Table of Contents

Ukuziswa Kwamaphepha Oluhlu Lomanyano

IMaphethisi yoManyano loMasipala imi njengenye yengqokelela ebalulekileyo yemibhalo yezobupolitika kwimbali yaseMerika. Ezi zincoko ezingama-85, ezabhalwa ngexesha elinzima ekusungulweni kwesizwe, zimela ngaphezu kwamaxwebhu embali .

Ibhalwe phakathi ko-Oktobha 1787 noAgasti 1788, amaPhepha oLungelo lwamaFederali adalwa ngenjongo ecacileyo nengxamisekileyo: ukweyisela abemi base-New York ukuba baphinde bafezekise umGaqo-siseko waseUnited States osandul' ukucetywa. Ngexesha xa ikamva lohlanga oluselula lixhonywe kumlinganiselo, ezi zincoko zazenza ukuba ityala lorhulumente worhulumente onamandla onamandla ngexa zithetha ngoloyiko kunye nenkxakeko kwabo babexhalabele amandla aphakathi.

Namhlanje, amaPhepha angooFederali asebalulekile nabani na ofuna ukuqonda urhulumente waseMerika, umthetho womGaqo-siseko, nemigaqo yolawulo. Ayaqhubeka ekhankanywa ngabagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, afundwa ngabaphengululi, kwaye ajoliswe kwiingxoxo zezobupolitika kulo lonke elo candelo lengcamango. Kubemi abafuna ukuququzelela imibuzo ecacileyo ngegunya likarhulumente, amalungelo omntu ngamnye, nangendima efanelekileyo yamaziko karhulumente, ezi zincoko zinikela umongo nengqiqo exabisekileyo.

Imeko - ngqangi: Isizathu Sokuba Iphepha Lomanyano Libhalwe

Ubuthathaka Bamanqaku Aselubala

Ukuze aqonde amaPhepha oMasipala oBukhosi, umntu kufuneka aqale aqonde imeko yezopolitiko eyabangela ukuba adalwe. Emva kweMvukelo yaseMerika, amazwana alishumi elinesithathu asebenza phantsi kweZihlomelo zoMgaqo-siseko, uxwebhu olulawulayo olwathi ngabom lwadala urhulumente obuthathaka. Isizukulwana se-Rhinduko, sisandul'ukulwa imfazwe nxamnye nolawulo oluneentshaba zaseBritane, sasikrokretha ngamandla kulawulo lukarhulumente oluphakamileyo.

Noko ke, iManqaku oMbutho angqineke engafaneleki ukulawula uhlanga olwalusanda. Urhulumente wesizwe wayengenalo igunya lokuhlawula irhafu ye-levy, ulawula urhwebo lwengingqi, okanye unyanzelisa imithetho yayo. Urhulumente ngamnye wasebenza phantse njengesizwe esizimeleyo, ezenzela imali yakhe kunye nemigaqo yezorhwebo. Urhulumente osemzinzi wayengenakukwazi ukumisa umkhosi ngaphandle kokucela amajoni kumazwe, kwaye wayengenalo isebe elilawulayo lokunyanzelisa izigqibo zengqungquthela okanye isebe elilawulayo ukucombulula iimbambano.

Ingxaki yezoqoqosho, iimbambano zelizwe, kunye neziganeko ezifana neSadys' Regivergion eMassachusetts zabonisa ukuba umanyano lwalusilela. Olu hlanga lujamelene nethuba lokwenene lokuqhekeka kumazwe ahlukeneyo okanye ukuphangwa ngamagunya asemzini. Kwacaca ukuba ucwangciso olunamandla lwamagunya lwaluyimfuneko ukuze kusindiswe uvavanyo lwamaMelika.

Indibano yoMgaqo-siseko neNxulumano yokuXhasa

NgoMeyi 1787, abameli abavela kumaphondo alishumi elinesibini bahlanganisana ePhiladelphia ngenxa yoko kwabizwa ngokuba yiConvention yezomGaqo-siseko. Kwixesha elide, aba bameli baphikisana, balalanisa, baza ekugqibeleni babhalisa umGaqo-siseko omtsha oza kuthabathela indawo iManqaku oMgaqo-siseko. UmGaqo-siseko ocetyiweyo wayila urhulumente ngamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo, wanika iBhunga igunya lokuhlawula irhafu kunye nokulawula urhwebo, kwaye wamisela inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulungelelanisa okuthintela ukuba naliphi na isebe elinamandla kakhulu.

Ngoko, ukwenza umGaqo-siseko kwakulinyathelo lokuqala. Ukusebenza, ubuncinane isithoba kumazwe alishumi elinesithathu afunekayo ukuwuthethelela ngeendibano ezikhethekileyo. Oku kwadala ingxoxo enkulu yesizwe phakathi kwamaFederali, axhasa umGaqo-siseko omtsha, kunye nabaxhasi beAnti-Federalist, ababewuchasa ngezizathu zokuba wawunika amandla amaninzi kakhulu kurhulumente ophakathi kwaye ungenazo iinkuselo ezaneleyo zamalungelo omntu ngamnye.

INew York yayiyindawo yedabi enzima kule ngxoxo yokudityaniswa. Njengomnye wezona lizwe zinkulu nezinempembelelo, ukuvunywa kwayo kwakuyimfuneko kwimpumelelo yomGaqo-siseko. Kodwa iNew York yayinobukho bobukho bobukho bobuGaqo-siseko obunamandla obuchasene noFederali, obukhokelwa yiRhuluneli George Clinton. Kwakukule meko apho uAlexander Hamilton wacinga khona ukupapasha uthotho lweencwadi ukwenzela ukukhankanywa.

Abaqulunqi abaPhantsi "Publius"

UAlexander Hamilton: Umyili Oyintloko

UAlexander Hamilton, igqwetha laseNew York nowayesakuba li-ade-camp ukuya kuGeorge Washington ngexesha lemfazwe yoTshintsho, waba ngumkhosi oqhubela phambili emva kweManyano yoLuntu. Wayithatha le projekthi, waqesha abanye ababhali, kwaye wabhala uninzi lwezincoko. UHamilton wayengumxhasi onamandla kurhulumente ophakathi onamandla kwaye wayebandakanyeke kakhulu kwiNdibano yeMgaqo-siseko.

Izincoko zikaHamilton zidla ngokujolisa ingqalelo kwisebe eliphetheyo, kwisebe lejaji, kwirhafu, nakwimicimbi yasemkhosini. Indlela yakhe yokubhala yayinamandla kwaye ingqale, ibonisa intembelo yakhe yokuba urhulumente onamandla wayebalulekile kwimpumelelo nokhuseleko lwesizwe. Iminikelo kaHamilton iquka ezinye zezininzi ezicatshuliweyo ezisoloko zicatshulwa, ingakumbi ezo zisebenza ngamandla olawulo oluphezulu kunye nesakhiwo sejadicari.

UJames Madison: UYise woMgaqo - siseko

UJames Madison, umthunywa waseVirginia owayenendima ephambili ekuqulunqeni umGaqo-siseko, wanikela ngezincoko ezingama-29 kwingqokelela. Ngokufuthi ubizwa ngokuba ngu "uYise womGaqo-siseko," uMadison wazisa ulwazi olungenakuthelekiswa nanto lwamalungiselelo oxwebhu kunye nokuqiqa okungasemva kwalo. Izincoko zakhe ziphawulwa ngohlalutyo olulucokisekileyo, imizekelo yembali, kunye nengxoxo ecwangcisiweyo.

Igalelo elidume kakhulu likaMadison nguFederalist No. 10, othetha ngengxaki yamaqela kwiriphabliki kwaye uthi iriphabliki enkulu, eyahlukeneyo ixhotyiswe bhetele ukunqanda nayiphi na inkcubeko ekulawuleni kunencinci, efanayo. Wabhala kwakhona kakhulu ngolwahlulo lwamagunya, isakhiwo seBhunga, kunye nolwalamano phakathi korhulumente norhulumente. Izincoko zikaMadison zisoloko zithathwa njengezona zintsonkothileyo zentanda-ntanda-bulumko kwiFederalist Papers.

UJohn Jay: Ingqikelelo Yolwazi Oluneembono Ezimfutshane

UJohn Jay, owayesebenza njengoNobhala weMicimbi Yamazwe Ngamazwe phantsi kweZicwangciso zoMgaqo-siseko, wanikela ngezincoko ezintlanu kulo msebenzi. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kukaJay kwakusikelwe umda ngenxa yokugula, kodwa izincoko zakhe zazijoliswe kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe, qha, nangona wayenobuchule obuthile. Waphikisa ukuba uhlanga olumanyeneyo phantsi komGaqo-siseko lungafumana indawo engcono yokuncokola namandla angaphandle, lukhusele kwiingcingaphicotho zangaphandle, luze lulondoloze uxolo phakathi kwamazwe.

Nangona imbalwa ngenani iminikelo kaJay yanika imbono ebalulekileyo kumlinganiselo wezizwe ngezizwe womgaqo-siseko kunye neenzuzo eziluncedo zomanyano ngaphezu kokwahlukana.

Yini na ukuba igama lenkohliso "Publius"?

Aba babhali abathathu bapapasha izincoko zabo phantsi kobuxoki obubodwa "Publius," ukubhekisa kuPublius Valerius Publiola, umseki weRiphabliki yeRoma owaziwayo ngemigudu yakhe yokulinganisa amandla nokukhusela inkululeko. Olu khetho lwabonisa imfundo yemveli eqhelekileyo phakathi kooTata abaFundiweyo nomnqweno wabo wokukhupha impikiswano edityanisiweyo kunokuba banikele iimbono ezidityanisiweyo. Ilishwa eliyixokiyo lavumela izincoko ukuba zigwetywe ngokwezingcebiso zazo kunokuba zichazwe ngokwedumela aba babhali bazo.

Ukwakhiwa nokusasazwa kwee-Esshs

AmaPhepha oFederal apapashwa kuqala njengezincoko ngazinye kumaphephandaba aseNew York, ngokuyintloko i- IJournal ezimeleyo, i-[FLT] iNew York Packet , kwaye [[FLT]] i-Adverchiserr[. Incoko yokuqala yavela ngo-Oktobha 27, 1787, kwaye yaqhubeka ipapashwa rhoqo kwiinyanga ezilandelayo. Izincoko zaqulunqwa kamva zapapashwa kwimiqulu emibini, okokuqala evelileyo ngoMatshi 1788 kunye neyesibini kuMeyi 17888.

Isincoko ngasinye esithetha ngemiba ethile yoMgaqo-siseko ocetyiswayo okanye sisabela kugxeko oluthile oluchasene neFederalist. Ngoxa lunokufundwa ngabunye, izincoko zibumba icandelo elipheleleyo, ziseka ityala elibanzi lokudityaniswa. Ababhali babhala ngesantya esiphawulekayo, maxa wambi bevelisa izincoko ezininzi ngeveki ngoxa belawula ezinye iimbopheleleko zabo zobugcisa.

Izincoko zashicilelwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kumaphephandaba kuwo onke amaphondo, zandisa impembelelo yazo ngaphaya kweNew York. Nangona kunzima ukulinganisa impembelelo yazo ecacileyo kwiingxoxo zokwandiswa kwemiboniso, ngokuqinisekileyo zafak ’ isandla kwimozulu yobulumko apho umGaqo-siseko wavavanywa khona kwaye ekugqibeleni wavunywa.

Imixholo emikhulu neempikiswano kuludwe lwamaFendel maphepha

Imfuneko Yomanyano

Izincoko zokuqala zeFederalist Papers, ingakumbi ezo zabhalwa nguJohn Jay noAlexander Hamilton, zigxininisa ukubaluleka kokulondoloza umanyano olomeleleyo phakathi kwamazwe. Baphikisa ngelithi ukuchasana kuya kukhokelela kwingxabano phakathi kwamazwe, kwenza uhlanga lube sengozini kumagunya asemzini, kwaye lunciphise impumelelo yezoqoqosho. Ababhali baphikisa ngelithi amanqaku oMgaqo-siseko asilele ukulondoloza umanyano olunempumelelo nokuba umGaqo-siseko wawuyimfuneko ukuthintela ukupheliswa kovavanyo lwamaMerika.

Ezi zincoko zithetha ngenkxalabo esebenzisekayo ngokuzikhusela, urhwebo, kunye nolawulo, zisenza imeko yokuba ilizwe elimanyeneyo liza kuba namandla, likhuseleke, lichubeke ngakumbi kumazwe ahlukeneyo ali-13 okanye kwimimandla emininzi. Ababhali basebenzisa imizekelo yembali yokungaphumelelanga kwemigaqo-nkqubo kunye namava amaphondo phantsi kweMigaqo ukuxhasa iingxoxo zawo.

Urhulumente WeRiphabliki Nengxaki Yenyaniso

Enye yeengxoxo ezinempembelelo kakhulu kwiMavidison Diflist Papers kuMadison's Federal List No. 10, ethetha ngocelomngeni lwamaqela kwirepublic. UMadison uchaza ingqwalaselo njengeqela labemi abamanyaniswe nomdla ofanayo ochasene namalungelo abanye abemi okanye izilangazelelo zoluntu lonke. Uphikisa ukuba amaqela angumphumo ongenakuphepheka wendalo yomntu nenkululeko, kwaye ukuzama ukuwaphelisa kuya kufuna ukutshabalalisa inkululeko ewavumela ukuba azenzele.

Kunokuba azame ukuphelisa amahlelo, uMadison ucebisa ukuba alawule iziphumo zawo ngesakhiwo sikarhulumente. Uphikisa ngelithi iriphabliki enkulu, equka izilangazelelo ezahlukeneyo kunye nommandla omkhulu, ilungele lo msebenzi kungcono kunedemokhrasi encinci, ethe ngqo. Kwirepublic enkulu, kuba nzima ngakumbi ukuba nayiphi na ingingqi enye ifumaneke, kwaye intlukwano ezahlukahlukeneyo zikwenza kube ncinane ukuba abameli bangabanjwe yinkxalabo encinane. Le ngxoxo yaguqula ubulumko obuqhelekileyo entloko yayo, njengoko abaninzi abaxhasi bezobupolitika bexesha elophulo bekholelwa ukuba iiriphabliki zinokusebenza kuphela kuluntu oluncinane, olufana nolu-Ann.

Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Nokujongana Nolungelelwano

Umxholo ongundoqo kuwo wonke amaPhepha oManyano woMbutho wamaSebe ngokubaluleka kokwahlula amagunya karhulumente phakathi kwamasebe ahlukeneyo kunye nokwenza ubuchule bokujonga amanye. UFederali we-Madison uNo. 51 uqulethe enye yezona zingqiniso zobugcisa ezidumileyo zalo mgaqo, ephikisa ukuba "ikhundla kufuneka lenziwe ukulwa nephulo" kwaye isakhiwo sikarhulumente kufuneka sicetywe ukuze isebe ngalinye libe nezixhobo kunye nentshukumisa yokuxhathisa ukungenelelana kwabanye.

Aba babhali bachaza indlela umGaqo-siseko owahlula ngayo amandla phakathi kowiso-mthetho, onegunya, kunye namasebe alawulayo, nendlela isebe ngalinye elinezixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokuhlola abanye. IBhunga lingayidlulisa imithetho, kodwa uMongameli ungayigunyazisa, kwaye iinkundla zingayivakalisa njenge-engagunyaza. UMongameli uyayalela umkhosi, kodwa iBhunga liyalawula inkxaso-mali kwaye linegunya lokuvakalisa imfazwe. Abagwebi bamiselwe ubomi ukuze baqinisekise inkululeko, kodwa abalawulwa nguMongameli kwaye baqinisekisi.

Le nkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela yayiyilelwe ukukhusela ubundlobongela ngokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye linokuqokelela amandla agqithisileyo. IFederalist Papers iphikisa ngelithi esi sakhiwo, sidityaniswe nolawulo lorhulumente (ulwahlulo lwamandla phakathi koorhulumente besizwe noorhulumente), silungiselela umlinganiselo omninzi wokukhusela inkululeko.

Umanyano nolungelelwano phakathi kweGunya lesiZwe neloMbuso

Ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente wesizwe norhulumente lumxholo oziphindaphindayo kwiMapa e-Federalist. Aba babhali kwafuneka bahambe umgca onononophelo, bephikisa ngelithi umGaqo-siseko wanika urhulumente wesizwe amandla aneleyo okuphendula amaxhala esizwe ngeli xesha uqinisekisa abafundi ukuba awusongelo longamo okanye ukudala urhulumente wesizwe ozinzileyo oza kuginya amaphondo.

Izincoko zichaza ingcamango yamagunya adwelisweyo − ingcamango yokuba urhulumente wengingqi unawo kuphela loo mandla anikwe wona ngokungqalileyo ngumGaqo-siseko, nawo onke amanye amagunya abekwe kumaphondo okanye kubantu. Baxubusha iSuprematy Claus, eyenza umthetho karhulumente ube ngowona uphakamileyo kwimithetho engqubanayo, kodwa baphikisa ngokuthi oku kuyimfuneko ukuthintela urhulumente ukuba acuthe inkqubo yesizwe kwiindawo apho umGaqo-siseko unika igunya kurhulumente worhulumente.

Kwakhona aba babhali bagxininisa ukuba amaphondo aya kuhlala enegunya elibalulekileyo kwaye angenza indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo karhulumente. Oorhulumente bakarhulumente baya kuqhubeka besingatha imicimbi emininzi echaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi, kwaye baya kuba nomelo kurhulumente wengingqi ngeBhunga kunye neElectoral College.

Ukwakhiwa Kwamandla Engqungquthela

Izincoko ezininzi zithetha ngesakhiwo sesebe lowiso-mthetho, zichaza izizathu ze-bidameralism (indlu yowiso-mthetho enezindlu ezimbini) kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokumela kwiNdlu neNdlu yeNdlu. Ababhali bakhusela ukulalanisa okunika umelo olulinganayo kwiBhunga loxa besekela umelo lweNdlu yeNdlu ngeli lixa bebeka ingqwalaselo kubantu, bephikisa ukuba esi sakhiwo silungelelanisa izilangazelelo zamazwe amakhulu namancinane ngelixa sinika iimbono ezahlukeneyo kwinkqubo yemithetho-mthetho.

Amaxwebhu omanyano akwathetha amagunya asebenzayo, ingakumbi amandla okuhlawula irhafu kunye nolawulo lwezorhwebo. Izincoko zikaHamilton ezithetha ngerhafu ziphikisa ngelithi urhulumente wesizwe kufuneka abe nemithombo yengeniso ezimeleyo ukuze asebenze ngokunempumelelo kwaye ukuxhomekeka kwizicelo ezivela kumaphondo (njengoko phantsi kweManqaku eSivumelwano) aye angqineke engenakusebenza. Ababhali bakhusela ukusetyenziswa kwerhafu ne-Cilas elungeleleneyo, enika iBhunga igunya lokudlulisela imithetho efunekayo ukuze kuphunyezwe amandla alo, besithi ngaphandle kolu bheduso, urhulumente akakwazi ukukwazi ukutshintsha iimeko.

Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu kunye negunya lobuMongameli

Izincoko zikaHamilton kwisebe eliphetheyo, ingakumbi uGawulayo No. 70, ziphikisa imfuneko "yokungavumelani nomphathi-mikhosi"""""" isikhulu esisisigqeba esinegunya esinegunya esinokuthi sithathe inyathelo elifanelekileyo kwaye siphendulwe. Le yayiyindawo edidanwayo, njengoko amaMelika amaninzi ayesoyika ukuba isigqeba esinegunya esinamandla sifana nokumkani. Hamilton uthetha ngale ngxaki ngokuchaza imida ngamandla omongameli kunye neenkqubo zokuphendula, kuquka inkqubo yonyulo, ulawulo, ulawulo lombutho, kunye nokungagunyazi.

Izincoko zichaza indima yoMongameli njengentloko, umlawuli oyintloko, kunye nomphathi-mikhosi oyintloko, ngeli xesha egxininisa ukuba la mandla anyanzelwa ligunya lombutho kunye nemida yomGaqo-siseko. Hamilton uchaza ukuba igcisa elinye eliphetheyo liphezulu kwibhunga eliphetheyo okanye isigqeba esiphezulu kuba linika umanyano lwenjongo, ukuphendulana, namandla okuthatha inyathelo ngokukhawuleza kwiimeko zongxamiseko.

Impinda Yesebe Eligwebayo Neyeejaji

Izincoko zikaHamilton kwijaji, ingakumbi kuMphathi-mikhosi No. 78, zinika uluvo olubalulekileyo kwindima ecetyiweyo yeenkundla zephondo. Uchaza ijaji njenge "elona sebe liyingozi kakhulu" kuba ayinawo amandla emali (iSikhwama) okanye amandla ekrele (uMongameli), kodwa lugwebo kuphela. UHamilton uphikisa ukuba ubomi bomntu obuphakathi buyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa inkululeko yomthetho nokukhusela abagwebi kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika.

Ngokubalulekileyo, uGaqo-siseko woMbutho onguNo. 78 uchaza umgaqo wokuhlola okugwebayo, .* amandla eenkundla okuvakalisa imithetho engekho siminisweni. Hamilton uphikisa ngelithi umGaqo-siseko ngumthetho osisiseko owenziwe ngabantu, kwaye ngumsebenzi wabagwebi ukuxhasa umGaqo-siseko ngaphezu komthetho oqhelekileyo xa kukho iingxabano ezimbini. Lo mgaqo, nangona ungazange uchazwe ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko ngokwawo, kamva waqinisekiswa yiNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo .

Ukusabela Kwiingxaki Ezilwa Notyando

Kuyo yonke iFederalist Papers, ababhali baphendula kugxeko olukhethekileyo oluphakanyiswe ngabachasi bomGaqo-siseko. Bathetha ngenkxalabo ngokungabinawo umthetho wamalungelo, ubungakanani beriphabliki, amagunya anikwe urhulumente wesizwe, indlela yokumela, kunye neminye imibandela emininzi. Ngoxa ekugqibeleni ababhali bevume ukuxhasa ukongezwa kweBhili yamaLungelo njengokulungiswa komGaqo-siseko, ekuqaleni baphikisa ukuba umthetho onjalo wawungeyomfuneko kuba urhulumente wayenolawulo olucalukileyo kuphela kwaye engenagunya lokuchasa amalungelo anganikwanga wanikwanga.

Izincoko zikwaphendula uloyiko lokuba umGaqo-siseko uza kukhokelela kwizikhulu okanye kwimonarchy, ukuba uya kutshabalalisa oorhulumente belizwe, ukuba urhulumente wesizwe uya kuba kude kakhulu nabantu, nokuba elo lizwe lalilikhulu kakhulu kwaye lahlukile ukuba lingalawulwa njengeriphabliki enye. Ababhali basebenzisa imizekelo engokwembali, iimpikiswano ezisengqiqweni, kunye nokubhenela kumava asebenzisekayo ukuphikisa ezi mpikiswano.

Amaphephandaba Abalulekileyo OoFederal Amele Wonke Ummi Awazi

Nangona zonke izincoko ezingama-85 zinegalelo kwimpikiswano epheleleyo yomGaqo-siseko, amanye amaphepha abonakala echaphazeleka kwimpembelelo yawo, ingqiqo, kwaye ayaqhubeka eluncedo. Ukuqonda ezi zincoko zingundoqo kusisiseko esiqinileyo sokuqonda imigaqo ephantsi korhulumente waseMerika.

Uludwe loManyano No. 10: Inyaniso noRhulumente weRiphabliki

UMadison uGadian Festling No. 10 mhlawumbi ungoyena udumileyo nonempembelelo kuzo zonke izincoko. Ithetha ngocelomngeni olusisiseko lokulondoloza inkululeko ngeli xesha uthintela ubundlobongela boninzi okanye ulawulo lukarhulumente ngezilangazelelo ezinciphileyo. Isiphumezi-miyalelo sikaMadison sokuba iriphabliki enkulu, eyahlukeneyo ilunge ngakumbi ukulawula iziphumo zamaqela kunaleyo incinci, idemokhrasi yaqalisa ukuguqula kwaye ihlala ingundoqo ekuqondeni ingcamango yezobupolitika eMelika.

Esi sincoko sidla ngokukhankanywa kwiingxubusho ezingemgangathweni, igalelo leqela lezobupolitika, kunye nesakhiwo sorhulumente wedemokhrasi. Sinikela isiseko sokucinga ngendlela iminqweno eyahlukeneyo enokumanyaniswa ngayo kwibutho labantu elinobuzwe nendlela isakhiwo esinokuphucula ngayo iziphumo zezobupolitika.

Uludwe loManyano No 51: Iingqikelelo nolungelelwano

UMadison's Federal Listenst No. 51 uchaza inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano oluthintela naliphi na isebe elinye likarhulumente ukuba libe namandla kakhulu. Isaziso esidumileyo sesincoko esithi "ukuba abantu babezizithunywa zezulu, akukho rhulumente oya kuba yimfuneko" uthatha imbono yokwenene yendalo yomntu eyazisa indlela yokwenziwa komGaqo-siseko. UMadison uphikisa ukuba isakhiwo sikarhulumente kufuneka siphendule ngelixa libangomntu nelokuzingcamlisayo, sisebenzisa ezo mpawu ukunqanda ingcinezelo.

Esi sincoko sibalulekile ukuze siqonde indlela okwahlula amagunya nokuqonda isizathu sokuba abaseki bakholelwe ukuba ilungiselelo, kunokuba bathembele kwisidima seenkokeli, lalingundoqo ekulondolozeni inkululeko.

Uludwe loManyano No. 70: Amandla kuMlawuli

USigqeba uHamilton uGawulayo No. 70 wenza ityala lomphathi omnye, onamandla. Ngexesha apho abantu abaninzi baseMerika babesoyika igunya eliphezulu, uHamilton waphikisa ngelithi urhulumente osebenzayo ufuna umongameli onokuthi athathe inyathelo elibalulekileyo, ingakumbi kwimicimbi yokhuseleko lwesizwe neyolunye uhlanga. Uphikisa ukuba umphathi omnye unikela ityala, njengokuba abemi bazi kakuhle ukuba ngubani omele athathe izigqibo zolawulo oluphezulu, kanti ibhunga eliphetheyo okanye ibhunga eliphakathi komphakathi liza kubhebhetheza imbopheleleko kwaye liyenze kube nzima ukuba nabani na ophendula.

Esi sincoko sisasebenza kwiingxoxo eziqhubekayo eziphathelele igunya lomongameli, igunya elilawulayo kwiimeko zongxamiseko, nokulungelelana phakathi kolawulo oluphumelelayo norhulumente olinganiselweyo.

Uludwe loManyano No. 78: Isebe lezeejaji

USigqeba woMbutho weSigqeba uHamilton uNo. 78 siSincoko esibaluleke kakhulu kwijaji nakumthombo womgaqo wokuhlola. Isiphumezi-miyalelo sikaHamilton sokuba iinkundla kufuneka zibe namandla okuvakalisa imithetho engekho mgaqweni sibumbe inkqubo engomthetho yaseMerika kunye nendima yeNkundla ePhakamileyo. Esi sincoko sisoloko sicatshulwa kwiimbono zomthetho neengxoxo ezingendima efanelekileyo yenkundla kwibutho ledemokhrasi.

Ukuqonda Umbambeli Wolawulo No. 78 kubalulekile kuye nabani na onomdla kumthetho - siseko, indima yeNkundla Ephakamileyo, okanye iimpikiswano ezingokwaselugweni nokungawulawuli umthetho.

Ezinye Iingcamango Eziphawulekayo

Ngaphaya kwala maphepha amane abalulekileyo, aliqela afanele ukuqwalaselwa. Umbathsi womanyano No. 1 (Hamilton) uchaza iprojekthi yonke kunye nezikhonkwane zengxoxo yokwahlula. Umgangatho onguNo. 39 (Madison) uchaza irepublic kunye nolawulo lukarhulumente ocetyisiweyo. Umanyano noNo. 47 (Madison) uthetha ngokwahlulwa kwamagunya. Umlawuli wesizwe No. 62 kunye no 63 (Madison) achaza isakhiwo nenjongo yeNdlukwano. Umbutho kaNo. 84 (Hamilton) uphendula umbuzo wesindululo samalungelo kunye nezinye izigwebo zomGaqo-siseko.

Iphepha Loluhlu Loluntu Kwiingcinga Zomthetho Nezopolitiko ZaseMerika

Ukusetyenziswa YiNkundla Ephakamileyo

AmaPhepha oLungela aphumeze indima ebalulekileyo kutoliko lomgaqo-siseko waseMelika. Abagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo basoloko becaphula ezi zincoko xa betolika umGaqo-siseko, bewaphatha njengobungqina obunegunya beenjongo zabaseki. Nangona la maphepha engengomthetho ngokwawo, agqalwa phakathi kwezona zikhokelo zithembekileyo ukuze aqonde oko kufunwa ngabalayishi bomGaqo-siseko kunye nababhexeshi-nxaxheba.

Abagwebi kwiingcamango ezininzi baye baxhomekeke kwiimbono zabo. Abo baxhasa indlela yokuchaza imigaqo-siseko okanye yokubhala basoloko becaphula ezi zincoko njengobungqina bentsingiselo yantlandlolo, ngoxa abanye bezisebenzisa ukuqonda imigaqo neenjongo eziphantsi komgaqo-siseko. La maphepha aye akhankanywa kwiimeko ezibandakanya uburhulumente, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya, amalungelo omntu ngamnye, kunye phantse naloo mimandla yonke yomthetho womgaqo-siseko.

Impembelelo Kwimpikiswano Yezobupolitika

Ngaphandle kweenkundla, amaPhepha ayaqhubeka ephembelela ingxubusho yezobupolitika nentetho yesidlangalala. Abezobupolitika, abagqalisi, kunye nabemi bacela ezi zincoko xa bephikisana ngobungakanani obufanelekileyo begunya likarhulumente, intsingiselo yamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, nemigaqo efanele ikhokele urhulumente waseMerika. La maphepha anikela ingongoma efanayo kwiingxubusho eziphathelele imibuzo engokomGaqo-siseko, kwanaxa abantu bengavumelani ngeenjongo zawo.

Izincoko zikwaphembelele inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko kwamanye amazwe. IiNtlanga eziqulunqa umgaqo-siseko omtsha ziye zakhangela kwiiMapa ezifuna ingqiqo kurhulumente worhulumente, ukwahlukana kwamagunya norhulumente weriphabliki. La maphepha amela enye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo zokukhusela ulawulo-siseko noluntsonkothileyo.

Ukufunda Nokutolika

Abaphengululi bezobupolitika, kwimbali, kwimithetho nentanda - bulumko bayaqhubeka befunda baze baphikisana ngeManyano. Iinkcazelo zobuzwe ziye zavela ekuhambeni kwexesha, nezizukulwana ezahlukeneyo zabaphengululi zigxininisa iinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zezi zincoko. Bambi bagxininisa kumaxwebhu njengemisebenzi yengcamango yezobupolitika, abanye njengamaxwebhu embali abonisa inkxalabo yexesha labo, yaye abanye njengezikhokelo eziluncedo ekutolikeni komgaqo - siseko.

Impikiswano iyaqhubeka ngemibuzo efana nokuba la maphepha amela ngokuchanileyo iimbono zabo bonke abaxhasi bomGaqo-siseko, ubunzima afanele abunikwe ekutolikeni komGaqo-siseko, nokuba iingxoxo zabo zihlala zifanelekile kusini na kwiimeko zangoku. Ezi ngxubusho zobugcisa zisenza siwaqonde kakuhle la maphepha ngokwawo kwakunye nemibuzo ebanzi yorhulumente womGaqo-siseko.

Indlela Yokufunda Nokufundisisa Amaphephandaba Oluhlu Lolawulo LwamaFederayo

Ukufikelela Kumbhalo

Ukufunda amaPhepha adweliswe ngamaFederal Casters kunokuba lucelomngeni kubafundi banamhlanje. Izincoko zabhalwa ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo, ecwangcisiweyo eyayiqheleke ngenkulungwane ye-18, nezivakalisi ezinde, iimbekiselo eziqhelekileyo, kunye namagama asenokuba awaqhelekanga.

Qalisa ngezincoko ezidumileyo nezifikelelekayo, ezifana no Federalist No. 10, 51, 70, kunye no 78. Ezi zinika isiqalo esihle kwimixholo neengxoxo ezinkulu. Funda ngomGaqo-siseko ngokusondeleyo, njengeencoko ezisoloko zibhekisa kumalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko. Musa ukuziva unyanzelekile ukuba ufunde zonke izincoko ezingama-85 ukuze zibhalwe ngokomntu ngamnye, kwaye ungaqwalasela ezo zinxulumene kakhulu nezilangazelelo zakho.

Qwalasela ukusebenzisa uhlelo olunomxholo obhaliweyo olunika umongo wembali, ucalulo, kunye nokucacisa iindinyana ezinzima. Iinkupho ezininzi ezintle zikhona ezenza ukuba amaphepha afumaneke ngakumbi kubafundi bexeshana. Ugcino-lwazi olukwi-intanethi, kuquka olusuka kwi Libary of Congress[ kunye namaziko emfundo, ziyakwazi ukunikezela ngomxholo oluncedo kunye nohlalutyo.

Ukuqonda Imeko Yembali

Ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo amaPhepha aMazwe aManyeneyo, kuyanceda ukuqonda umongo wembali apho abhalwa khona. Funda ngobuthathaka boManqaku oMgaqo-siseko, iingxoxo kwiNgqungquthela yezomGaqo-siseko, kunye nenkxalabo eziphakanyiswa ngabaLawuli-mikhosi abalwayo. Ukuqonda oko ababhali babekuthetha ukwenza izingxubusho zabo zicace kwaye zibe nentsingiselo engakumbi.

Khumbula ukuba izincoko zabhalwa njengezingcelele eziye zaphembelela, hayi iinkcazo zemfundo ezingoondilele. Aba babhali babexhasa ukwenza ityala lokudibanisa, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ngamanye amaxesha babezichaza ngaphezulu iimpikiswano zabo okanye babezithatha lula iingxaki ezinokwenzeka. Ukufunda imibhalo e-Anti-Federalist Papers ecaleni kweFederalist Capas kunganikeza umzobo opheleleyo wengxoxo ye-ratiation kunye nenkxalabo abantu abanayo ngomGaqo-siseko.

Ukudibana Neengxaki Zexesha Elidlulileyo

Enye yezona nkalo zibalulekileyo zokuhlolisisa iFederalist Papers kukudibanisa iimpikiswano zazo kwimibandela yezobupolitika neyezomthetho yale mihla. Xa ufunda ngolwahlulo lwamagunya, cinga ngengxoxo ekhoyo ngegunya eliphakamileyo okanye ulawulo loburhulumente. Xa ufunda ngolawulo lorhulumente, cinga ngeempikiswano eziqhubekayo ngolwalamano phakathi koorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente. Xa ufunda ngamahlelo, cinga ngamaqela anomdla kule mihla kunye nomanyano lwezopolitiko.

Le ndlela yenza izincoko zibaluleke kakhulu kwaye inceda ukuphuhlisa ukucingisisa ngendlela imigaqo esisiseko esebenza ngayo kwiimeko zanamhlanje. Ikwabonisa ubulumko obuhlala buhleli kunye nokusikelwa umda kombono waBaseki, njengokuba ezinye iingcamango zabo kunye nenkxalabo zingqineka zingqinelana neziganeko zembali ebezingenakuzilindela.

Impendulo yalo Mlawuli

Ukuwaqonda ngokupheleleyo amaPhepha oManyano, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ayeyinxalenye yengxoxo enkulu. Abachasi-Anti-Federali, abachasa ukudityaniswa komGaqo-siseko, baphakamisa iimpikiswano ezinzulu nezicingisileyo ezifanele ukuqwalaselwa. Ngelixesha bephulukana nedabi lokwandiswa kwemilo, izinto ezininzi ababezixhalabele zathethwa ngeBhili yamaLungelo kwaye ziqhubeka zivakala kwingcinga yezobupolitika yaseMelika.

Iingcali ezilwa noMgaqo-siseko zazixhalabile ukuba umGaqo-siseko udala urhulumente onamandla kakhulu nokude kakhulu ebantwini. Babesoyika ukuba irepublic enkulu iza kuba neemfuno zabemi kwaye urhulumente wesizwe uza kuwathabatha ngokuthe ngcembe amagunya karhulumente. Bakuchasa ukunqongophala kokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye kwaye bexhalabisa ukuba amalungiselelo omGaqo-siseko okumela abantu ayengenamgangatho.

Ababhali abafana "Brutus," "Cato," "Umlimi wasemkhosini," kunye noPatrick Henry bavelisa izincoko neentetho ezacel'iimpikiswano zobuFederal. Imibhalo yabo inika uluvo olubalulekileyo kwinkxalabo yabo boyika igunya elisembindini kwaye baxabisa urhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Uninzi lwenkxwaleko abaluchazayo "phakathi kolawulo norhulumente osebenzayo norhulumente olinganiselweyo, phakathi kolawulo oluninzi namalungelo amancinane eMelika."

Isibakala sokuba abalungelelani bevumile ukuxhasa iBhili yamaLungelo njengemeko yokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zibonisa ukuba iAnti-Federalist critique yayinexabiso nempembelelo. Iinguquko zokuqala ezilishumi kwintetho yomGaqo-siseko zithetha izinto ezininzi ezixhalabisayo eziphakanyiswa ngabachasi bokwenziwa kwamaqela, ukukhusela inkululeko yokuthetha, unqulo, kunye nokucofa; ukukhusela ekuthwaleni izixhobo; ukuphengululweni ekuphangweni okungekho ngqiqweni kunye nokuxhwaleka; ukufaneleka okufanelekileyo; kunye nokungagunyaziswa kurhulumente wesizwe kumazwe okanye kubantu.

Imida Nokugxekwa Kwamaphepha

Nangona amaPhepha oLuntu exabiseke kakhulu ekuqondeni umGaqo-siseko, anemiqathango ekufuneka abafundi bayiqonde. Okokuqala, amela iimbono zabantu abathathu kuphela, yaye asingabo bonke abaxhasi bomGaqo-siseko abavumelanayo nazo zonke iingxoxo ezichazwe kwezi zincoko. La maphepha akufunekanga aqwalaselwe njengengxelo eqinisekileyo yoko bonke abaxhasa ukuqhayisa kwakukholelwa.

Okwesibini, izincoko zabhalwa njengeziqwenga zobugqwetha ezicetyiweyo ezenzelwe ukuphembelela, hayi njengohlalutyo lobundilele. Maxa wambi ababhali babesenza iimpikiswano ezaziluncedo kwezobupolitika kunokuba zinyaniseke ngokupheleleyo. Umzekelo, baluthatha lula umlinganiselo lowo umGaqo-siseko wawumela ukurhoxa kwiManqaku eeNtlanganiso, banciphisa iingxaki ezinokwenzeka kwinkqubo entsha.

Okwesithathu, iFederalist Papers ibonisa iingcamango neentsilelo zexesha labo. Aba babhali bawamkela amakhoboka, bawakhanyela amalungelo ezobupolitika kumabhinqa, baza bathatha indima elinganiselweyo kurhulumente xa kuthelekiswa namathemba anamhlanje.

Okwesine, ezinye zezixelo ezingqalileyo nezingqinelanayo ezisemaphepheni azizange zichaphazele. Aba babhali bakujongela phantsi ukuphuhliswa kwamaqela ezobupolitika, ukwanda kwegunya lorhulumente, kunye nokuzivelela kobumongameli. Ezinye iingcamango zabo ngendlela inkqubo esebenza ngayo ziye zangqina ukuba ayichananga.

Ekugqibeleni, kukho imibuzo malunga nobunzima amaPhepha oLungelo afanele anikwe kutoliko lomgaqo-siseko. Ngelixesha enika uluvo olubalulekileyo ngengcinga yabanye babaxhasi bomGaqo-siseko, intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko ekugqibeleni ifumaneka kumbhalo ngokwawo nakukuqonda kwabo bayigunyazisayo, hayi kwiingxoxo ezenziweyo zokubhenela ukudityaniswa. Abaphengululi nabagwebi bayaphikisana ngendima efanelekileyo yamaphepha kuhlalutyo lwesiseko.

Iphepha loluhlu loManyano nemfundo yeMicimbi

Isizathu Sokuba Abemi Bafanele Bafundisise Ezi Ntetho

Kwixesha lokwahlulwa kweepolitiki nokwehla kolwazi lwamafama, amaPhepha eFederali anika abemi indlela yokubandakanyeka kwimibuzo esisiseko ngorhulumente, amalungelo, kunye nentlangano yezobupolitika. Ezi zincoko zikhuthaza abafundi ukuba bacinge ngendlela elungeleleneyo ngendlela urhulumente afanele alungelelaniswe ngayo, injongo afanele ayisebenze ngayo, nendlela inkululeko enokulondolozwa ngayo kwibutho elikhulu, ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Ukufunda amaPhepha anceda abemi balapho baqonde indlela yokucinga ngamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko asenokubonakala engekho ngqiqweni okanye ephelelwe lixesha. Kutheni iUnited States ineElectoral College? Kutheni iBhunga lahlulahlulwe zaba ziindlu ezimbini? Kutheni iijaji zesebe zisebenza ubomi? IMaphu echaza iinjongo ezilungiselelwe la maziko enzelwe ukulungiselela ukulungiselela kunye neengxaki ebezicetyiselwe ukuzicombulula.

Izincoko zikwamisela uhlobo lwentetho yezobupolitika enqabileyo: impikiswano encinane, eqiqayo ngemibandela yomgaqo kunye nenkqubo yobume. Ngoxa ingxoxo yezopolitiko yangoku idla ngokujolisa kwiempawu zobuntu, inzuzo yolwahlulo, kunye nemicimbi emifutshane, amaPhepha ajongene nemibuzo engapheliyo ngesimo sorhulumente olungileyo. Ukuwafunda kungaphakamisa intetho yezentlalo-ntle kwaye kukhuthaze ukudityaniswa okuthelekelelwayo ngemibuzo yezopolitiko.

Oovimba Neenkqubo Zemfundo

Zininzi izinto zokufundisa ezikhoyo kwabo bafuna ukufunda iMaphesenti yoManyano-Manyano. Izikolo ezininzi eziphakamileyo kunye neekholeji ziquka ezi zincoko zembali kwizifundo zazo, kwaye imibutho yemfundo yezentlalo inikela iinkqubo kunye nezinto zokufunda ngokwayo. Bhill of Rights Institute [, iSiko somGaqo-siseko weSizwe, neminye imibutho inikela izicwangciso, izikhokelo zesifundo, kunye nezinto zokufundisa ezijoliswe kwiFederalist Papers.

Iiyunivesithi ezininzi zinikela izifundo zesisa kwi - Internet kuMgaqo - siseko nakwiPhepha loMbutho, yaye abaphengululi abaninzi baye bavelisa iipaji ezichaza baze bahlolisise ezi zincoko.

Iintlanganiso zeencwadi, amaqela eengxoxo, nemibutho yezentlalo idla ngokufunda kunye iMapas, nto leyo enokuphucula ukuqonda ngokuncokola nangengxoxo. Ukuxubusha ezi zincoko nabanye abanezimvo neemvelaphi ezahlukeneyo kunokutyhila ingqiqo enokuthi iphoswe kufundo olulolodwa.

Ukusebenzisa Izifundo Kummi Wexesha Elizayo

Ixabiso elipheleleyo lokufunda iFederalist Papers lixhomekeke ekusebenziseni izifundo zayo kubemi bexesha eli. Ezi zincoko zikhuthaza abemi ukuba bacinge ngokunzulu ngegunya likarhulumente, baqonde ukubaluleka kokuyila, nokuxabisa ukuntsonkotha kokulinganisela imilinganiselo ekhuphisanayo efana nenkululeko nokhuseleko, ulawulo oluninzi namalungelo amancinane, urhulumente ophumelelayo norhulumente olinganiselweyo.

Kwakhona la maphepha asikhumbuza ukuba inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko waseMerika yayiyilwe ngeengcamango ezisengqiqweni malunga nendalo yomntu. Abaseki abazange balindele ukuba iinkokeli zibe ziingelosi okanye abemi babe nesidima esigqibeleleyo. Endaweni yoko, badala inkqubo esebenzisa izakhiwo kunye nezihlomelo zokusebenzisa amabhongo oluntu kunye nokuzingca okunemveliso. Le mbono inokubanceda abemi bamazwe bavavanye iinkokeli zezobupolitika kunye namaziko ngokuthandabuza okufanelekileyo ngoxa begcina ukholo kwinkqubo ngokwayo.

Ukuqonda amaPhepha angooFederal Castle kusenokukhuthaza uxabiso ngendlela entsonkothileyo yorhulumente womgaqo-siseko nobunzima beengxaki abajamelana nazo abaQaphi nabo. Oku kusenokukhuthaza ukuthobeka kwiingxoxo zezobupolitika nokuqonda ukuba abantu abanolwazelelelo banokuphikisana ngendlela yokusebenzisa imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko kwiingxaki zanamhlanje.

Izinto Ezibalulekileyo Ezamkelelwa Abemi Bale Mihla

Iincwadi zomanyano zinikela izifundo ezininzi ezisafuneka kubemi namhlanje. Nazi ezinye zezona zibalulekileyo:

  • Imicimbi yoyilo lwe-Istatical. Ukwakhiwa kweziphumo zezobupolitika. Ukuqonda indlela amaziko asebenza ngayo nesizathu sokuba ayilwe njengangoko ayimfuneko ukuze abe ngummi ophumelelayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] amandla kufuneka ahlulwe aze ahlolwe. amandla adibanisayo nakweliphi na ilungiselelo elinye okanye umntu ngamnye ubangela ubungozi bobuzwilakhe. Ukwahlulwa kwamandla kunye novavanyo kunye nomlinganiselo kuhlala kunezikhuseli ezibalulekileyo zenkululeko.
  • IFLT:0 ilungelelanisa umanyano lwesizwe nolwahluka-hlukeneyo lwasekuhlaleni. Ulwahlulo lwamandla phakathi korhulumente bengingqi norhulumente luvumela ulungelelwaniso lwesizwe nolwasekuhlaleni, nangona ulungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo lusakhuphisana.
  • Enkulu, iiriphabliki ezahlukahlukeneyo zingasebenza. isiphumezi-miyalelo sikaMadison kuFederalist No. 10 ukuba irepublic enkulu ingawalawula kakuhle amaqela kunakwidemokhrasi encinane ihlala ifanelekile ekuqondeni indlela ibutho loluntu ezahlukahlukeneyo ezinokuzilawula ngayo.
  • Urhulumente osebenzayo kufuneka abe namandla noxanduva. Urhulumente kufuneka akwazi ukwenza ngokunyulu xa kuyimfuneko, kodwa kufuneka aphendule ebantwini ngonyulo, ulawulo, kunye nemida yomgaqo-siseko.
  • Amalungelo nolwakhiwo zombini zibalulekile. Ngelixesha iBhili yamaLungelo ibalulekile, amaPhepha akwiFederalist asikhumbuza ukuba isakhiwo sikarhulumente ngokwaso sinikela ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo lwenkululeko.
  • Ingxoxo yezopolitiko kufuneka ijolise kwimigaqo nakumaziko. Imodeli yengxoxo encinci yeFederalist Peper malunga nemibuzo esisiseko karhulumente, ikhuthaza abemi ukuba babendakanyeke kwezobupolitika kumgangatho onzulu kunamanqaku okuthetha abanqolobi.
  • Urhulumente weCunistigation ufuna abemi abanolwazi. Ukuntsonkotha kwezi mpikiswano kwiFederal List Papers kubonisa inkolelo yabaQhingi yokuba urhulumente weriphabliki uxhomekeke kubemi abafunde kakhulu abakwaziyo ukuqonda nokuphikisana ngemibuzo yezopolitiko.

Ukufikelela Nokufunda AmaPhepha oLuntu Namhlanje

Iiphepha zomanyano zifumaneka ngokubanzi ngeefomati ezininzi, zisenza zifikeleleke kuye nabani na ofuna ukuzifunda. Iinkupho ezipheleleyo zifumaneka ngokushicilela kubavakalisi abaninzi, ngokufuthi ngeentshumayelo eziluncedo, iintetho ezibhaliweyo, kunye nezihlomelo. Iinkupho ezininzi ziquka umGaqo-siseko ngokwawo, imibhalo echasene nodweliso lweFeda, namanye amaxwebhu anxulumene nawo.

Izincoko zifumaneka ngokukhululekileyo kwi-intanethi ngemithombo eyahlukeneyo. Ithala leencwadi leKhomishini, i-Yale Law School’s Avalon Project, namanye amaziko adumileyo anika imibhalo epheleleyo, ephengululwayo. Ii-website ezininzi zinika amaphepha ngenkcazelo nokuhlalutya ukunceda abafundi bale mihla baqonde umongo nentsingiselo yezi mpikiswano.

Kubantu abakhetha iifomati ezinamazwi, kukho iintlobo eziliqela zemibhalo evakalayo, kwaye ezinye iiPodcasts zinika ufundo neengxubusho zezincoko. Ezi ntlobo zinokwenza ukuba amaphepha afumaneke ngakumbi kubantu abafunda bhetele ngokuphulaphula okanye abafuna ukufunda izincoko xa besenza imithambo.

Xa ukhetha uhlelo okanye umthombo, khangela iinguqulelo ezinika umongo wembali, zichaze iimbekiselo ezingaqhelekanga, kwaye ziquke umGaqo-siseko ukuze kuchazwe. Iimpapasho ezicacisweyo ziluncedo ngokukhethekileyo kubafundi bexesha lokuqala, njengoko zicacisa iindinyana ezisenokuba ngenye indlela ziyadida kwaye zinike inkcazelo engokwembali ekhulisa ukuqonda.

Ilifa Elihlala Lihleli Lephepha Lolawulo LwamaFederal

Ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini emva kwempapasho yayo, amaPhepha eFederalist asele ebalulekile ukuba afundwe nabani na ofuna ukuqonda imigaqo karhulumente waseMerika neyomGaqo-siseko. Ezi zincoko zinika ingqiqo engalinganiyo ngengcinga yabaxhasi bomGaqo-siseko kunye neenjongo ezicelelwe ukusetyenziswa. Baphendula imibuzo esisiseko ngendlela yokuyila urhulumente, ukukhusela, nokulinganisela imilinganiselo ekhuphisanayo ekhoyo namhlanje.

Iimpikiswano zabo ngokuphathelele uburhulumente, ukwahlukana kwamagunya, norhulumente weriphabliki ziye zachaza indlela esungulwe ngayo umGaqo-siseko kumazwe amaninzi yaye ziyaqhubeka zibumba iingxoxo ezingendlela yokulawula kwedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke.

Kubemi baseMerika, amaPhepha oMbutho anikela indlela yokuzibandakanya ngokunzulu ngakumbi nenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko abahlala phantsi kwayo. Ukuqonda ezi zincoko kunceda abemi balapha ukutolika iziganeko zangoku, ukuvavanya iingxoxo zezobupolitika, nokuthatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. La maphepha asikhumbuza ukuba inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko waseMerika yenzelwe ukucombulula iingxaki ezithile nokufeza iinjongo ezithile, kwaye ukuqonda le nkqubo kubalulekile ekuzilondolozeni nasekuziphuculeni.

Nangona amaPhepha oLuntu engafezekanga yaye engamele aqwalaselwe njengemibhalo engcwele, amela enye yezona nxaxheba zibalulekileyo kwiingcamango zezobupolitika kwimbali yaseMerika. Abonisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko wawungeyongozi okanye ulalanisa nje okuqhelekileyo, kodwa yayiyimveliso yokuqiqa ngenyameko ngendlela yokuyila urhulumente ophumelelayo nolinganiselweyo, ukusabela nokukhusela amalungelo, okumanyeneyo nokungurhulumente.

Njengoko abemi beqhubeka bephikisana ngemibuzo ephathelele igunya likarhulumente, amalungelo omntu ngamnye, indima yeenkundla, kunye nesakhiwo esifanelekileyo sikarhulumente, amaPhepha abonisa ingongoma eqhelekileyo nesiseko sokucinga ngezi ngxaki. Asikhuthaza ukuba sicinge ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo ngorhulumente, siqonde ukuntsonkotha komGaqo-siseko, size sibe nenxaxheba kwingxoxo ngemibandela yomgaqo-siseko kunokuba singenelwe nje kuphela.

Kwixesha lokuluma isandi kunye ne-media yezentlalo, amaPhepha eFederali angqineka njengesivumelwano sokubaluleka kwempikiswano eqhubekayo, enzulu ngemibuzo yezopolitiko. Balucel ’ umngeni abafundi bale mihla ukuba bacinge ngokunzulu ngakumbi, baqwalasele iimbono ezininzi, kwaye baqonde ukuba urhulumente olungileyo ufuna ubulumko bokuyila nokuphaphamela ekulondolozeni. Kubemi abamkela olu celomngeni, amaPhepha ekwabela imivuzo engaphaya kolwazi lwembali, enika izixhobo zokuqonda nokuthatha inxaxheba kuvavanyo oluqhubekayo lwaseMerika kwi-graine kwi-cubet.

Isiphelo: Isizathu Sokuba Iphepha Elineencwadi ZeeFederalism Libaluleke Kumntu Wonke

AmaPhepha angowona maxwebhu embali okanye angoovimba bomthetho, aluncedo ekuqondeni imigaqo neenjongo zomGaqo-siseko waseMerika. Kubemi abafuna ukudlula kwintetho yezobupolitika engacacanga baze baxakekise ngemibuzo esisiseko ngendlela esizilawula ngayo, ezi zincoko zibalulekile.

Ngokufunda amaPhepha oMbutho, abemi bafumana ukuqonda isizathu sokuba umGaqo-siseko wenziwe ngohlobo olululo, iingxaki ebeziyilelwe ukucombulula, nemilinganiselo ekwakujoliswe kuyo ukukhusela. Oku kunceda ukuba ube nenxaxheba engakumbi kwiingxoxo zobupolitika, uqwalaselwa oluntsonkothileyo lwezenzo zikarhulumente, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yezomthetho.

Izincoko zikwasikhumbuza ukuba urhulumente womgaqo-siseko yimpumelelo enzima efuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo nokuqonda. Abaseki abazange badale inkqubo egqibeleleyo, kodwa badala leyo eye yangqineka iqinile kwaye ilungelelaniswa ngokuphawulekayo. Ukuqonda indlela abaqiqa ngayo kusinceda siqonde amandla nokomelela kwesiseko somgaqo-siseko wethu kwaye kusixhobisa ukuba sicombulule iingxaki zexeshana ngoxa sihlala sithembekile kwimigaqo esisiseko.

Enoba ungumfundi, umfundisi- ntsapho, umenzi wemithetho, okanye ummi ofuna ukuyiqonda bhetele i-odolophana yaseMerika, amaPhepha abonisa ingqiqo exabisekileyo nobulumko obuhlala buhleli. Sicela ucelomngeni lokucinga kakuhle, sibuxabise ubunkimbinkimbi, nokuzixakekisa ngemibuzo enzulu ngendlela abantu abakhululekileyo abanokuzilawula ngayo ngokunempumelelo. Ngokwenjenjalo, banceda ekuzaliseni isithembiso soburhulumente bomGaqo-siseko ngokudala ubugosa, ubugocigocigo, ubugocigocigo, ubugocigocigoci obufunayo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwexesha nomgudu ofunekayo ukuze kufundwe ezi zincoko kunika iingenelo ekuqondeni ngokunzulu, ekubeni ngummi onempumelelo, nokuxabisa okungakumbi kwinkqubo yomgaqo-siseko eqhubeka ibumba ubomi baseMerika. Kumntu nabani na ozimisele ukuqonda nokugcina umGaqo-siseko wamaMelika, amaPhepha akwimeko esisiseko yokufundwa kwenkqubo yamaPhondo, hayi njengezinsalela zexesha elidluleyo, kodwa njengezikhokelo eziphilayo kwimigaqo nezenzo zolawulo lwakhe siqu.