempahla. Le ntanda-bulumko yaphembelela ngqo U.S. Bill of Rights (1791) kunye noMthetho wamaFrentshi wamalungelo abantu kunye nowamaMonitical (ngowewaka li-18789). La maxwebhu adwelisa ngokucacileyo amalungelo kunye nemisebenzi ehambelana nawo kulo rhulumente.

Kwinkulungwane yama - 20, amashwangusha eeMfazwe zehlabathi ezimbini akhuthaza ukusekwa kweSindululo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu (ngowe - 1948), esathi okokuqala sachaza imilinganiselo yehlabathi lonke yamalungelo onke amazwe afanele awaxhase. Kamva, iminqophiso yezizwe ngezizwe engokwasekuhlaleni, kwezobupolitika, kwezoqoqosho, kwezentlalo neyasekuhlaleni yawaphucula ngakumbi la matyala.

Namhlanje, le ntetho iyaqhubeka isanda ifikelela kwimimandla emitsha: amalungelo angokweenkqubo, amalungelo emekobume, namalungelo ezizukulwana ezizayo.

Amalungelo Neembopheleleko Kwixesha Lamanani

I-intanethi iye yatshintsha indlela amalungelo asetyenziswa ngayo kwaye inikwa nembopheleleko. Abemi bamanani bafumana ulwazi, unxibelelwano, nokuba nenxaxheba ngendlela engathethekiyo. Kodwa oku kwenza kube nzima.

Amalungelo amanani

Amalungelo angundoqo aquka ilungelo lokungena kwi-intanethi, ilungelo lokuthetha ngasese kwi-intanethi, inkululeko yokuchaza ngaphandle kokukhangelwa, nelungelo lokulityalwa (ukukwazi ukucima ugcino-lwazi lobuqu). Oku kuqashelwa ngokukhulayo ziinkundla nangamaqumrhu amazwe ngamazwe.

Iimbopheleleko zamanani

Abasebenzisi be-Intanethi baneembopheleleko zokuphepha ukusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi, ukuhlonela amalungelo asemthethweni, ukungaqali ukuqhekeza, nokuqinisekisa ulwazi ngaphambi kokwabelana. Iinkampani zobugcisa zithwala iimbopheleleko zokukhusela ugcino-lwazi, okunetyhefu eyingozi, kunye nemithetho-algorithim engakhuphi nkcazelo ephosakeleyo. Oorhulumente kufuneka balinganisele ukhuseleko namalungelo abemi ayimfihlo. [[FLT: 0] i-Euronan Union’s Digital Rights and Prince iqinisekisa ukuzama ukuqinisekisa ezi mbopheleleko zanamhlanje.

Iingxaki Zamanani Eziqhelekileyo

Enye ingxaki kukungavisisani phakathi kokungaqondani nokuziphendulela. Ukungaqiniseki kusenokukhusela abachatshazelwayo kunye nabavuli-mlozi, kodwa kukwanceda ukukhathazwa nokungahlawulwa kwenkcazelo. Olunye ucelomngeni lukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi: iinkampani zifuna ilungelo lokuhlolisisa i-data yomsebenzisi ukuze zifumane ingeniso, ngoxa abasebenzisi befuna ulawulo olungakumbi. Ukungathathi nxaxheba kule miba kufuneka ukuqwalaselwa ngokutsha kokulungelelanisa amalungelo neembopheleleko zomntu ngamnye nakumgangatho wenkqubo.

Imbono yomhlaba wonke: Indlela Ehlukene ngayo Imibutho Efikelela Kumalungelo

Asizizo zonke iintlanga ezicinga amalungelo neembopheleleko ngendlela efanayo. Ulawulo-mthetho olukhululekileyo lwaseNtshona ludla ngokubeka amalungelo omntu ngamnye, maxa wambi ngokulahlekelwa yimisebenzi yoluntu. Iintlalo ezininzi zaseMpuma Asia, ziphenjelelwa yintanda-bulumko yobuConfucius, zigxininisa iimbopheleleko kwintsapho, ibutho loluntu, zijonge amalungelo omntu ngamnye njengenxalenye yemvisiswano enkulu yentlalo. Umzekelo, umgaqo-siseko waseJapan uqinisekisa amalungelo, kodwa izithethe zoluntu zikhuthaza ngamandla ukuphumeza iimbopheleleko kwiqela nakuluntu.

Izithethe ezisemthethweni zamaSilamsi zidibanisa amalungelo nemisebenzi. Abantu abanamalungelo empahla, okusesikweni, nemfundo, kodwa ezi zibophelelekile kwisiseko seembopheleleko kuThixo, kwintsapho, nakuluntu. Kwizithethe ezininzi zaseAfrika, ingcamango ye-Ubuntu/"Indi ngenxa yokuba"=Phantsi kwamashumi asibhozo amalungelo neembopheleleko zihambisana: intlalo-ntle yomntu ibotshelelwe kwintlalo entle yabanye.

Ukuqonda oku kwahlukayo kubalulekile kwihlabathi elilungelelanisiweyo. Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wamazwe ngamazwe uzama ukubeka umgangatho obanzi, kodwa ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho kumele kuvumelane nemilinganiselo yasekuhlaleni. Le ngxoxo inamandla ibandakanya zonke izinto ukusuka kwinkululeko yokuthetha ukuya kukhuseleko lwemekobume.

Ukufundisa Ngamalungelo Neembopheleleko: Imfundo Nentsebenziswano

Ukudala ibutho apho amalungelo neembopheleleko ziqondwa khona kwaye zihlonelwa, imfundo ibalulekile. Iiklasi zeKvips kwizikolo kufuneka zifundise kungekuphela nje umbhalo womgaqo-siseko namaxwebhu amalungelo abantu kodwa kwanoqikelelo olubangela ukulungelelanisa iimbambano zokukhuphisana. Abafundi bangafunda ngokudlala imidlalo, iingxoxo, kunye neeprojekthi zoluntu ezifanisa iingxaki zehlabathi lokwenene.

Abazali kunye nabakhathaleli nabo benza indima ebalulekileyo ngokufuzisela isimilo sobutyala: ukubonisa intlonelo kwabanye, ukuchaza isizathu sokuba kukho imithetho, kunye nokukhuthaza abantwana ukuba bathethe xa bebona okungekho sikweni. Imibutho engafumani ngeniso, njenge I-Amnesty International Education Program[, inikezela ngokokuhlola amalungelo neembopheleleko emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuganana kwebutho labantu ubomi bonke kukwaqinisa ulungelelwano. Abantu abadala banokuba nenxaxheba kwiiholo zedolophu, bathelele amaqela olawulo, basebenze ngokuzithandela, baze babalekele kwisikhundla sasekuhlaleni. Isenzo ngasinye sobumi esinenkathalo siqinisa amalungelo obomi akhusela wonke umntu.

Isiphelo: Ukuphila Ngolungelelwano

Amalungelo neembopheleleko asingomalungu aphikisanayo; ngamacala amabini engqekembe enye. Ilungelo ngaphandle kwembopheleleko efanayo lingakhokelela ekuzingcani nasekuphazamisekeni, ngoxa iimbopheleleko ezingenamalungelo zinokukhokelela kwingcinezelo nokuxhatshazwa. Abemi abanempilo entle ngabo bawafuna ngokunyanisekileyo amalungelo abo yaye bawenza ngokuzithandela umsebenzi wabo.

Njengoko uhamba ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla — nokuba usebenza, esikolweni, kwi-intanethi, okanye kwindawo ohlala kuyo — khumbula ukuba izenzo zakho zineziphumo eziphangaleleyo. Ngokuqonda oko ukufaneleyo kunye noko ufanele ukukweleta abanye, unceda ukwakha ihlabathi elikhululekileyo, elinobulungisa, nelinyamezelayo. Qala ngamanyathelo amancinane: phulaphula ngenyameko, khetha kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni, hlonela imfihlo yomntu osebenza naye, okanye vuma ukufundisa umntwana ukufunda. Ezi zizitena zebutho elakhelwe kwisiseko esiqinileyo samalungelo neembopheleleko.