Ukuqonda amaqondo karhulumente: Ngubani olawulayo xa kufike intlekele?

Iintlekele zemvelo, iintlekele zongxamiseko lwezempilo yoluntu, kunye neengxaki ezinkulu zemeko-ntle aziwuhloneli umgaqo-siseko. Xa inkanyamba ibangela ukuwa komhlaba, iqubuliso lomlilo liqukuqela uluntu, okanye indyikitya yokufa esasazeka kulo lonke ilizwe, umbuzo womntu onegunya nembopheleleko ungxamisekile. Impendulo yentlekele ayifane ibe yelula. Intlekele eUnited States ibandakanya iqukene nemigaqo karhulumente ecwangcisiweyo, urhulumente, kunye norhulumente wasekuhlaleni, ngamnye onamagunya ahlukeneyo asemthethweni, oovimba, kunye neembopheleleko. Ukuqonda indlela le migangatho karhulumente ekufuneka ngayo kungxamiseko, iinkokeli zikawonke wonke umntu, iinkokeli zoluntu, nabantu abaqhelekileyo ngokufanayo. Xa bonke besazi indima yabo kwaye beqonda intsebenzi, imigudu yokusabela elungelene, ilungelene ngakumbi, kunye neempumelelo ezikhoyo ekusindiseni kwempahla.

Inkqubo elawula ukusabela kwintlekele eUnited States yakhiwe ngomgaqo worhulumente, apho igunya labelwe phakathi koorhulumente besizwe naborhulumente. UMthetho weStafford, isiseko esisisiseko somthetho soncedo lwentlekele yesizwe, imisela inkqubo eqala kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni kwaye inyuke kuphela xa ugcino-mali lwengingqi kunye nolombuso luthe lwathwaliswa. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba abantu bayazigcina imigudu yabo yokwamkelwa ngoxa benolwazi lwenkxaso yesizwe xa kuyimfuneko. Noko ke, ukuntlutha kwale nkqubo kungakhokelela ekudideleni, ukulibazisa, nokungahambisani okuphosakeleyo ukuba onke amaqela asekuhlaleni akalungiselelwangalungi kakuhle kwaye akalungelelani kakuhle. Eli nqaku liza kuhlola umgangatho ngamnye karhulumente ngokweenkcukacha, lihlola indlela abalungelene ngayo iingozi, kunye nezifundo eziphambili kwiingozi ezikhoyo zolawulo lwangoku.

Umgangatho Wasekuhlaleni: Abasabelayo Bokuqala Negunya Lokuqala

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ngumgca ophambili wempendulo yentlekele. Xa inkanyamba ihlasela, ukuchitheka kwemichiza kwenzeka, okanye umkhukula uqalisa ukunyuka, lisebe lasekuhlaleni lamapolisa, isebe lomlilo, iinkonzo zongxamiseko, kunye nabasebenzi bemisebenzi kawonke-wonke abaphendula kuqala. La masebe asondele kakhulu kwisiganeko, ayazi uluntu kunye nolawulo lwalo, kwaye aqeqeshelwa ukwenza ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kokulinda ugunya elisuka kumgangatho ophezulu karhulumente. Kwiimeko ezininzi, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni uhlala ekhokele kwigunya elikhokelayo kuyo yonke intsabelo kunye nenkqubo yolungiso, kwanaxa urhulumente noovimba bawo beziswa ukuze bancede.

Iindima neembopheleleko zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni

Iimbopheleleko ezikhethekileyo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni ngexesha lentlekele zibanzi kwaye zisebenza ngokunzulu. Okokuqala, iinkonzo zongxamiseko zasekuhlaleni zijongene nomsebenzi wokhuseleko lobomi obukhawulezileyo. Amagosa asebupoliseni akhuselekile kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo, iinqwelo-mafutha ezithe ngqo, kunye nolungelelwano lokugcina ucwangco. Abacimi-mlilo bayaphengulula baze bafake izinto eziyingozi, kwaye bacime imililo. Abasebenzi bezamayeza abangxamisekileyo banyaze baphathe abo bonzakeleyo baze bathuthe abo bafuna imigangatho ephezulu yokhathalelo.

Ngapha koko kuphendula ngokukhawuleza, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banomthwalo wokulungisa nokulungisa uluntu. Oku kuquka ukuphuhlisa nokugcina izicwangciso zongxamiseko ezibanzi, ukuqhuba uqeqesho oluthe rhoqo nokuzilolonga, ukufundisa uluntu ngeendlela zokufuduka kunye neendawo zokuzikhusela, nokusebenzisa imigaqo yokwakha eyenzelwe ukunciphisa ukuchanabeka kwiingozi zemvelo. Kwakhona oorhulumente basekuhlaleni balawula iinkqubo zokulumkisa ngexesha likaxakeka, ezifana neempempempe, ukubuyisela unxulumano, kunye nezilumkiso zexesha likaxakeka elingangqalanga, ezinika ulwazi olubalulekileyo kubantu abahlala khona ngaphambi naxa kusebudeni bentlekele.

Amagosa asekuhlaleni anyulweyo, njengabo bodolophu namalungu ebhunga lesixeko, adlala indima ephambili ekwenzeni izigqibo nonxibelelwano lukawonke-wonke. Anegunya lokukhupha imiyalelo yokugxotha, ukumisela amaxa okufika kwamakhaya, ukumisa iindawo zokufihla intloko-mgangathweni, nokucela uncedo kurhulumente. Unxibelelwano olunempumelelo oluvela kwiinkokeli zasekuhlaleni lubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuthemba uluntu nokuqinisekisa ukuba abemi bathatha izenzo ezifanelekileyo zokukhusela. Xa amagosa asekuhlaleni enikela ngokucacileyo, ngexesha, kwaye enolwazi oluchanekileyo, uwonke-wonke usengozini enkulu yokuthobela imiyalelo yokugxotha kunye nezinye imiyalelo zokhuseleko.

Imilinganiselo Yokukwazi Ukufikelela Kwizinto Zasekuhlaleni

Ngeli xesha oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bengaba ngabokuqala ukuphendula, abasoloko bexhotyiselwe ukusingatha iintlekele ezinkulu zesikali ngokwabo. Iidolophu ezincinane kunye namaphandle asenokuba namanani alinganiselweyo abacimi bomlilo, amapolisa, kunye nabasebenzi bezonyango bongxamiseko. Izixhobo ezinjengezixhobo ezinzima zokuhlangula, iinkqubo zonxibelelwano, kunye neenqwelo-mafutha ezikhethekileyo zisenokuba zincinane. Xa intlekele ingaphaya komthamo wasekuhlaleni, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni kufuneka acele uncedo kumgangatho karhulumente. Oku kukukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo eziqhelekileyo nezilindelekileyo kwinkqubo yokulawula intlekele, kwaye kubangela inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo yokwabiwa nokusebenza koncedo nobuchule obusemgangathweni othe kongezelela.

Umgangatho Karhulumente: Umanyano, IiMemo kunye neGunya

Urhulumente usebenza njengebrorho egxekayo phakathi koluntu kunye nolawulo lwelizwe. Xa intlekele ithwalisa umbilini wasekuhlaleni, urhulumente uthatha umsebenzi wokulungelelanisa kunye nenkxaso ebalulekileyo ekugcineni ulungelelwano nokuqinisekisa ukuba oovimba baqhubekeka apho bafuneka khona. Irhuluneli ngumphathi oyintloko kwimpendulo yentlekele karhulumente, ephethe igunya elisemthethweni phantsi komthetho wesizwe kunye neStafford Act yokuthatha inyathelo lokuqinisekisa oko oorhulumente abangakwaziyo. [[FLT: 0]

[iiiGawula neRhuluneli yemeko ye-metriat

[[FLT]] ingumlawuli yemeko yombuso yoxa eliphakathi] [[FLT:] [i3] [iiiiiisixhobo esinamandla] ekuphenduleni kwentlekele, kunye nokukhupha ulawulo olunamandla kwemeko olunamandla. Oku kuvakalisa umgangatho wolawulo olusemthethweni nolawulo oluphezulu lwe-Romatis.

Izwe ngalinye ligcina isebe lalo lolawulo longxamiseko, elilelona liyintloko elilawulayo ukwenzela iimpendulo zentlekele kumgangatho karhulumente. Aba bameli, abanjenge-Ofisi yeNkqubela ye-Emergency Service (Cal OES) okanye iTexas Division of Emergency Management Management (TDEM), bajongene nezicwangciso zongxamiseko zikarhulumente, balawula iziko lomsebenzi wongxamiseko, befaka kunye nokucela ubuncwane kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Amaziko olawulo lwexesha likaxakeka akwano akwaqhuba uqeqesho kunye nemigaqo yobuchule bolawulo lwemeko-mcimbini kwaye banike uncedo kumaziko obugcisa olulungiselelweyo kunye noncedo.

Umanyano lwezibonelelo kunye noncedo lomanyano

Enye yezona misebenzi zibalulekileyo zikarhulumente ngexesha lentlekele lumanyano lwezibonelelo. Xa urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ecela uncedo, umbutho wolawulo lukaxakeka wesizwe usebenza ukuzalisa eso sicelo esivela kubuncwane borhulumente okanye ngezivumelwano zoncedo kunye namanye amazwe. I-Emergency Management Agavingtion Company (EMAC) yisivumelwano esibalulekileyo soncedo lwamazwe ahlukeneyo esivumela amazwe ukwabelana ngabasebenzi, izixhobo, kunye nezinto zokuxhasa ngexesha leentlekele. I-EMAC isetyenziswe kakhulu ngexesha leenkanyamba, imililo, nezinye iziganeko ezinkulu, ukuze kukwazi ukuthumela abasebenzi bomlilo, abaphathi bomthetho, amaqela eezamayeza, kunye nezinye izinto zoncedo ezichaphazeleka ngokukhawuleza nangempumelelo.

Oorhulumente bakwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni ulwazi lukawonke-wonke ngexesha lentlekele. Amaziko olawulo lwemeko kaxakeka karhulumente asoloko esebenzisa amaziko olwazi olumanyeneyo anxibelelana noorhulumente abaqeqeshiweyo abakwiindawo ezininzi. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba uluntu lufumana ulwazi olungaguquguqukiyo, oluchanileyo kungakhathaliseki ukuba luluphi umgangatho oluwunikwa ngurhulumente. Amasebe ezempilo, amasebe ezothutho, kunye namasebe emekobume endalo anendima ekhethekileyo ekuphenduleni intlekele, ukusingatha imicimbi enjengezonokhangelo lwezifo, ukuvalwa kwendlela, nokungcoliswa kwemekobume.

Umgangatho womanyano: Inkxaso kunye nooVimba abakhethekileyo

Urhulumente wengingqi ungena emfanekisweni wempendulo yentlekele xa urhulumente kunye noovimba basekuhlaleni benganele ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zemeko. Phantsi koMthetho weStafford, uMongameli unegunya lokuvakalisa intlekele enkulu okanye ungxamiseko, evula uludwe oluninzi lweenkqubo zoncedo lukarhulumente. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba urhulumente worhulumente akathathi nxaxheba; kunoko, uxhasa urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni, abahlala bephethe imimandla yabo.

IFEMA kunye neSicwangciso seNkqutyana

I-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) lingumbutho okhokelayo worhulumente wokuphendula ngentlekele nokufumana uvuselelo. I-FEMA ilungelelanisa imisebenzi yamasebe orhulumente angaphezu kwama-20 kunye namasebe anendima ekuphenduleni kwentlekele, kuquka iSebe loKhuselo, iSebe lezeMpilo nezoluntu, iSebe lezeNtshukumo, kunye neQento yoMkhosi ePhathiswayo ye-Engineers. Iimbopheleleko eziphambili zoMkhosi ziquka ukunikela uncedo lwemali kurhulumente nakoorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukwenzela ukuphendula nokuphuculwa kwemigudu, ukuququququzelela ukuthunyelwa koo oovimba boorhulumente borhulumente borhulumente kunye nemisebenzi yoncedo bezwelonke, kunye nokulawulwa kweenkqubo zokuhlangulovimba boncedo bezentlalo-mali, kunye neenkonzo zentlekele zeentsapho.

INational Revolution Framework (NRF) luxwebhu olukhokelayo lwendlela urhulumente wesizwe alungelelanisa ngayo imigudu yakhe yokusabela kwintlekele. I-NRF imisela isiseko semigaqo, iindima, kunye nezakhiwo ezivumela onke amanqanaba karhulumente ukuba asebenze ngokunempumelelo. Yakhiwe ngokujikeleze inkqubo yoLawulo loMyalelo (ICS), inkqubo yolawulo esezantsi enika itsheyina elicacileyo lomyalelo nolwimi oluqhelekileyo kubo bonke abaphendulayo. I-NRF ikwachaza iindima zemibutho yabantu abazimeleyo, amaqela angabanga bangeniso, kunye namavolontiya ephendula ngengozi, iqonda ukuba ulawulo lwentlekele lufuna indlela yokusebenza elungileyo.

Iinkqubo zoncedo lomanyano

Uncedo lomanyano lwezentlekele luthatha iindlela ezininzi. Inkqubo ye-FEMA yoncedo loluntu inika urhulumente kunye norhulumente wasekuhlaleni izibonelelo zokulungisa nokubuyisela izibonelelo ezonakeleyo, ezinjengendlela, iibhulorho, izikolo, kunye nezibonelelo zokuphatha amanzi. IMALI nganye inikela uncedo lwemali olungqalileyo kubantu ngabanye nakwizindlu, kwizindlu, kwimpahla zobuqu, kunye nezinye iimfuno ezinxulumene nentlekele. Inkqubo ye-Hazadentium Mitigation Grant inika inkxaso-mali kuluntu ukwenzela imisebenzi enciphisa umngcipheko weentlekele zexesha elizayo, enjengemizikongako ezikhukulisela izakhiwo ezichasene neenyikima zomhlaba, okanye idala indawo ezinokuhlala ezinokutshiselwa kuzo.

Urhulumente wengingqi unika ubuchule obukhethekileyo kunye nobuncwane obungafumanekiyo kumgangatho wesizwe okanye wasekuhlaleni. Umkhosi we-U.S. unika inkxaso yobunjineli kunye nolwakhiwo, kuquka izindlu zokwexeshana, ukususwa kokungcola, kunye nolawulo lokhukuliselo. Iziko lolawulo lwezifo kunye nokhuseleko (CDC) lithumela abaphengululi bezifo kunye nenkxaso yelebhurejini ngexesha longxamiseko lwezempilo yoluntu. ISebe lezempilo neleeNkonzo zoluntu lithumela iNational Disatage Medical Sy System, equka amaqela oogqirha, abathengisi, kunye nezinye iingcali zezamayeza ezinokumisa izibhedlele zentsi zezo zezonyango ezisemasimini (CDC) zize zinikeze uncedo lwempilo kwimimandla yentlekele.

Unxibelelwano Nomanyano: Isikhokelo Sokusabela Okunempumelelo

Ukuphumelela kwayo nayiphi na intlekele kuxhomekeke kunxibelelwano olusebenzayo kunye nokulungelelana okukhoyo phakathi kwawo onke amanqanaba karhulumente. Xa amasebe asekuhlaleni, urhulumente kunye nasekuhlaleni ebelana ngenkcazelo, elungelelanisa imisebenzi yawo, kwaye esebenzelana nenjongo enye, ukusabela kukhawuleza, kusebenza, kwaye kuphumelela ngakumbi. Xa unxibelelwano luqhawuka, iziphumo zinokuba yintlekele. Oko kufundwa kwiintlekele zangaphambili kuye kwaphucula indlela oorhulumente abanxibelelana ngayo kunye nokulungelelanisa ngayo xa kukho iingxaki.

Izakhiwo zocalulo lwamaBhunga oMasipala

Icebo eliyintloko lokusebenzisana koorhulumente ngexesha lentlekele liziko lemisebenzi yexesha likaxakeka (EOC). I-EOC yengingqi, yengingqi, ye-EOC, kunye neyorhulumente isebenza njengeendawo ezisembindini zolwazi lokuhlanganisa, ulawulo lwezibonelelo, kunye nokwenza izigqibo. Abameli abasuka kumasebe amaninzi basebenza ngamacala onke kwi-EOC, basebenzisana ngolwazi lokwenene lwexesha kunye nemisebenzi yabo. Oku kusebenza kwabenzekelele ngokwahlukeneyo kwemigangatho karhulumente kwaye imiyalelo eyahlukeneyo yaphuka phantsi kwe-siloss kwaye yenza ukuba kubekho ingxaki ngokukhawuleza.

Imithambo yoqeqesho edityanisiweyo yenye yezixhobo ezibalulekileyo zokwakha imfaniso epheleleyo ebandakanya ukwenziwa kwamagosa orhulumente, urhulumente, kunye namasebe asekuhlaleni anceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba onke amaqumrhu ayayiqonda indima yawo kunye neembopheleleko zawo kwaye angasebenza kunye ngempumelelo phantsi koxinzelelo lwesiganeko sokwenene. Ukuzilolonga kusuka kwiingxubusho eziphezulu zentelekelelo ukuya kwimfaniso yesikali esipheleleyo ebandakanya ukuthunyelwa kwabasebenzi kunye nezixhobo. Ezi mithambo zikwaphawula izithuba nobuthathaka kwiinkqubo ezinokuxoxwa phambi kokuba kwenzeke intlekele yokwenene.

Ukwabelana ngolwazi nobuxhakaxhaka

Ubugcisa bezi mini buphucule ngokuphawulekayo ubuchule boorhulumente bokwabelana ngolwazi ngexesha leentlekele. Iinkqubo zolwazi lwe-Goographic (GIS) zivumela abaphendulayo ukuba bafumane imaphu kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo, bachaze abantu abachaphazelekayo, baze balandele ukuhamba kweengozi ngexesha lokwenene. Amaqonga asekelwe kwiWeb site afana neFEMA Inciden Information Boardboard kunye nomgangatho wolawulo karhulumente wongxamiseko anika ubuchule bokusebenza obuqhelekileyo obunokufumaneka kumagosa asemthethweni kuwo onke amacandelo orhulumente. Izixhobo zoluntu zikwasetyenziswa ukunxibelelana noluntu, iingxelo zemeko zooluntu, kunye nemigudu yokulungele ukuquququluzela. Noko ke, ubugcisa bodwa abuneli. Ukuthemba, ulwalamano lobuqu, kunye nemithetho emiselweyo yonxibelelwano iyimfuneko ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ulwazi olunempumelelo kwaye lusebenze kuwo ngokukhawuleza.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko: Oko Sikufundayo Kwiintlekele Ezinkulu

Uhlolisiso lwentlekele yehlabathi lubonisa ngokucacileyo indlela umgangatho karhulumente oqhubana ngayo ngexesha leengxaki noko kusenokuba kubi xa intlalo-ntle ingaphumeleli. Uhlolisiso olulandelayo lubonisa iingxaki kunye nempumelelo yokusabela kwintlekele.

Inkanyamba uKatrina (2005)

Inkanyamba uKatrina isengumzekelo ophakanyiswe kakhulu wokungaphumeleli kwentlekele phakathi kweentlekele zikarhulumente. Inkanyamba yabangela ukuba kubhudlakale iGulf Coast, ingakumbi eNew Orleans, apho ukuwa kwemingxuma ekhutshwayo kwakhokelela kwintlekele enkulu.

Kumgangatho karhulumente, iFEMA yagxekwa ngokucotha ukuqaphela ubungxenge-ngxenge bemeko nokusilela ukunxibelelana ngokunempumelelo namagunya orhulumente kunye nawommandla. Umlawuli wombutho ngelo xesha, uMichael Brown, wabonwa ngokubanzi njengongakulungelanga amanqam. ISebe lokhuselo lakulibazisa ukuthunyelwa kwamajoni asebenzayo, ngoxa i-National Guard bejamelene nomyalelo kunye nemicimbi ngenxa yokuba ezinye iiyunithi zaziphantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente ngelixa ezinye iinkqubo zonxibelelwano zahluleka ngokwentlekele, zishiya abaphendulayo nabanini-wonke kungekho lwazi luthembekileyo iintsuku.

Kumgangatho wephondo, iRhuluneli yaseLouisiana uKathleen Blanco yagxekwa ngokucotha ukucela uncedo lukarhulumente kunye nokungakulungeli ngokupheleleyo ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zikarhulumente zolawulo lukaxakeka. Ukuphendula kwesizwe kwathintelwa kukungacwangciswa nokungasebenzisani noorhulumente basekuhlaleni, ingakumbi isixeko saseNew Orleans. Kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, iNew Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin yakhupha umyalelo wokukhulula oyimfuneko kodwa yayingenaso isicwangciso esisebenzayo sabemi abafudukayo ababengenazothutho. Amawaka abantu ashiywa bengenangxaki kwiSuperdome kunye neZiko loMbutho weNdibano ngaphandle kokudla okwaneleyo, amanzi, okanye ukunyanyeka konyango.

Ukungaphumeleli kweSitshingitshane uKatrina kwakhokelela kutshintsho olutsha kulawulo lwentlekele. UMthetho wePost-Katrina we-Emergency Management Digional Reformation ka-2006 owayilwayo, wanika igunya kunye nobuncwane obungaphezulu. ISivumelwano seSizwe sokuLandela uHlamlo saHlulwa sahlaziywa ukucacisa iindima kunye neembopheleleko. Ingcamango ye "lonke ibutho" ulawulo longxamiseko lwavela, igxininisa ukubaluleka kokubandakanya icandelo labucala, ukungenzeli, kunye nemibutho esekelwe ekucwangciweni kwentlekele kunye nokusabela. Izifundo zikaKatrina ziyaqhubeka ukuza kuthi ga kulo mhla.

EKhalifoniya itsha lula (207-2018)

Unyaka wemfazwe etshabalalisayo ka-2017 no-2018 eKhalifoniya wabonisa indlela esebenzayo yokusebenzisana kwesebe. IKampu yomlilo, eyatshabalalisa idolophu yeParadisi ngoNovemba 2018, yayiyeyona mlilo utshabalalisayo kwimbali yeKhalifoniya, yabulala abantu abangama-85 kwaye yatshabalalisa izakhiwo ezingaphezu kwewaka elinamakhulu asibhozo anesibhozo. Nangona intlekele yathatha inyathelo elinconywa ngokuba nesantya, umanyano, kwaye isebenza kakuhle.

IRhuluneli uJerry Brown yavakalisa urhulumente wongxamiseko ngoko nangoko, owavumela ukuqokelelwa ngokukhawuleza koovimba borhulumente. I-ofisi ye-Ofisi ye-Emergency Services (Cal OES) yavelisa iziko layo lemisebenzi yaza yaqalisa ukudibana namasebe omlilo asekuhlaleni, amasebe okunyanzelisa umthetho, kunye namaqabane asekuhlaleni akwiyure ezimbalwa zomcimbi womlilo. Urhulumente waphinda wabangela ukuba kusetyenziswe iMemeter Management Affective Community, ezisa amaqela asebenza kwamanye amazwe ukuncedisa ukudubula amadabi.

I-FEMA yanikela inkxaso ngokukhawuleza nangempumelelo, ibonisa ukuphuculwa komanyano lwamaqumrhu oluntu olwalukho emva kukaKatrina. Isebe eliphethe iziganeko eliye lathumela amaqela asebenza ngezonyango, lanikela uncedo lwemali kubantu ngabanye neentsapho, lasebenza ngokusondeleyo namagunya asekuhlaleni ukudibanisa le mpendulo. Amaziko okunyanzelisa umthetho asekuhlaleni eButte County ayakwazi ukuphepha ngokunempumelelo, kwaye ngoxa inani labantu abafayo laphakama ngokulusizi, iingcali ezininzi zikholelwa ukuba iinkqubo ezingcono zokusebenzisana nokulumkisa zasindisa amakhulu obomi obongezelelekileyo. Ukusabela kwemililo yeKhalifoni kwabonisa ukuba xa onke amanqanaba karhulumente esebenza kunye neendima ezicacileyo kunye nonxibelelwano olunempumelelo, kwanazona ntlekele ezitshabalalisayo zinokulawulwa ngempumelelo engakumbi.

I-COVID-19 Pandemic (2020-2023)

Isifo se-COVOID-19 sanika ucelomngeni olukhethekileyo lokusabela kwintlekele ephakathi kweentlekele zikarhulumente kuba sachaphazela wonke ummandla kunye nendawo ngexesha elinye, enqabileyo kwiintlekele zendalo. Oku kwadala imfuneko engazange ibonwe yezixhobo kwaye kwavavanya imida yenkqubo yomanyano lwamazwe asekuhlaleni.

Isifo esigqugqisile amandla kunye nobuthathaka kwinkqubo yangoku. Ekuqaleni kwemeko yamanqam, kwakukho ukudideka okuphawulekayo malunga nomgangatho ophezulu karhulumente onegunya lokukhupha imiyalelo yokuhlala emakhaya, ukunxiba isigqubuthelo sokugquma, nokulawula ukusasazwa kwezinto zonyango kunye nezixhobo zokugoma. Kwimimandla ethile kukhutshwe imiyalelo yezwe lonke, ngelixesha oorhulumente bamazwe asekuhlaleni basebenzisa inkqubo yabo, nto leyo eyakhokelela kwimisebenzi yemimiselo edidayo kawonke-wonke-wonke kwaye yantsonta ukusabela.

Urhulumente wesizwe, ngeCDC kunye neFEMA, wanika ukhokelo kunye noovimba kodwa wajamelana nokugxekwa ngenxa yokungahambelani kokusasazwa kwezixhobo zokukhusela zobuqu kunye nokuvavanya izinto ezikhoyo. Ukusasazwa kwemichiza ekupheleni konyaka wama-202020 kunye nasekuqaleni kowama-2021 kwafuna umanyano olungathethekiyo phakathi kwabasebenzi besizwe, noorhulumente basekuhlaleni, kwakunye namaziko onyango kunye nobuchule bobuqu. Impumelelo yephulo lokugoma lokugoma ibonisa ukuba xa inkqubo yokugonya isebenza njengoko yenziwe, inokuba neziphumo eziphawulekayo, kodwa ukuphambuka kwasekuqaleni komlibo kwabonisa ukuba kusekho ithuba lokuphucula ukulungelelanisa ukulungelelanisa.

Oko Abahlali Bafanele Bakwazi: Ukhokelo Olusebenzisekayo Lokusabela Kwintlekele

Ukuqonda indlela umgangatho karhulumente osebenza ngayo ngexesha lentlekele asiyonto nje efundiswayo, kodwa kubemi abaqhelekileyo olu lwazi lunokuba luncedo phakathi kokhuseleko nengozi. Xa kufikelelwa intlekele, xa kufikelelwa inkcazelo, ukuba ufuna yiphi inkcazelo nendlela yokuyisebenzisa inkxaso, kunceda abantu neentsapho ukuba bafumane uncedo olufuna ngokukhawuleza.

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni kufuneka asoloko eyindawo yokuqala yokunxibelelana ngexesha likaxakeka. Amapolisa, umlilo, kunye neenkonzo zongxamiseko zezonyango zezimfuduko zizizithamsanqa neziqhelene nemeko zasekuhlaleni. Amagosa ongingqi anika imiyalelo yokufuduka, izikhuseli, iikhusi ezivulekileyo, kunye nokunika ulwazi malunga nokuvalwa kwendlela nezinye iingozi. Abahlali kufuneka batyikitye xa bejongene neenkqubo zongxamiseko zasekuhlaleni, ezithumela izilumkiso kunye nokuhlaziya ngqo kwimfono yabo kunye ne-imeyili. Iwebsite i-sedwey.gov[FLT[FLD] [12:1] inguvimba obalaseleyo wokufunda indlela yokulungiselela iingozi kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni.

Ukuba oovimba basekuhlaleni boyiswa kwaye kufuneka uncedo olongezelelekileyo, urhulumente uba ngumthombo oyintloko woncedo. Amaziko olawulo lukaxakeka karhulumente agcina iiwebhsayithi kunye nee-line ezishushu ezinika ulwazi malunga neenkqubo zoncedo lwentlekele, iindawo zokufihla ikhusi, kunye nezibonelelo zokufumana unyango. Urhulumente ukwalungelelanisa ukuthunyelwa kwamajoni esizwe, anganikezela ngokhuseleko, ngezothutho, kunye nenkxaso yolawulo. Ngexesha lokumiswa kombuso wongxamiseko, abemi kufuneka baqwalasele unxibelelwano olusemgangathweni lolwazini lohlaziyo kunye nemiyalelo ebalulekileyo.

Xa uMongameli evakalisa intlekele enkulu, iFEMA iyafumaneka ukunikela uncedo olungqalileyo kubantu kunye nakumakhaya. Olu ncedo lungaquka izibonelelo zezindlu zokwexeshana, ukulungiswa kwendlu, kunye nezinye iindleko ezinxulumene nentlekele. Abahlali bangafaka isicelo soncedo lwe-FEMA kwi-intanethi ngewebhsayithi yombutho FEMA.gov okanye ngokubiza i-FEMA Uncedo loncedo. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba uncedo lwe-FEMA asiyondawo ye-inshorensilensi yaye ukufezeka kusekelwe ekufuneni nasekuwoneni komonakaleni.

Ekugqibeleni, abemi kufuneka baqonde ukuba ukusabela kwintlekele kukuxanduva olwahluleleneyo. Amasebe karhulumente kuwo onke amanqanaba asebenza indima yawo, kodwa abantu kunye nabantu basekuhlaleni bakwanendima ebalulekileyo. Ukuba necebo longxamiseko, ukwakha ibhokisi yokunikezela ngentlekele, ukuhlala benolwazi ngeengozi zasekuhlaleni, nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yoluntu onke abalulekileyo wonke umntu anokuyithatha. I-National Oceanic kunye ne-Atmospheric Administration (NOA) inika izilumkiso kunye nengozi yolwazi oluvela kwinkonzo yemoyezulu , kunye nokulungisa i-A American Crossureat kulungiselela izibonelelo kunye neenkqubo zoqeqesho.

Isiphumo: Inkqubo eyakhelwe kwiqabane

Inkqubo yokuphendula kwintlekele eUnited States intsonkothile, kodwa yenziwe ngomgaqo ovakalayo: ulawulo lwengingqi ngenkxaso karhulumente kunye norhulumente. Le ndlela yomzantsi iqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zenziwe ngabantu abazazi kakuhle iindawo zabo, ngeli xesha benika unikezelo kubuncwane obuninzi kunye nobuchule bomgangatho ophezulu karhulumente xa kuyimfuneko. Le nkqubo ivavanywe ngokuphindaphindiweyo ziintlekele ezinkulu, kwaye ngoxa ingasoloko isenziwa ngokugqibeleleyo, inkxwaleko nganye iye yavelisa izifundo eziye zayenza yanamandla.

Isitshixo sokuphumelela ekusabeleni kwintlekele asikokuba nemithetho efanelekileyo, izicwangciso, kunye noovimba abafanelekileyo. Kukwafuneka kwakhiwe ulwalamano kunye nokuthenjwa kwabantu abasebenza kumgangatho ngamnye karhulumente. Xa abaphathi bongxamiseko, abanyuliweyo, amagosa, kunye nabokuqala abaziyo, banxibelelana rhoqo, kunye nololiwe kunye, banokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuba basebenze ngokunempumelelo njengeqela xa uxinzelelo lukho. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, utyalo oluqhubekayo lokusebenza phakathi komanyano, uqeqesho, kunye nemithambo kubalulekile.

Ekugqibeleni, ukusabela kwintlekele kubandakanya kungekuphela nje imbopheleleko ebandakanya urhulumente kodwa kwanecandelo labucala, imibutho engangeni ngeniso, kunye nabemi ngabanye. Isifo somlilo se-CHOVID, iKhalifoniya, iSitshingitshane uKatrina, nezinye iziganeko ezingenakubalwa zibonise ukuba xa zonke iinkalo zoluntu zisebenza kunye ngenjongo enye, kwanezona ntlekele zitshabalalisayo zingaphela. Ukuqonda iindima neembopheleleko zomgangatho ngamnye karhulumente linyathelo lokuqala elibalulekileyo ekulungiselweni kwengxaki elandelayo.