Table of Contents
Isebe lowiso-mthetho lisebenza njengesiseko solawulo-demokhrasi, lisebenzisa amandla asisiseko okwakha, utshintsho, kunye nokumisela imithetho ebumba ibutho labantu. Ukuqonda inkqubo entsonkothileyo ekwenziwa ngayo amatyala, impikiswano, idityaniswe, kwaye ekugqibeleni ivotelwe kumthetho kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela imisebenzi karhulumente nendlela abemi abanokuba nenxaxheba ngayo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Olu khokelo lunentsingiselo ebanzi yokuhlola zonke iinkalo zenkqubo yomthetho, ukusuka kwisiqalo sokuqala sengcamango yokuyila eguqulela kusayino lokugqibela olungumthetho obophelelayo.
Yintoni Ibhiliyoli Neziqhubi Ezivela Phi?
Ityala sisicelo somthetho omtsha okanye utshintsho kumthetho okhoyo. IiBhili zimela inkqubo yokuqala apho amaqumrhu owiso-mthetho aguqulela iingcamango zomthetho kwiinkqubo eziqinileyo ezilawula ibutho labantu. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho iqala kudala phambi kokuba kuqaliswe umthetho, ngokufuthi osuka kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo kunye nabagcini-mathiriyeli bemiqathango kuyo yonke inkqubo yezobupolitika.
Imithombo yeMithetho
Imithombo yeengcamango zomthetho ayinasiphelo kwaye icetyiswe ukuba ibhalwe kwimimandla emininzi eyahlukeneyo. Naliphi na ilungu leBhunga - elisuka kwiNdlu yeNdlu okanye kwiNdlu yeNdlu okanye abameli – abanoluvo lomthetho bangasenza isindululo somthetho. Ezi ngcamango zivela kumalungu eKhongozelo ngokwawo okanye kubemi bemihla ngemihla nakumaqela okungakhuthazi mithetho. Amalungu eKhomishini angavelisa izicelo zezivumelwano zephulo-mthetho ezisekelwe kwizivumelwano zephulo labo abazenza ngexesha lonyulo, i-quacity ezinyulelwe kwiiholo okanye kwimibangozo, okanye kwimibandela abayichazayo emva kokuba bethathe isikhundla.
Kumaxesha anamhlanje, "unxibelelwano lokubulala" luye lwaba ngumthombo omkhulu wezicelo zomthetho. Unxibelelwano ludla ngokuba luluhlobo lomyalezo okanye ileta evela kwilungu loMongameli weKhabhinethi, intloko yombutho ozimeleyo, okanye uMongameli ngokwakhe, edlulisela idrafti yomthetho ocetyiweyo kuMthetheli-mthetho weNdlu yabameli noMongameli weNdlu yeNdlu. Lo mgaqo-mthetho ubandakanyeka ubonakalisa ubume bobume obudityanisiweyo bamasebe karhulumente, nangona iiBhunga zigcina igunya lomgaqo-siseko ukuba ziqulunqe.
Ukongezelela, izikhululo zendlu yowiso-mthetho, amaqela abantu abanezimvo, imibutho yezakhono, kunye nabemi ngabanye bonke banikela ngeengcamango ezinokuba ngumthetho worhulumente oya kuthi ekugqibeleni.
Umgaqo-siseko ohlaziyiweyo
Amalungu kunye nabasebenzi bawo bajongana namagqwetha angengomacandelo kwiofisi yeSiluleko soMyalelo wegumbi ngalinye ukuze kuncedwe ukubeka izicelo zenkqubo kulwimi lowiso-mthetho. Le nkqubo yobuchule yokulungisa ibalulekile kuba imithetho kufuneka ibhalwe ngokunempumelelo ukuphepha iziphumo ezicacileyo nezingacwangciswanga. Ii-ofisi zezeluleko zemithetho ziqeshe amagqwetha anamava asebenzisa iingcamango ezingokwemigaqo ekuguquleleni umgaqo kwiilwimi ezifanelekileyo ezifunekayo kumthetho osebenzayo.
Iqonga lokuyila lidla ngokubandakanya uphando olunzulu, ukunxibelelana neengcali zemibandela, nokuqwalasela ngenyameko indlela umthetho ocetyiswayo oya kuqhubana ngayo nemithetho ekhoyo. Abaqhubi kufuneka balindele iingxaki ezinokwenzeka zokuzalisekisa, imibuzo yomGaqo-siseko, kunye neziphumo ezisebenzisekayo kubagcini-matyala abahlukahlukeneyo. Lo msebenzi wokulungiselela, nangona ungabonakali kakhulu kubantu, wenza isiseko somthetho ophumelelayo.
Izambuku kunye neCo-Sponsors
Ilungu eliyintloko leKhongophela lixhasa eli tyala libizwa ngokuba ngu "sponsor". Amanye amalungu axhasa eli tyala abizwa ngokuba yi-"co-sponsors". Amalungu angawujijela umlomo aze abuze amanye kwigumbi elingezantsi. Ngokufuthi asebenzisa iileta ezithandekayo zeColleague, --ukutyikitya idiposter yemali ebhaliweyo ukubonisa isiseko esiqinileyo senkxaso yengcinga. Ukwakha ikhomposta ngumsebenzi ocacileyo obonisa amanye amalungu, ukhokelo lweqela, kwaye uwonke-wonke-wonke ukuba umthetho unenkxaso nesantya esinentsingiselo.
Inani kunye nomahluko weicoponesiss zingawaphembelela ngokuphawulekayo amathemba entengiso. I-Bipartan co-sponsorship, apho amalungu awo omabini amaqela angundoqo axhasa khona umthetho, ngokufuthi anyusa amathuba okudlula, ingakumbi kumthetho ophikisanayo okanye ontsonkothileyo. Abaxhasi bakhuthaza ngokukhutheleyo abo basebenza nabo, ukuyekelela, kwaye basebenze ukwakha iminqoqo enokuxhasa ityala ngenkqubo ende yemithetho.
Ukwazisa nokubuya kweeBhili
Xa isibhaka-mali sithe sabhaliswa kwaye sikhuselwa, kufuneka sifakwe ngokusemthethweni kwiNdlu yabameli okanye kwiNdlu yeeNtsimbi. Le nkqubo yokuqalisa iphawula isiqalo esisemthethweni sohambo lwemali kuhambo lwenkqubo yowiso-mthetho kwaye ibangela uthotho lwematheko eliza kugqiba ikamva laso.
Indlela Eziswa Ngayo Iibhiliyo
Kwindlu, kuveliswa ityala xa liwiswa kwi-okethe (ibhokisi eyenziwe ngomthi kumgangatho wendlu). KwiBhunga leNdlu yeNdlu yeMasapho, ityala lithunyelwa kuomabhalane kumgangatho weNdlu yeeNtsimi. Ezi zenzo zibonakala zilula zithwala ubunzima obubalulekileyo obungokwengcaciso, njengoko befaka ngokusemthethweni ityala kwirekhodi yemithetho ze baqalise inkqubo esesikweni yokuqwalasela.
Kwintshayelelo, ityala liza kufumana isalathisi esisekelwe kwigumbi lokuqalisa, umzekelo, H.R. kwindlu esekelwe kwiphepha okanye izigqibo ezidibeneyo kunye neS.J.Res. kwimilinganiselo yeCathenal-eved. Iyakwamkela inani, eliqhelekileyo liyinani elikhoyo ngokulandelelana ngexesha leminyaka emibini yeBhunga. Le nkqubo yokubala ivumela ukulandelelana okuthe ngqo nokubhekiswa kuyo yonke inkqubo yowiso-mthetho. ngqungquthela nganye, ethatha iminyaka emibini, iqala ngenani lemali enye, kwaye amanani abelwa ngokweenjongo zomthetho ezingenisiweyo.
Inkqubo yokuLayishwa kweZiko
Xa ilungu lendlu okanye iBhunga leNdlu yeNdlu yeMimandla lingenisa ityala, libhekiswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwikomiti (okanye iikomiti) kwelo gumbi elinegunya phezu kweziqalelo zayo. Kwindlu, amatyala abhekiswa kuMlawuli, ngecebiso lepalamente engeyoyaparati, kuzo zonke iikomiti ezilawula amalungiselelo asemthethweni, njengoko kumiselwa yimithetho emileyo yegumbi kunye nezigqibo ezidlulileyo. Esi sigqibo sibhekisa ityala siyacingisiswa kuba liliphi ithuba elimisela ukuba amalungu ekomitini aqulutheleyo amise umthetho.
Ingakumbi kwiNdlu, imali ingabhekiswa kwiikomiti eziliqela. Xa iikomiti ezininzi zifumana igunya, nganye isebenza kuphela kwiinxalenye zemali ezikwindawo yayo yobuchule. KwiBhunga leNtlanganiso, amatyala adla ngokubhekiswa kwikomiti ngendlela efanayo, nangona kwiimeko ezininzi, ityala libhekiswa kwikomiti kuphela enegunya kwimibandela elawulayo. Lo mahluko ubonisa izithethe ezicacileyo zamagumbi amabini.
Kwiimeko ezimbalwa, ityala lingabhekiselwa kwikomiti, kodwa endaweni yoko makubekwe ngqo kwiKhalenda yeCathenal of Business ngothotho lwezinyuko ezisemgangathweni. Le nkqubo ikhethekileyo igcinelwe imicimbi engxamisekileyo okanye iimeko apho ukuqwalasela ikomiti kuzakubuyiselwa okanye kungabi naziphumo.
Ulwazelelelo lweKomiti: Imeko yentliziyo yeNkqubo yoMthetho
IiKomiti zisebenza njengama-ashede asebenzayo eeNgqungquthela, apho kuvela khona uvavanyo oluneenkcukacha, ukucocwa, kunye nengxubusho yomthetho. Kuwo omabini amagumbi, ubuchule obuninzi benkqubo obuhlala kwiikomiti ezimileyo, amacandelo amaqela akhokelayo ekuphuhliseni nasekuhloleni umthetho ocetyisiweyo kulawulo oluchaziweyo. Iqonga lekomiti lilapho amatyala amaninzi aqhutyelwa phambili okanye afe ngaphandle kokuqwalaselwa.
Isakhiwo seKomiti kunye neGunya
Indlu yabameli yahlula umsebenzi wayo phakathi kweekomiti ezisisigxina ezingamashumi amabini. IBhunga leNtsimbi ligcina isakhiwo esifanayo sekomiti, nangona ineemvo ezahlukileyo kwintlangano kunye nolawulo. Ikomiti nganye igxininisa kwimimandla ethile ekhethekileyo yezolimo, iinkonzo zezixhobo, uqingqo-mali, imfundo, amandla, ulwalamano lwamanye amazwe, ijaji, okanye isithuthi. Oku kubekwa phambili kuvumela amalungu ukuba abe nobuchule obunzulu kwimibandela ethile kwaye aqinisekise ukuba ahlolisise ngokucokisekileyo imiba yemigaqo entsonkothileyo.
Isitulo sekomiti sinegunya lokuqala lokumisela amacebiso ekomiti nganye kwaye sichaza ukuba ngawaphi amatyala aza kufumana ingqalelo esesikweni kwikomiti ngexesha leNkqutyana yeminyaka emibini. Eli gunya lokugcina isango lenza izihlalo zeekomiti phakathi kwamalungu anempembelelo kakhulu eBhunga. Iikomiti aziwaqwalaseli ngokusesikweni amatyala akhankanywe kwiBhunga ngalinye. Enyanisweni, uninzi lwamatyala aziswayo aluze luqwalaselwe yikomiti kwaye ngoko ke azize luqhubekele phambili ngaphaya kweli nqanaba lokuqala.
Impinda engaphantsi
Emva kokuba kuqaliswe ityala kwaye kubhekiswe kwikomiti yolawulo, ikomiti iyakusoloko ithumela umlinganiselo kwikomiti yayo encinane ekhethekileyo ukuze ifunde, ivakale, iinguqu, kunye nemvume. Iikomiti ezingaphantsi zinika umaleko owongezelelekileyo wokwenza ulwakhiwo olukhethekileyo, ukuvumela uhlolo oluthe qwa kwimimandla emincinane yenkqubo. Umzekelo, iKomiti ye House ejongene neMeener and Commerce inezikhonkwane ezincinci ezincinci eziqhubana nemibandela ethile enjengempilo, imekobume, ukunxibelelana, kunye nokhuseleko.
Ngokufuthi, iikomiti zithumela amatyala kwikomiti encinci ukuze ifunde kunye nokuchongwa kwazo. Ikomiti engaphantsi ingenza utshintsho kwimali yetyala kwaye kufuneka ivote ukubhekisa ityala kwikomiti epheleleyo. Le nkqubo yekomiti engaphantsi yongeza ixesha kuhambo lwezowiso-mthetho kodwa iqinisekisa ukupheliswa ngokucokisekileyo kwezicelo zamalungu anobuchule obuninzi obunxulumene nayo.
IKomiti ePhicothayo
Ikomiti ingaqhuba ityala lokuchonga elinika amalungu ekomiti kunye noluntu ithuba lokuva kumaqela akhethiweyo (umz., umbutho worhulumente okanye umdla olungelelanisiweyo) malunga namandla omthetho kunye nobuthathaka. Ngokuqhelekileyo, inyathelo lokuqala kule nkqubo kukuchonga ekuhleni apho ikomiti okanye amalungu aqeshwayo aphulaphula amangqina amela iimbono ezahlukeneyo ngomlinganiselo. Ukuva kufeza iinjongo ezininzi: badala ingxelo kawonke-wonke yobungqina nobungqina, bavumele amalungu ukuba abuze imibuzo aze aqokelele ulwazi, kwaye banike abagcini-mabhasti ithuba lokuthetha ngeembono zabo.
Iimbono zesebe eliphetheyo, iingcali, amagosa karhulumente kunye nabaxhasi, kunye nabachasi bomthetho omele uchazwe. AmaNgqina asemacaleni asenokuba ngababhali-mthetho, abalawuli beziko, iingcali, abameli bezoshishino, iinkokeli zezoshishino, nabantu abachaphazelekayo. Ubungqina nokuncinwa kwamatyala kungayichaphazela ngokuphawulekayo indlela amalungu ekomiti akujonga ngayo ityala kunye neenguqu afuna ukuzenza.
Ukuchongwa kweekomiti kuvulekele uluntu nezixhobo zekhompyutha, kunika ingqiqo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ukudluliswa kwamatyala kuba yinxalenye yembali yowiso-mthetho enokuthi kamva iinkundla namaziko adibane nayo xa kutolikwa umthetho. Noko ke, asingazo zonke iindleko ezifumana ukuchongwa; izihlalo zekomiti ziqhelisa ubuchule bokugqiba ukuba ngowuphi umlinganiso wokuvavanya uwonke wonke.
Intlanganiso Yokuphawula
Emva kokuba kugqitywe ukuvakala, ityala liqwalaselwa kwintlanganiso eyaziwa ngokuba yi "ophawu-up" intlanganiso. Kweli nqaku, iinguqu zinganikelwa kwimali yetyala, kwaye ikomiti okanye amalungu angaphantsi ekomiti avotelwe ukwamkela okanye ukulwamka ezi nguqu. Xa iindlebe kunye nohlolo lwekomiti encinci lugqityiwe, ikomiti iza kudibana ukuba "iphawule" irekhondi. Benza utshintsho kunye nokulungisa phambi kokuba bancomele ityala "flooorre".
Intlanganiso yophawulo imele ithuba lekomiti lokucoca nokuphucula umthetho osekelwe kulwazi oluqokelelwe ngexesha lokuchongwa nakumacebo amalungu. Izigungqi ezicetyisiweyo ngexesha lokuchongwa zingahluka ukusuka kulungiso lobugcisa obuncinane ukuya kutshintsho olunzulu lwenkqubo. Amalungu eKomiti aphikisana ngezi zimo kunye nevoti nganye, ngokuthe ngcembe elungisa ityala libe luhlobo olunokulawula inkxaso yoninzi.
Ikomiti iza kuba nentlanganiso "yophawu-luphezulu" ngexesha iza kwenza uhlaziyo kunye nolwandiso. Ukuba ii-antempli ezinkulu zenziwe, ikomiti ingayalela ukusungulwa kwe "indawo ecocekileyo" ezakuquka ukubuyiselwa okucetywayo. Olu xwebhu lutsha luzakuba nenombolo entsha kwaye luza kuthunyelwa phantsi ngexesha isiko esidala lilahlwa. Le nkqubo icocekileyo ingenayo imigangatho eqwalaselweyo ngokunika umbhalo omnye, oqulukileyo kunothotho lweengcelo oluluxakekileyo lomthetho wokuqala.
Imisebenzi neengxelo zeKomiti
Ekuqukumbeleni kwecebo, ivoti yekomiti okanye amalungu ekomiti angaphantsi ithathwa ukumisela ukuba yeliphi inyathelo elimele lithathe umlinganiselo. Ingaxelwa, ngohlobo okanye ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa, okanye ngokuthenjiswa, okuthetha ukuba akukho sinyathelo sinye kuyo. Ukuphakamisa ngokufanelekileyo "ukubulala" umlinganiselo. Ukuba ikomiti iyavota ukuba ingawuxeli umthetho kwigumbi elipheleleyo leBhunga, umthetho uyafa. Ukuba ikomiti ivotela ukuxhasa uxwebhu, kuxelwa phantsi.
Iingxelo zeKomiti zezomthetho zezona mithombo zembali zezenkcubeko eziye zanempembelelo. Emva kokuba kuchazwe ityala, abasebenzi bekomiti balungiselela ingxelo ebhaliweyo echaza isizathu sokuba baxhasa eli tyala nesizathu sokuba banqwenela ukubona ukubuyiselwa kwetyala labo, ukuba kukho nabaphi na, bemkelwe. Amalungu eKomiti achasa ityala maxa wambi abhala uluvo oluphikisayo kule ngxelo. Ezi ngxelo zinikela imeko exabisekileyo ngenjongo yokuqulungela inkundla yaye zidla ngokubuzwa ngeenkundla, abameli, nangabaphengululi abasemthethweni xa kutolikwa imithetho.
Iingxelo zeeKomiti ziquka amacandelo aliqela: inkcazelo yenjongo yomthetho kunye nobungakanani, ukuhlaziywa kwenkcazelo yekomiti, uhlalutyo lweziphumo zemali kwimithetho neenkqubo ezikhoyo, uqikelelo lwexabiso olulungiselelwe yi-Ofisi yoHlahlo loHlahlo lweZiko loMbutho, kunye neengxelo ezivela kumasebe aphetheyo.
Ukujongana Nomgangatho Nengxoxo
Xa ikomiti inikela ingxelo entle ngetyala, iya kutsho kumgangatho weNdlu okanye weNdlu yeeNtsimbi ukuze iqwalaselwe ngamalungu apheleleyo. Ulwazelelelo lomgangatho lumela iqondo elibalulekileyo apho onke amalungu afumana ithuba lokuxoxa, lokuphendula, kunye nelokuvota ngomthetho. Noko ke, iinkqubo ezilawula ukuqwalaselwa komgangatho waphantsi zahlukile kakhulu phakathi kwamagumbi amabini.
Imithetho emisela iNqanawa yeNkcubeko
Umlinganiselo ulungele ukuqwalaselwa yiNdlu epheleleyo emva kokuba ixelwe yikomiti. USithethi seNdlu kunye neNkokeli yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi yeNdlu yeeNtlalo ugqiba ukuba ityala lifike na xa lifika phambi kwequmrhu elipheleleyo lendlu neBhunga, ngokulandelelana, ukwenzela ingxoxo kunye nokulungisa kwandule ke ukudlula okugqibele. Oku kucwangcisiweyo kwenza ukuba iinkokeli zeqela zilawule ngokubalulekileyo phezu kocwangciso lwemithetho-mthetho kwaye kuzivumela ukuba zimisele iindleko ezithile ngexesha lokulibala okanye ukuvala abanye.
Kwindlu, owona mthetho ubalulekileyo ubekwe kwenye yeekhalenda eziliqela ezihlela amatyala ngohlobo kunye nendima yokuqala. IKomiti yendlu isoloko idlala indima ebalulekileyo ngokumisela imithetho ekhethekileyo elawula indlela iindleko ezithile eziza kuxutyushwa ngayo. Ngamanye amaxesha, ulwamkelo lungalawulwa yi "rule". Umthetho ngokwawo sisigqibo esilula, esimele sidluliselwe yiNdlu kunye nesenzelwe imithetho ethile yokuxoxa ngemiba ethile (umz. ixesha elingakanani eliya kuvunyelwa ukuba kuxoxwe, nokuba ngaba iinguqu zinokunikelwa, neminye imicimbi).
IBhunga leNdlela lisebenza ngemigaqo ebhetyebhetye enika amaqumrhu angomnye umntu impembelelo enkulu kucwangciso. Iinkokeli zeNtlanganiso zidla ngokuthethana namalungu acwangcise ixesha lomgangatho ngokwenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi "uSivumelwano seMvumelwano," efuna isivumelwano esivela kubo bonke abaququzeleli. Le nkqubo inika kwanesixhobo esinye esibalulekileyo sokusixhathisa ukulibazisa okanye ukuvala umthetho webloko.
Ukwahluka Phakathi Kwezindlu Neenkqubo Zendlu Nezigxalaba
La magumbi mabini ngokusisiseko ayalingana kwiindima zawo zowiso-mthetho nemisebenzi yawo. Yindlu kuphela enokuvela umthetho wengeniso, kwaye kuphela yiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNkulumbuso eqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano ezivunyiweyo, kodwa ukumiswa komthetho kusoloko kufuna ukuba omabini amagumbi avumelane ngokwahlukileyo kwisivumelwano esifanayo phambi kokuba anikwe uMongameli. Phezu kwako nje oku kulingana okusisiseko, amagumbi aphuhlise izithethe ezahlukileyo.
Jikelele, imithetho nezenzo zendlu zivumela uninzi lwamanani ukuba luqhube umthetho ngokukhawuleza. Imithetho kunye neenkqubo zeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, kwelinye icala, zixhasa ukuququzelelwa kwenyathelo elikhawulezayo, njengoko zinika abaPhathi-ndlu ubuchule obubalulekileyo bokusebenzisa inkxaso-mvume. Indlu, enamalungu ayo angama-435, ifuna iinkqubo ezilungelelanisiweyo ezisebenza ngokunempumelelo. IBhunga, enamalungu ali-100 kuphela, iye yasebenza ngokwesithethe ngenkqubo ezithe ngcembe ezikhusela amalungelo amancinane kwaye ikhuthaza ingxoxo eyandayo.
Le misebenzi yokwahluka ngokwemiqathango ibonisa iindima zomgaqo-siseko ezicelwe igumbi ngalinye. Indlu, kunye nemiyalelo yayo yeminyaka emibini kunye nomelo olusekelwe kubemi, yenzelwe ukusabela ngakumbi kwiimvakalelo eziqhelekileyo. IBhunga, elinemiqathango yeminyaka emithandathu kunye nomelo olulinganayo lwesizwe ngasinye, yayinenjongo yokulungiselela ukuzinza nokukhusela ekuqhutyweni kwezenzo zephulo lokwexeshana.
Impikiswano Ngomgangatho
Ingxoxo ye-Flore inika amalungu ithuba lokuchaza iimbono zawo, ukuphembelela abo asebenza nabo, nokuzenzela ingxelo yoluntu ngeembono zabo ngomthetho. Kwindlu, ixesha lokuxoxa lilinganiselwe kwaye lahlulwe ngokulinganayo phakathi kwabaxhasi nabachasi betyala. Inkokeli ezininzi nabacebisi babo okanye abacebisi babo bayalilawula ixesha abalinikiweyo kumalungu abo afuna ukuthetha.
Ingxoxo yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNgwevu isebenza phantsi kwemithetho eyahlukeneyo. Abaququzeleli badla ngokuba nelungelo lokuthetha ixesha elide naninina banqwenela ukuthethela nangawuphi na umbandela, isithethe esinokuthi sikhokelele kwiingxoxo ezandisiweyo okanye kwi-finbuster. Le mfuneko ye-monicbuster yenzeka xa abaquququzeleli besebenzisa ingxoxo ebanzi ukulibazisa okanye ukuthintela ukuvota kumthetho. Ukuphelisa i-Reciousbuster kufuna ukukhutshwa kwedobo, inkqubo efuna ukuxhaswa ngabaquququzeli abangama-60. Le mfuneko i-majorro engundoqo yenza iqela elincinane linikwe amandla abalulekileyo okuvala umthetho kwiBhunga.
Iingxoxo ngoku zivela kwi Congregational Record (nangona kukho iinguqulelo zangaphambili ezinamagama ahlukeneyo). Ushicilelo lweCongregational aluyomfuneko ukuba lubhalwe ngentetho-gama yoko kuthethwa phantsi. Iintetho zelungu zinikelwa kuye ukuze kubukelwe kwaye kulungiswe. Le nkqubo yokuhlela ivumela amalungu ukuba alungise iimpazamo kwaye acacise iingxelo zawo, nangona ithetha ukuba iCongregational Recordation Record Record ayikubonakalisa ngokugqibeleleyo oko kuthethweyo ngexesha lengxoxo.
Uhlaziyo lomgangatho
Xa ityala lifikelela kumgangatho, kukho impikiswano eyongezelelekileyo kunye namalungu egumbi elipheleleyo okuvota ukuvuma nakuphi na ukutshintshwa. Inkqubo yokulungisa ivumela amalungu angekhoyo kwikomiti yolawulo ukuba abumbe umthetho kunye nenkxalabo yedilesi ekusenokungaqwalaselwayo ngexesha lohlolo lwekomiti. Izigubuliso zinokuba lulungiso lobugcisa oluncinane okanye utshintsho olungundoqo lwenkqubo olutshintsha injongo okanye isiphumo somthetho.
Kwindlu, iKomiti yeMimiselo isoloko imisela ukuba yeyiphi inguquko enokuthi inikelwe kwaye phantsi kwazo naziphi iimeko. Eminye imithetho i "ovula," ivumela nayiphina impumelelo ecwangcisiweyo ukuba icetywe. Eminye i "icloned" iyathintela zonke iinguquko, okanye "isiseko," ivumela kuphela iinguquko ezikhethekileyo ezigunyazisiweyo. Oku kulawula ukuphumelela okugqithisileyo kunika uninzi lweqela amandla okuyila umthetho kunye nempembelelo yeqela elincinane.
IBhunga leNtsimbi lisebenza phantsi kwemigaqo yokulungisa evulekileyo, livumela abaququzeleli ukuba banike izilungiso phantse nakweliphi na ityala nangaliphi na ixesha. Noko ke, obu butyokololo bungakhokelela kwiingxaki xa abaququzeleli benikela iinguquko ezingezizijikelezi ezincinane okanye ezingenanto yokwenza nazo ngomthetho ongaphantsi. Ezi zimo zilungiselo, ngamanye amaxesha ezibizwa ngokuba "ziqhubi," zinokusetyenziswa ngokucwangcisiweyo ukunyanzela ukuvota kwimibandela ephikisanayo okanye ukubopha amalungiselelo aqhelekileyo okufuneka afakelwe umthetho odlulisayo.
Imigaqo-nkqubo yoMgaqo-siseko
Ukuphakamisa kumela incopho yenkqubo yowiso-mthetho kwigumbi ngalinye, xa amalungu ebhalisa ngokusemthethweni inkxaso okanye ukuchasa umthetho. Iindlela kunye neenkqubo zokuvota zahluka kuxhomekeka kwigumbi, uhlobo lomlinganiselo oqwalaselwayo, nomgangatho wempikiswano enxulumene nembambano. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo zokuvota kubalulekile ukuyiqonda indlela izigqibo zomthetho-mthetho ezenziwa ngayo nokubhalwa kwazo.
Iintlobo zeMidlalo kwiBhunga
Iinkqubo zokuvota zeBhunga ziye zavela ukuze zilungelelanise ukuphumelela nokuziphendulela. Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuvota zifeza iinjongo ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwivoti ekhawulezileyo kwimibandela eqhelekileyo ukushicilela amavoti abangela ingxelo esisigxina yesikhundla selungu ngalinye.
Iintetho zelizwi
Kule ndlu kusenokuba ngovoti yelizwi; kulo mzekelo, akukho ngxelo yempendulo yomntu ngamnye ekhoyo. Imivoti yelizwi yeyona ndlela ilula nekhawulezileyo yokuvota. Igosa elilawulayo licela abo bakhethayo ukuthi "ewe" kunye nabo bachasayo ukuthi "hayi," ngoko limisela ukuba yeliphi icala elixhaswe ngokusekelwe kumthamo wempendulo. Iivoti zelizwi zisetyenziswa kakhulu kumanyathelo angeyondawo apho isiphumo singathandabuziwa khona kwaye amalungu angafuni mvume erekhodi.
Inzuzo yamavoti elizwi sisantya kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, ivumela iKhonklathi ukuba ilahle ushishino oluqhelekileyo ngokukhawuleza. Noko ke, ukunqongophala kwevoti erekhodiweyo kuthetha ukuba abameli babo abanakumisela ukuba bavote njani ngokwemilinganiselo ethile. Naliphi na ilungu lingacela ivoti erekhodiweyo ukuba likholelwa ukuba ivoti yelizwi ayikubonisi ngokuchanekileyo oko kuthanda kwegumbi okanye ukuba bafuna ukwenza ingxelo yeendawo zamalungu.
Rola uLwazi oluNgenisiweyo
Utsalo lwezivoti lwenza ingxelo esisigxina ngendlela ilungu ngalinye elivota ngayo kumbuzo othile. Kwisiko sobizo lokuvota, umabhalane ubiza igama lelungu ngalinye ngomyalelo we-odoli, kwaye amalungu aphendula ngevoti yabo. Le ndlela iqinisekisa ukuba abameli babo banokuyihlola ngokuchanekileyo indlela abavote ngayo nangawuphi na umlinganiselo obhaliweyo.
Ijelo lingathathwa yinkqubo yokuvota ye-elektroniki, ebhalisa impendulo yelungu ngalinye. Ezi zibhekiselwa kuzo njengevoti ezirekhodiweyo, kwaye zikhona kwingxelo yamavoti okuvota okuvota okuqengqeleka. Indlu yabameli isebenzisa inkqubo yokuvota ye-elektroniki apho amalungu afaka ikhadi lobuqu kwizitishi zokuvota ezikwe kulo lonke igumbi kwaye ecinezela iqhosha ukubonisa ukuvota kwawo. Iibhodi ezinkulu zibonisa indlela ilungu ngalinye elivote ngayo ngexesha lokwenene, livumela amalungu nabaqwali beqela ukuba balandele inkqubela yevoti.
IBhunga alisebenzisi ukuvota nge-elektroniki kwaye endaweni yoko lixhomekeke kwiminxeba esetyenziswa ngokwesithethe apho umabhalane abiza igama le-senator nganye. Le nkqubo yokulinganisa ixesha elininzi ibonisa ubungakanani obuncinci beNdlu yeNdlu kunye nesithethe sayo senkqubo ezikhuphisanayo. Abachongi banemizuzu eli-15 yokuphendula kubizo oluqengqelekayo, nangona amavoti esoloko evuleka ixesha elide ukuze kuhlaliswe abahlali bendlu ye-sentam.
Ulongiso lwe-elektroniki
Inkqubo zokuvota ye-elektroniki iye yayiguqula inkqubo yokuvota kwiNdlu yabameli, inciphisa ngokuphawulekayo ixesha elifunekayo lokuqhuba amavoti arekhodiweyo. Ngaphambi kokuba kuvezwe uvotelo lwe-elektroniki, amavoti atsalwayo anokuthatha imizuzu engama-30 ukuya kwengama-45 njengokuba umabhalane ebiza igama lelungu ngalinye. Uvotelo lwe-electronic luthatha imizuzu eli-15 ukuya kwengama-20, luvumela iNdlu ukuba iqhubele amavoti angakumbi ngexesha elincinane.
Inkqubo ye-elektroniki ikwanika ukubonakala kwangoko, njengokuba iibhodi zokuvota zibonisa ukuvota kwelungu ngalinye njengoko liphoswa. Olu lwazi lwexesha lokwenene luvumela iinkokeli zeqela ukuba ziqwalasele amanani evoti kwaye zikwazi ukucenga amalungu angenamdla phambi kokuba kuvalwe ivoti. Le nkqubo irekhoda hayi uewe kuphela kwaye akukho voti kodwa ikwavumela amalungu ukuba avote "ukuze athathe inxaxheba kwivoti kodwa akhethe ukungathathi sikhundla kumlinganiselo.
Imida Neemfuno Zomsebenzi
Ukuba ityala lidlula ngokubanzi (218 of 435), ityala lisiya kwiBhunga. Umthetho omninzi ufuna kuphela ukuba ugqithe kuphela (ukudlula kwesiqingatha samalungu okuvota.) Endlini, oku kuthetha amavoti angama-218 xa onke amalungu ekho kwaye evota. KwiBhunga, uninzi oluqhelekileyo lungama-51 xa onke amaqumrhu ekho.
Ngoko, izenzo ezithile zifuna imikhosi emikhulu. Ukuqhuba i-veto engaphezulu i-presidential ifuna amavoti amabini anesithathu kuwo omabini amaziko. Izilungisi zomGaqo-siseko zifuna ivoti yesithathu yomibini kumagumbi omabini phambi kokuba zithunyelwe kumazwe ukuze zikhuthazwe. KwiBhunga leNtlanga, ukunyusa ihlwili ukuphelisa i-Nviliusbuster kufuna amavoti angama-60, ukwenza ngokunempumelelo imfuneko enkulu yemithetho ephikisanayo.
Ingcamango ye-quorrum---inani elincinane lamalungu egumbi amele abekho ukuze aqhube ishishini------livovovota. UmGaqo-siseko ufuna ukuba uninzi lwamalungu abumba i-demodum. Noko ke, iNdlu neNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanga esoloko ithatha i-smorem ikhona ngaphandle kokuba ilungu liphakamise incam yokufuna ucwangco. Oku kuvumela amagumbi ukuba asebenze kakuhle ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa ukuba khona rhoqo.
Iinkqubo zokudlala ezikhethekileyo
Kwezinye iimeko, ivoti "ye komiti" imvume yokubhalisa ikomiti iyacelwa. Oku kudla ngokwenziwa ngabachasi ukutshintsha indawo ethile okanye i tafile umlinganiselo. Ukuba imigudu yokubopha kwakhona iyasilela, ivoti kwintshukumo yokugqibela iyayalelwa. Intshukumo yokuphinda ibonise kwakhona ithuba lokugqibela leqela elincinane lokulungisa okanye lolibazise umthetho phambi kwesidluliso sokugqibela. Kwindlu, iqela elincinane liqinisekisiwe ukuba linelungelo lokunikezela ngentshukumo yokuphinda yenze ikhowulwe, nto leyo enokuthi iquke imiyalelo yokwenza iinguqulelo ezithile kwimali.
Intshukumo yokuphinda ivume iphinde yenze intlobo ezimbini: ukuhamba okulula ukuphinda kubekwe, okuya kuthumela ityala elibuyela kwikomiti kwaye kubulawe ngokunempumelelo, kunye nokuhamba ukuphinda ubhale ngemiyalelo, ecebisa ukubuyiselwa okungqalileyo, kwaye ukuba ivunyiwe, ibuyisela isiko phantsi ngoko nangoko ukwenzela ukuvota kokugqibela. Oku kuhamba kudala iingxaki ezicwangcisiweyo kumalungu, njengokuba kuvota ngokuchasene nokuhamba ukuze kuphinde kufakwe iziphene eziqhelekileyo kusenokuba nzima ngokwezobupolitika, kwanokuba amalungu axhasa isibhanga esiphantsi somthetho.
Iivoti zenkqubo yemithetho zikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Amalungu avota ukuba aqwalasele na isiko, nokuba angayamkela na imithetho ekhethekileyo elawula ingxoxo, nokuba kukulungisa iitafile, kunye neminye imibuzo emininzi engokwesithethe. Le voti inokuba yeyona ilandelayo njengevoti kwindlela yokugqibela, njengoko egqiba ukuba zeziphi iindleko ezifumana ulwamkelo kwaye phantsi kwazo iimeko.
Ukusebenza Kwigumbi Lesibini
Emva kokudlula komlinganiselo othile eNdlu, iya kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso ukuze iqwalaselwe. Oku kuquka ukuqwalaselwa yikomiti yeBhunga okanye ikomiti engaphantsi, efana nendlela yemali ekwiNdlu. Imfuneko yokuba omabini amagumbi avumele umthetho ngendlela efanayo yenza inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ngaphakathi kwisebe lemithetho, iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iqwalaselwe ngokucokisekileyo ngokweembono ezahlukeneyo.
Inkqubo Yesibini
Xa iNdlu okanye iNdlu yeQela idlulisa ityala, ibhekiswa kwelinye igumbi, apho idla ngokulandela indlela enye ukutyhubela iikomiti ekugqibeleni ukuya kumgangatho. Eli gumbi lingavuma ityala njengoko lifunyenwe, lingalamkeli, lilityeshele okanye lilitshintshe. Igumbi lesibini linenkululeko epheleleyo yokuphatha irekhokhwe njengoko libona kufanelekile. Lingasamkela esi sivumelwano ngaphandle kotshintsho, lisifake kakhulu, lidibanise noguqulelo lwalo lomthetho ofanayo, okanye lingathathi nyathelo, livumele isindululo ukuba sife.
Ngokufuthi, igumbi lesibini belisebenza kuhlobo lwalo lomthetho ofanayo ngaxeshanye. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, igumbi lingasebenzisa ityala elifunyenwe kwigumbi lokuqala njengesithuthi ukwenzela amalungiselelo alo, libetha yonke into emva kokumisela igalelo nokufaka umbhalo owohlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Lo msebenzi, ngeli xesha lintsonkothileyo, uvumela amagumbi asebenze kakuhle kwiinjongo ezifanayo zenkqubo.
Kufuneka kudlule iziqu zombini zikwimo efanayo phambi kokuba zinikwe uMongameli ukwenzela utyikityo kumthetho. Ukuba iCanter itshintsha ulwimi lomlinganiselo, kufuneka ibuyele kwindlu ukwenzela uvumelwano okanye iinguqu ezongezelelekileyo. Oku kufunekayo kumbhalo ofanayo kuqinisekisa ukuba omabini amagumbi agunyazile ngokucacileyo onke amalungiselelo omthetho wokugqibela.
Ukucombulula Iimvo Phakathi Kwamacandelo
IKhomishini ingaseka ikomiti yengqungquthela yokucombulula okanye yokulungisa umahluko phakathi kwendlela yokwahlula umthetho kwiNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu. IKhomishini ingaseka ikomiti yengqungquthela yokucombulula okanye yokulungisa umahluko phakathi kwendlela yeNdlu yeNdlu neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Iikomiti zeNkomfa zihlanganisa amalungu asuka kuzo zombini iigumbi ukuze zixubushe inguqulelo echasanayo yomthetho.
Ukuba ikomiti yenkomfa ayikwazi ukufikelela kwisivumelwano, ityala liyafa. Ukuba isivumelwano sifikelelwe, amalungu ekomiti alungiselela ingxelo yenkomfa enezincomo zesivumelwano sokugqibela. Zombini iNdlu neNdlu yeNdlu kufuneka zivote ukuze zivume ingxelo yengqungquthela. Iingxelo zenkomfa azinakulungiswa; amalungu kufuneka avote ukwamkela okanye ukulandula ulalanisa njengendawo epheleleyo.
Maxa wambi iikomiti zeNgqungquthela ziye zagxekwa njengeedemokhrasi ngenxa yokuba iqela elincinane lamalungu lingenza iinguqu eziphawulekayo kumthetho ngaphandle kwembono kawonke-wonke. Ekuphenduleni kwezi zinto zixhalabisayo, iBhunga liye lamkela imithetho efuna iintlanganiso zekomiti yengqungquthela ukuba zivulelwe uluntu kwaye lisikelwe umda wotshintsho olunokwenziwa. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iinkokeli zeqela ziye ngamanye amaxesha zaye zadlula kwiikomiti zenkomfa yaye endaweni yoko zathethana ngokulalanisa ngengxubusho engacwangciswanga, uqheliselo oluye lwabangela iimpikiswano ezingokwalo malunga nokuvela nokusebenza.
Okanye, amagumbi angacombulula ukungavisisani kwawo ngenkqubo yokulungisa phakathi kwezindlu, apho elinye igumbi licebisa ukubuyiselwa komthetho wegumbi elinye lize liwuthumele emva ukuze kuqwalaselwe. Le ndawo isemva-ngendlela ingaqhubeka de amagumbi afikelele isivumelwano okanye ashiye umgudu. Le ndlela isoloko isetyenziswa kwiindleko ezincinci okanye xa ixesha licinezelekile yenza ingqungquthela esesikweni ingasebenziseki.
Isenzo Sobuongameli Nokusebenza
Emva kokuba iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeQela ivumile ukuba kunikwe ityala elifanayo, ityala lithunyelwa kuMongameli. Oku kudluliselwa kwemithetho kuphawula ukuguquko ukusuka kwisebe lowiso-mthetho ukuya kwisebe elilawulayo kwaye kumele iqonga lokugqibela phambi kokuba umthetho ube ngumthetho. UMongameli uneenketho ezininzi xa enikwa umthetho, nganye ineziphumo ezahlukeneyo zelishwa lomthetho.
Ukunconywa nguMongameli
Ukuba uMongameli uyawuvumela umthetho, uyatyikitywa kwaye uba ngumthetho. Ukuba uMongameli akathathi nyathelo iintsuku ezilishumi xa iBhunga liseqesheni, ityala lizenzekela lingumthetho. Usayino loMongameli lumela eyona ndlela icacileyo yokumisela. Xa uMongameli etyikitya ityala, linikwa inani lomthetho kawonke-wonke kwaye libe yinxalenye yeKhodi ye-United States.
Ilungiselelo elizenzekelayo lokumisela emva kweentsuku ezilishumi (iiCawa ezikhutshiweyo) lisebenza njengovavanyo kumandla obungameli, lithintela uMongameli ekuvaleni umthetho ngokusuka nje angavumi ukwenza okuthile. Eli lungiselelo liyavuma ukuba imvume yequmrhu imela ukugunyaziswa kwedemokhrasi okuphambili kumthetho, ngokuvunywa ngumongameli njengolunye uvavanyo kunokuba kusebenze njengemfuneko epheleleyo.
Abalawuli basoloko besenza imibhiyozo yokutyobela umthetho obalulekileyo, besebenzisa elo xesha ukuchaza ukubaluleka komthetho, abaxhasi bequmrhu elinombulelo, kwaye bazibanga bencomile ngempumelelo. Le mibhiyozo ifeza iinjongo zokomfuziselo nezezobupolitika, ibalaselisa indima yoMongameli kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho kunye nokwakha inkxaso kawonke-wonke kumthetho omtsha.
Umongameli we-Vito
Okanye umongameli angala ukuvuma ityala. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yiveto. Xa uMongameli ekhupha irejista, ibuyiselwa kwigumbi apho yavela khona, kunye nesigidimi esichaza ukuchasana. Amandla eveto amela elinye lamagunya oMongameli abalulekileyo omgaqo-siseko, enika ukhangelo kumandla ombutho-siseko kwaye eqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo linelizwi kwinkqubo yomthetho-siseko.
Mhlawumbi ngokubaluleke ngakumbi, amandla okulawula umthetho weveto angachaphazela okuqulethwe yimali edluliswa yiBhunga. Ngenxa yokuba kuyinto engaqhelekanga ukuba umthetho ubekwe phezu kweveto, iBhunga limele ngokuqhelekileyo lifakelwe isikhundla sikaMongameli kwiinkqubo ezicetyiweyo. Isisongelo seveto esoloko iphembelela uhlolo lwengqungquthela, ikhuthaza abenzi bomthetho ukuba bathethe neNdlu emhlophe kunye nomthetho wokulungisa ukuphendula amatyala kamongameli phambi kwenyathelo lokugqibela.
Veto Engasinanziyo
Ukuba uMongameli ukhupha umthetho, iBhunga lingazama ukuwugqitha umthetho. Ukuba iNdlu yeNdlu yeMali neNdlu idlulisa eli tyala ngobuninzi obubini obuziisithathu, iveto inikwe igunya eliphezulu, kwaye ityala liba ngumthetho. Iveto ikhupha ilungiselelo lokuqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga ligcine igunya elipheleleyo lomthetho logama lisaqhubeka lihlonela indima yomgaqo-siseko woMongameli.
Iintambo ezikhutshwayo zinqabile ngokwentelekiso kuba ukufikelela uninzi lwamagumbi amabini anesithathu kufuna inkxaso eninzi ye-bipartisan. Iindlela eziphucukileyo ezidla ngokubakho xa iBhunga linenkxaso eninzi yomthetho onokuthi uMongameli axhathise izizathu zezobupolitika kunokuba axhathise inkqubo, okanye xa uMongameli eneemvakalelo eziphosakeleyo. Ubunzima bokufumana izikhuseli ezingundoqo kuMongameli ekuthetheni noMngxube
Pocket Veto
Kodwa ukuba umongameli akasayisayi kutyikitya kwimali yetyala kwaye uhlala engenaphawu xa iKhomishini ingekho kwintlanganiso, ityala liza kupheliswa ngokungagqibekanga. Eli nyathelo libizwa ngokuba yiveto epokothweni, kwaye alinakungaphazanyiswa yiKhonkxalaze. Ingxowa yenza oko xa iingqungquthela zibambene ne-assembners phambi kokuba ixesha lemini ezilishumi zobungameli liphele, ukuthintela ukubuya komthetho we-vetod translate.
Iveto encinane iye yadala iimpikiswano zomgaqo-siseko ngokokuba yintoni ebangela ukuthatyathwa kweli lungiselelo. IBhunga liphikisa ngelithi kuphela isithuthi sokugqibela ekupheleni kweBhunga kufuneka senze iivetos ezincinane, lo gama oomongameli besithi maxa wambi iintlawulo ezimfutshane zifanelekile. IiNkundla ziye ngokuqhelekileyo zaxhasa iNkundla kulo mba, zilinganisela iivetos ezingena epokothweni kwimiqathango yokugqibela.
Iveto yepokotho inika uMongameli isixhathiso sokuxhathisa songezelelwe ekupheleni kwentlanganiso yengqungquthela, njengoko abenzi bomthetho kufuneka baqwalasele ukuba uMongameli angawasebenzisa na la mandla xa begqiba ukuba ngawaphi amatyala adlulayo kwiintsuku zokugqibela phambi kwesivumelwano somngxuma. Le ntshukumo inamandla ingachaphazela ucwangciso lomthetho kunye nexesha, ingakumbi kumanyathelo okuphikisana.
Indima Yezi Hlabathi Zezobupolitika Kwinkqubo Yomthetho
Inyathelo lombutho wamatyala licetyelwe lize liququzelelwe ziinkokeli zeqela kwigumbi ngalinye, nangona iinkokeli zeqela lengingqi kwiNdlu zinezixhobo ezininzi zokucwangcisa ucwangciso lomgangatho kunezo zikhokeli zeqela leqela kwiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Amaqela ezobupolitika adlala indima ephambili ekumisweni kweBhunga nakukwenziwa kweziphumo zomthetho, nangona umGaqo-siseko ungakhankanyi amaqela ezobupolitika.
Imigaqo-nkqubo yokhokelo lweQela
Iqela ngalinye kwigumbi ngalinye linyulela iinkokeli ezijongene nokuphuhlisa imimiselo yemithetho yeqela, ubuchule bokudibanisa, nokugcina ubunye beqela. Entsatsheni, iqela elininzi likhetha uSomlomo, osebenza njengegosa elilawulayo legumbi kunye nenkokeli yeqela.
KwiCathenal, inkoliso kunye neqela elincinane leenkokeli ezilungelelanisa ubuchule bomthetho kunye nokuxoxisana nelinye iqela kunye neNdlu emhlophe. UMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli usebenza njengegosa elinolawulo lomgaqo-siseko weNdlu yeeNtsimi, kodwa le ndima idla ngokuba ngumcimbi, kunye noMongameli ProTempore (ngokoqobo elona lungu likhulu leqela elininzi) kunye nabanye abaququzeleli-mali badla ngokulawula kwiintlanganiso zemihla ngemihla.
Iinkokeli zeqela zinempembelelo enkulu kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngolawulo lwazo lwezabelo zeekomiti, ucwangciso lomgangatho, kunye nezibonelelo zephulo. Amalungu asebenzisana nokhokelo kunye nokuxhasa ucwangciso olulungileyo lweqela angafumana izabelo zeekomiti, axhase ezona zinto ziphambili zemithetho, kwaye ancedise ngokuxhasa intlawulo kunye namaphulo okuchonga. Le nkqubo yemivuzo kunye nezihlomelo inceda ekulondolozeni ubudlelane kunye noqeqesho lweqela.
IiNgqungquthela NeeNgqungquthela Zeqela
Iqela ngalinye liqhuba iintlanganiso ezithe rhoqo zamalungu alo onke, ezibizwa ngokuba zii-caucuses (zeeDemocrates) okanye iingqungquthela (zeeRiphabliki). Ezi ntlanganiso zilungiselela ukuxoxa ngeqhinga lemithetho, ii-projekthi zengxoxo, kunye nokwakha umnqophiso phakathi kweqela. Iqela leqela likwakhetha ukhokelo, ukumisela imithetho yeqela, kwaye wenze izabelo zeekomiti.
Umanyano lweqela luye lwanda ngokuphawulekayo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, xa amalungu evota neqela lawo kwimibandela emininzi. Oku kuhlahlela kwamaqela ngokwahlukeneyo kubonisa ukukhethwa kweengcamango zamaqela .Nkcubeko oluthe lwahlala luhleli kwiRiphabliki kunye nezigqibo ezithe tye kwiRiphabliki neNtlanganiso yeDemocratic, kunye nezigqibo zeqela ezicwangcisiweyo zeinkokeli ukugxininisa ukwahlukahlukana kwemibutho. Umgangatho ophezulu weqela unika iinkokeli ulawulo oluthe ngqo kwiiziphumo zomthetho kodwa kwakhona unokwenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukulalanisa kwe-biparstan.
Ibhartishani kunye nokwakha intsalela
Phezu kwako nje ukwanda kwemimandla engaphandle, intsebenziswano ye-bipartistan ibalulekile ekudluliseni umthetho obalulekileyo. Iimfuno zeNdlu yeeNtsimbi ezinkulu zokuphelisa i-nfillbuster zithetha ukuba iqela elininzi lifuna inkxaso ubuncinane kwiqela elincinane ukuqhubekisa umthetho ophikiswayo. KwanaseNdlu, apho iqela elininzi linolawulo oluthe kratya, inkxaso ye-bipartis inganika isigqubuthelo sezobupolitika kumalungu anokunyusa amathuba okungena kweNxaso kunye nemvume yobumongameli.
Ulwakhiwo oluphumelelayo lufuna ukwazi izinto ezivumelanayo, ukuxokelelwa, maxa wambi nokuququzelela izivumelwano ezingaqhelekanga phakathi kwamalungu angavumelaniyo ngemibandela emininzi kodwa anokudibana neenjongo ezithile. Olunye umthetho obalulekileyo kwimbali yaseMerika luye lwabangelwa yintsebenziswano ye-bipartisan, ebonisa ukuba inkqubo yowiso-mthetho inokuphelisa ukwahlukana kwamalungu alwahlulayo xa amalungu ebeka iziphumo ezithile kwiinkqubo zezopolitiki.
Impembelelo KaMongameli Kumthetho
Ngeli xesha injini yeengcamango zowiso-mthetho nezenzo zinguMongameli ngokwayo, uphembelela inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, kwakhona. UMongameli uncomela uqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le kumasebe karhulumente yaye ngokufuthi ucebisa umthetho. Mhlawumbi, ngokubaluleke ngakumbi, amandla okulawula umthetho anokuchaphazela okuqulethwe yimali edluliswe yiBhunga. Indima yoMongameli kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho idlulela ngaphaya kwamandla omgaqo-siseko wokutyobela okanye ukunyusa iindleko-mali.
UMthetho woLawulo
Oomongameli bale mihla bacebisa imimiselo yomthetho ebanzi, bechaza izinto eziza kuqala kwinkqubo yabo, bebongoza iKhomishini ukuba imisele amanyathelo akhethekileyo. Idilesi yeSizwe se-Union inika uMongameli ithuba minyaka le lokunikela olu cwangciso kwiBhunga nakubantu baseMerika. Oomongameli kwakhona banikezela ngenkcukacha zoqingqo-mali, umthetho wedrafti, kwaye basebenza namahlakani ancedisanayo engqungquthela ukuzisa nokuhambisela phambili izinto eziza kuqala ekulawuleni.
Amandla oMongameli acwangcisayo afumaneka kwimithombo emininzi: ukubonakala nodumo lwe-ofisi, ukukwazi ukuyalela ingqalelo yolwazi, ubuncwane besebe eliphetheyo ukwenzela uphuhliso lwenkqubo, nendima kaMongameli njengenkokeli yeqela. Xa uMongameli ebeka umcimbi phambili, ufumana ingqalelo engakumbi kwaye unethuba elingcono lokudlula, ingakumbi xa iqela loMongameli lilawula elinye okanye lalawo omabini amagumbi.
Ukuphakanyiswa koMongameli
Abalawuli bakhuthaza amalungu eBhunga ukuba axhase izinto eziza kuqala kulawulo, esebenzisa intlanganisela yentshukumisa, kunye nengcinezelo yezobupolitika. Abasebenzi beNdlu emhlophe bahlala benxibelelana rhoqo neenkokeli zombutho kunye namalungu angundoqo, benikela inkcazelo, bethetha, beye kuxoxisana. Oomongameli basenokumema amalungu kwiNdlu eWhite ukuze kuqhutywe iintlanganiso, bameme umnxeba kumalungu angenayo, okanye bahambe besiya kwisithili samalungu ukuxhasa umthetho.
UMongameli anganika izikhuthazo ezahlukeneyo zokukhusela inkxaso eququzelela ububutho, kuquka inkxaso kwiindima eziphambili zamalungu owiso-mthetho, uncedo ngeeprojekthi zesithili, ukumisela abaququzeleli, kunye nenkxaso yamaphulo. Noko ke, ezi zixhobo zinemida, njengoko amalungu kufuneka alungelelanise izicelo zomongameli nxamnye nemithetho yawo, izimvo ze-athom, kunye nezibalo zezobupolitika.
IMidlalo yeNkcubeko neMidlalo yokuThina
Abameli badla ngokukhupha izisongelo ngexesha lokuqwalaselwa komthetho wombutho, belumkisa ukuba baza kugatya amatyala aqulethe amalungiselelo athile okanye abasilele ukuquka izinto ezinqwenelekayo. Ezi zisongelo zingaphembelela ukuqiqa okuqukwa yingqungquthela, zikhuthaza abenzi bomthetho ukuba balungise umthetho wokuphepha i-veto. Noko ke, izisongelo zinokuba nemiphumo emihle ukuba iBhunga libiza inkcaso kaMongameli okanye ukuba isisongelo siphembelela inkcaso.
Xa kusayiniwa amatyala kumthetho, maxa wambi oomongameli bakhupha iingxelo zokutyikitya iintetho ezichaza indlela abawuchaza ngayo umthetho okanye ezichaza inkxalabo ngamalungiselelo athile. La manqaku aye adala impikiswano, abagxeki bephikisa ngelithi amela imigudu yokuphinda abhale imithetho okanye angavumi ukunyanzelisa amalungiselelo angathandwa nguMongameli. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ukutyikitya iingxelo kunika ukhokelo oluluncedo ekuzalisekiseni kwesebe eliphetheyo nokugcina amagunya omongameli.
Iingxaki Nokugxekwa Kwenkqubo Yomthetho
Noko ke, inkqubo apho ityala lingaba ngumthetho inqabileyo ukuxelwa kwangaphambili kwaye isenokuhluka ngokomlinganiselo ukusuka kwimali ukuya kwenye. Enyanisweni, kwiindleko ezininzi, inkqubo ayiyi kulandela ukulandelana kwamaqondo okuhlanganisa adla ngokuqondwa njengenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ukuntsonkotha nokungaguquguquki kwenkqubo yemithetho kubangele ukugxekwa okuninzi nokufuna utshintsho.
Utshixo lwe-Grid kunye nezenzo
Enye yezona ngcebiso ziqhelekileyo zeBhunga kukuba lihamba kancinci okanye aliphumeleli ukwenza kwimiba ebalulekileyo. Amaqondo amaninzi enkqubo yowiso-mthetho, imfuneko yokuvunywa ngawo omabini amagumbi, kunye nokunokwenzeka komongameli weveto ukuvelisa amathuba amaninzi okuba umthetho uvaleke okanye ulibaziseke. Xa urhulumente wahlulwe, namaqela awahlukeneyo alawula iNdlu, iCante, kunye nedesigqeba, i-grid lock iba nokwenzeka ngakumbi njengokungavumelani kwe-Rocess kuthintela ukulalanisa.
Abakhuseli benkqubo baphikisa ngokuthi le nkqubo yokuzimela isebenza iinjongo ezibalulekileyo: ikhusela ukuthatha inyathelo ngokungxama kwimibandela entsonkothileyo, ikhuthaza ukulalanisa kunye nolwakhiwo, kwaye ikhusela ekusebenziseni ulawulo olunzima lwezinkulu zokwexeshana. Ubunzima bokudlulisa umthetho buqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ibonakalisa inkxaso ebanzi kwaye ikhutshiwe ngokucokisekileyo, inciphisa amathuba eziphumo ezingacwangciswanga okanye iziphumo ezingekho bulungisa.
Ukucaca kwengxelo nokuphendula
Abahlalutyi baye baphakamisa inkxalabo ngokuvela kwengcaciso kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele iingxoxo ezenzeka emva kweengcango ezivaliweyo, ukulungiswa kwezinga zixhobo zokugqibela zongezwe ngaphandle kohlolo olufanelekileyo, kunye nempembelelo yezilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo kumthetho. Ukuntsonkotha kwale nkqubo kunokwenza kube nzima kubemi ukuba bafumane umthetho, baqonde iindleko eziqulethweyo, okanye bagcine abameli babo benoxanduva ngezenzo zabo.
IBhunga lithathe amanyathelo okuphucula ukubonakala, kuquka ukuba amatyala abekho kwi-intanethi phambi kokuba kuvotwe, phambi kokuchongwa kwekomiti yokusasaza kunye nokugcinwa kolwazi olunenkcazelo yowiso-mthetho kwi-intanethi. Kodwa ke, kusekho iingxaki, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele ukuthethwa-thethwa kwamatyala ngokungacwangciswanga kunye nempembelelo yemirhumo yemimiselo yemithetho.
Indima Yemali Ekumiselweni Kwasemthethweni
Impembelelo yemali kwezobupolitika imela enye yezona zinto zingapheliyo malunga nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Amalungu eBhunga kufuneka anyuse imali eninzi kumaphulo awo okhetho, abangele iimbambano zenzala xa abanikeli benomthetho osele uhleli. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi le ngxangxasi inyanzelisa abantu abatyebileyo nemibutho ephembelela ngokungenakulinganiswa yinkqubo, icuthelela ukulingana kwedemokhrasi.
Imithetho yezemali yephulo izama ukulinganisela impembelelo eyonakalisayo yemali ngomlinganiselo weminikelo, iimfuno zokutyhila, kunye nemiqathango engokulungelelaniselana phakathi kwamaphulo namaqela angaphandle. Noko ke, izigqibo zenkundla ezikhusela ukusetyenziswa kwemali yezopolitiko njengenkululeko yokuthetha ziye zasikel ’ umda ukuphumelela kwale mithetho, kwaye ukuvela kweePaC ezinkulu namaqela emali emnyama kuye kwavelisa iindlela ezintsha zokukhuthaza izityebi ukuze ziphembelele unyulo kunye nenkqubo.
Iinkqubo zomthetho weRhulumente
Ngeli xesha eli nqaku libhekiselwe kakhulu kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho karhulumente, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zilandela iinkqubo ezifanayo kodwa azifani. Urhulumente ngamnye unomgaqo-siseko, imithetho, nezithethe ezibumba indlela eqwalaselwa ngayo kwaye imiselwe ngayo. Ukuqonda iinkqubo zemithetho yesizwe kubaluleke kakhulu kuba oorhulumente basebenzisa igunya elibalulekileyo kwimimandla emininzi yemigaqo echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi babemi bemihla ngemihla.
Izinto Ezifanayo Nenkqubo Yomanyano
Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe zilandela umlinganiselo ofanayo osisiseko njengeNgqungquthela: amatyala ayanikezelwa, abhekiswe kwiikomiti, kuxutyushwa, kulungiswe, kwaye avotelwe ngawo omabini amagumbi ngaphambi kokuba athunyelwe kwirhuluneli ukuze avunywe. Amazwe amaninzi anezindlu zowiso-mthetho ze-kameral nendlu kunye ne-senate, nangona iNebraska inendlu yowiso-mthetho ene-uncameral enegumbi elinye kuphela. Iikomiti zephondo zidlala indima efanayo yokugcina amasango kunye nokususa isigqeba njengekomiti yequmrhu, kunye neenkokeli zemithetho-mthetho ziqhelisela amagunya afanayo okumisela imigaqo-mthetho.
Indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe isebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuvota, kuquka iivoti zelizwi, ukubiza uvoti, kunye neenkqubo zokuvota ngombane. Imfuneko yamavoti arekhodiweyo kwinxalenye yokugqibela iqinisekisa ukuphendula, ivumela abameli ukuba balandele indlela abavote ngayo kwimilinganiselo ebalulekileyo. Imigaqo-mthetho yelo lizwe idla ngokuba ivulekile kuluntu, kwaye uninzi lwamazwe lunikezela ufikelelo kwi-intanethi kumatyala, kumavoti, nakwezinye iinkcukacha zemithetho-mthetho.
Umahluko Kwinkqubo Yomanyano
Iinkqubo zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zahlukile kwinkqubo yorhulumente ngeendlela ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Amazwana amaninzi aneendlu zowiso-mthetho zexesha elingephi ezidibana iinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela ngonyaka, ezicinezela ikhalenda yowiso-mthetho kwaye ezifuna ukuba kwenziwe ngokukhawuleza inyathelo kwityala. Amanye amazwe amisela imida kubude bemiqathango yowiso-mthetho okanye inani lemiqathango enokuthi ivezwe, idala iingcinezelo ezongezelelekileyo zexesha.
Umgaqo-siseko wezorhulumente usoloko unika abalawuli abangekhoyo, abafana noMongameli, abavumela abalawuli ukuba balahle amalungiselelo athile emali ngeli xesha besamkela eseleyo. Amazwe amaninzi akwaneenkqubo eziza kuqala nezibonisa imvume yokuqulunqwa kwabemi ukuba bamisele imithetho, bangayisebenzisi ngokupheleleyo indlu yowiso-mthetho. Ezi nkqubo zingqalileyo zedemokhrasi zibonisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zentanda-ntanda-bulumko ekumelweni nasekuqalisweni komthetho.
Iinkqubo zowiso-mthetho zesizwe zohluka kakhulu ngeenkcukacha zazo, ezinye iimeko ezinenkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo nezicwangcisiweyo ezifana neNgqungquthela, ngoxa ezinye zisebenza ngenkqubo ezingacwangciswanga nezithambileyo. Ezi ntlobo zibonisa impucuko yezopolitiko, imbali, kunye nesiseko somgaqo-siseko ngasinye. Abami abanomdla kumthetho karhulumente kufuneka bakhangele kwiwebhsayithi yendlu yowiso-mthetho yabo ukuze bafumane ulwazi olukhethekileyo malunga neenkqubo nendlela yokuthabatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo.
Indlela Abahlali Abanokuba Nenxaxheba Ngayo Kwinkqubo Yomthetho
Ukulawulwa kwedemokhrasi kuxhomekeke ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kubemi, yaye inkqubo yowiso-mthetho inika amathuba amaninzi abantu ukuba bathethe kwaye baphembelele inkqubo yabo. Ukuqonda indlela yokuzibandakanya ngokunempumelelo nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho kunika abemi amandla okuxhasa izilangazelelo zabo nokugcina abameli babo benoxanduva.
Abameli Abanxibelelanayo
Enye yezona ndlela zingqalileyo zokuphembelela umthetho kukuqhagamshelana nabameli bakho kunye nee-senethi zokuvakalisa iimbono zakho kwityala elijongekileyo okanye kwimibandela. Amalungu eKhomishini agcina iiofisi eWashington nakwisithili okanye kumaphondo abo, kwaye aqeshe abasebenzi ngokukhethekileyo ukusingatha uthungelwano olunemiqathango. Abahlali bangaqhagamshelana nabameli babo ngomnxeba, ii-imeyili, iileta, okanye iintlanganiso eziqhutywa ngabantu abakwi-ofisi zesithili okanye kwii-ofisi zedolophu.
Unxibelelwano olusebenzayo lungqalekile, lobuqu, kwaye lufike ngexesha. Kunokuba bathumele iileta, abemi kufuneka bachaze ngamazwi abo isizathu sokuba baxhase okanye bachase umthetho othile nendlela oza kubachaphazela ngayo okanye uluntu lwabo. Ukuqhagamshelana nabameli kwasekuqaleni kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, ngaphambi kokuba iindawo zibe lukhuni, kusenokuba luncedo ngakumbi kunokulinda de kube kanye phambi kwevoti. Ukulandela imiyalezo yokubulela xa abameli bethatha izikhundla ezixhasayo kuyanceda ukuba kubekho ulwalamano oluqhubekayo.
Ukungqina Ezindlebeni
Iikomiti zeBhunga kunye neekomiti zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ziqhuba iikomiti zowiso-mthetho apho abemi banokunikela ubungqina ngomthetho osele ukho. Ngoxa kungengabo bonke abacela ukungqinela, ingakumbi ukuchotshelwa kwecala eliphezulu, iindlebe ezininzi ezamkeleyo uluntu ngokubandakanyeka. Ukuvavanywa kunika ithuba lokunikela inkcazelo eneenkcukacha, ukwabelana ngamava obuqu, nokuzibandakanya ngqo nabenzi bomthetho.
Ubungqina obusebenzayo bushwankathelwe, bulungiselelwe kakuhle, kwaye buxhaswa bubungqina. AmaNgqina kufuneka achaze ngokucacileyo ukuma kwawo, achaze izizathu zeembono zawo, kwaye akulungele ukuphendula imibuzo evela kumalungu ekomiti. Ubungqina obubhaliweyo obunikezelwe kwingxelo bunganika iinkcukacha ezongezelelweyo noxwebhu olungaphaya koko kunokugqunywa kumagqabaza athethwayo.
Ukusebenza namaBhunga Olawulo
Abemi abaninzi banenxaxheba kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngemibutho ejongene nezilangazelelo okanye imilinganiselo. Le mibutho ilawula umthetho, ikhuthaza abaxhasi, ilungelelanisa imigudu, inika ulwazi kunye nezinto zokunceda abemi balapho baphumeze impumelelo. Ukusebenza nemibutho emisiweyo kunokukhuthaza amazwi omntu ngamnye kuze kunikezele kwiinkqubo zobugcisa neenkqubo ezikhuthaza ukuphumelela kobuchule.
Imibutho emikhulu yesizwe enobuchule kunye nezinto ezithe kratya neyomeleleyo kwimibutho encinane elawula iingcambu. Izakhamuzi kufuneka ziphande izikhundla, iindlela, kunye nempumelelo yeentlangano ngaphambi kokuba zigqibe ukuba zixhase ntoni. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kumaphulo okuxhasa ubugcisa, ukuya kwintlanganiso okanye kwimihla yezikhundla, kunye nokufak' isandla kwimibutho ehambisana nemilinganiselo yakho zizonke iindlela zokuxhasa inyathelo elidityanisiweyo kwimicimbi yemithetho-mthetho.
Ukujongwa koMthetho
Ukuhlala wazisiwe ngomthetho osele ukho kubalulekile ukuze ungenelele. IBhunga.gov linikela iinkcukacha ezibanzi malunga nomthetho wesizwe, kuquka umbhalo wesibhengezo, isimo, abaxhasi, izabelo zeekomiti, neerekhodi zokuvota. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi zelizwe zigcina iiwebhsayithi ezifanayo ezinenkcazelo engomthetho karhulumente. Ingingqi yezangaphakathi zingatyikitya ii-odola ezithile malunga namatyala okanye izihloko ezithile ukuze zifumane izaziso xa kusenzeka inyathelo elifanelekileyo lomthetho womthetho.
Ukuqonda indlela yokufunda nokuchaza ulwazi lowiso-mthetho kufuna ukuba uqhelane nomgaqo-nkqubo kunye namagama. Iinombolo zeBhili, iikhalenda zowiso-mthetho, iingxelo zeekomiti, kunye neengxelo zokuvota konke kunika ulwazi olubalulekileyo ngenkqubela-phambili yomthetho kunye namathemba ayo. Ukuzinika ixesha lokufunda indlela yokusebenzisa ii-webhsayithi zowiso-mthetho nokuqonda amaxwebhu owiso-mthetho kunika abemi amandla okuqwalasela imiba abakhathazeleyo baze babandakanyeke kwiimeko ezicwangcisiweyo.
Ukuncedisa Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba
Mhlawumbi eyona ndlela isisiseko abemi abaphembelela ngayo inkqubo yowiso-mthetho kukuvota. Amalungu eBhunga kunye nabalawuli bemithetho karhulumente baya kuphendula kubavoti, kwaye unyulo lunika amathuba okuxhasa abo baza kuthabatha imigaqo ephambili yezomthetho kunye nabo bagcina iirekhodi zabo zowiso-mthetho zixhomekeke kwiirekhodi zabo. Uvotelo ngolwazi lufuna ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba kusini na, nokuqwalasela indlela abaya kufikelela ngayo kwiimbopheleleko zowiso-mthetho.
Ukuthabatha inxaxheba koorhulumente kudlulela ngaphaya kokuvota ukuquka ukunikela ngokuzithandela kwiphulo, ukunikela kumaphulo, nokukhuthaza abanye ukuba bavote. Abemi abachitha ixesha kunye nobuncwane bezobupolitika banganceda abanyuliweyo abaza kuphuhlisa ezona zinto ziphambili kwimithetho. Unxulumano phakathi konyulo nomthetho lugxininisa ukubaluleka kokuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi kuyo yonke imigangatho yenkqubo yezobupolitika.
Ikamva Lenkqubo Yomthetho
Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho iyaqhubeka iguquka ijongene nokutshintsha kwenkqubela-phambili kwezobugcisa, ukutshintsha kwempembelelo yezobupolitika, neengxoxo eziqhubekayo ngendlela iCongress enokuba luncedo ngayo. Ukuqonda intsingiselo yangoku kunye neziguquko ezinokwenzeka kunika imeko yokucinga ngendlela inkqubo yowiso-mthetho enokutshintsha ngayo kwiminyaka ezayo.
Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokubonisa ngaphaya
Ubuxhakaxhaka busele buguqule iinkalo ezininzi zenkqubo yowiso-mthetho, ukususela kwinkqubo yokuvota nge-elektroniki ukuya kutsho ekupapashweni kwephepha lephepha kunye neerekhodi zokuvota. Uphuhliso lobugcisa bexesha elizayo lungaphuhlisa ukubonakala nokuthatha inxaxheba koluntu. Ukuqukuqela kweekomiti kunye nemicimbi yomgangatho kuvumela abemi ukuba bagcine uphando lwezomthetho ngexesha lokwenene. Ii-data ze-Intanethi kunye nezixhobo zokuphendla zenza kube lula ukulandelela umthetho neerekhodi zabameli bovota.
Ubugcisa obudibanisa abantu obufana nobuchule bokwenziwa bunganceda abemi kunye nemibutho elawula imithetho ijonge ngokunempumelelo, ichaze amatyala anxulumene nawo kwaye ihlalutya iimpembelelo zawo. Kodwa ke, ubugcisa bukwadala iingxaki ezintsha, kuquka ukuxhalabela ukungakhuseleki kwekhompyutha, ukusasazeka kwenkcazelo ephosakeleyo, kunye nolwahlulo lwezimilo olumisela abanye abantu amathuba okufumana ulwazi kwi-intanethi yomthetho.
Izindululo Zokutshintsha
Iingcinga ezahlukeneyo zokuguqula inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngenjongo yokucombulula iingxaki ezicingelwayo ngendlela esebenza ngayo iBhunga. Abanye abaguquli baxhasa utshintsho kwimithetho yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, ingakumbi i-finbuster, bephikisa ngelithi iimfuno ze-atmosfera zidala iqhina le-grid kwaye zithintele isenzo kwimibandela ebalulekileyo. Abanye bakhusela iinkqubo ezikhoyo njengezikhuseli ezibalulekileyo zamalungelo amancinane kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezimeleyo.
Utshintsho lwezemali lwephulo lusaqhubeka njalo, kunye nezicelo ezisuka kwinkxaso-mali yamaphulo kawonke-wonke ukuya kwimiqathango engqongqo kwiminikelo nakwimali. Abameli baphikisa ngelithi ukunciphisa impembelelo yemali kwezobupolitika kunokwenza inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ithabathe intsebenziswano kubemi abaqhelekileyo kunokuba banikele ngezityebi. Abachasi baphikisa ngelithi utshintsho oluninzi olucetyisiweyo luya kwaphula amalungelo enkululeko yokuthetha okanye lungqine lungaphumeleli.
Ezinye izindululo zotshintsho zijolise ekuphuculeni ubuchule nobuchule bobuququzeleli, kuquka ukwandisa izibonelelo zabasebenzi, ukuqinisa amaqumrhu ophando njengeKhomishini yophando yeCongregational kunye ne-ofisi yoBurhulumente, nokunika uqeqesho olungcono kumalungu kunye nabasebenzi. Olu tshintsho lujolise ekuncedeni iNkqutyana iqonde imicimbi entsonkothileyo yenkqubo nokusebenzisa ulawulo olunempumelelo lwesebe elilawulayo.
Ukuqhelana Neemeko Eziguqukayo
Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho kufuneka iqhubeke ihambelana neemeko ezitshintshayo, ukusuka kwiimeko zongxamiseko zazwenibanzi ukuya kukuphazamiseka kobugcisa ukuya ekuchaseni izithethe zentlalo. Ngokomzekelo, iKhomishini enyanzelisa ukuba ivavanye ukuthatyathwa nokuvota, iphakamisa imibuzo yokuba ezi zinto zintsha zinokuba ziinkalo ezisisigxina kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho.
Iinguqu zobume bendalo, kuquka ukukhula kolwahluka-hluka kwiNgqungquthela kunye nabemi baseMerika, zingaphembelela izinto eziza kuqala kunye neenkqubo zowiso-mthetho. Ukutshintsha kweembono zesizwe ngokwezimo zezobupolitika nezombutho kungachaphazela indlela abemi abathatha ngayo inxaxheba kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho noko bakulindele kubameli babo. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho iya kufuneka ihlale ithambile ngokwaneleyo ukuze ikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezi nguqu ngoxa ilondoloza imilinganiselo engundoqo yedemokhrasi kunye nemigaqo-siseko.
Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kokuqonda Umthetho
Ukuqonda indlela amatyala aba yiyo ngayo imithetho nendlela yokuvota esebenzayo ngayo kwisebe lowiso-mthetho kubalulekile ukuze abe ngummi onolwazi kunye nokungenelela kwedemokhrasi. Inkqubo yomthetho, kunye nayo yonke intsonkothileyo yayo kunye nentsebenziswano yayo, imela inkqubo yokuqala apho uluntu lwedemokhrasi luguqulela izinto ezikhethwa nguwonke-wonke ekubeni zibe ngumthetho onyanzelisayo. Ngoxa inkqubo inokuba yeyakonakalisa ukukhawulezisa kwayo nokuchana kwemiqathango, ezi mpawu zikwabonisa nakanjani nakathi: ukucotheza, ukuvumelana ngeenkankulu, nokuvumelana ngamalungelo aphantsi komthetho omninzi, kunye nokukhusela amalungelo abantu abambalwa ngokuhlonela umgaqo omninzi.
Amaqondo amaninzi amatyala emawadlule ngawo `iityala elingenayo', ukuqwalaselwa kwekomiti, ingxoxo yomgangatho, ukuvota kumagumbi omabini, kunye nesenzo somongameli (ukuvelisa amathuba amaninzi okungeniswa, ukuphuculwa, nokucaciswa. Le nkqubo yokuzimela inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ibonakalisa ingcinga yocoselelo kunokuba ithathe inyathelo elingxamayo, oko kujongwa kwalathiswe iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga, kwaye kuqwalaselwe phambi kokuba umthetho usebenze.
Abahlali abayiqondayo inkqubo yowiso-mthetho baxhotyiswe bhetele ukuba bangenele ngokunempumelelo kulawulo-demokhrasi. Bayazi ukuba kunini na yaye njani ukunxibelelana nabameli babo, ngawaphi amaqondo enkqubo anika amathuba angcono empembelelo, nendlela yokulandelela umthetho ngekhondo lawo lohambo olusuka kwisicelo ukuya kumthetho. Olu lwazi lunika abemi amandla okuxhasa izilangazelelo zabo, lugcina abameli benoxanduva, kwaye lunikela kwiprojekthi eqhubekayo yolawulo lwedemokhrasi.
Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ikwabonisa ungquzulwano olusisiseko kulawulo lwedemokhrasi: phakathi kwempumelelo kunye nokucetyiswa, phakathi kolawulo oluninzi namalungelo amancinane, phakathi kokusabela kuluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye nokuqhutywa kweminqweno yexeshana, phakathi kokubonakala nokufuna ingxubusho ecacileyo. Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulawula ezihlukeneyo zibonisa ulungelelwano phakathi kwala maxabiso akhuphisanayo, yaye iingxoxo ezingenkqubo yotshintsho lomthetho ekugqibeleni zibandakanya imibuzo malunga nohlobo lwedemokhrasi esifuna ukuba nayo.
Njengokuba ubugcisa butshintsha, utshintsho lwezopolitiko, kunye neengxaki ezintsha zivela, inkqubo yowiso-mthetho iza kuqhubeka isenza silungelelanise. Noko ke, imigaqo engundoqo esekelwe kwinkqubo yokuba luncedo kwezeli-(ukunikezelwa kwengxelo, ukucalucalucalula, ukulalanisa, nokuphendula ngokuxhomekeke kuxa kubhaliwe umGaqo-siseko. Ukuqonda le migaqo nendlela ebonakaliswa ngayo kwiinkqubo zowiso-mthetho kunika isiseko sokucingisisa ngokungqongqo ngendlela inkqubo esebenza ngayo nendlela enokuthi iphuculwe ngayo.
Kubafundi, abafundisi, abameli, nabameli abaququzelelayo, ulwazi lwenkqubo yowiso-mthetho luvula iminyango yokuba nenxaxheba enenjongo ekulungiseni imithetho elawula ibutho labantu. Enoba unomdla kwimbambano ethile yezomgaqo-siseko, uxhalabele indlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente, okanye ufunxo nje ngendlela idemokhrasi esebenza ngayo, ukuqonda amatyala kunye nokuvota kwisebe lemithetho kunika ukuqonda okubalulekileyo kurhulumente waseMerika nakwezobupolitika.
Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho isenokuba nzima, kodwa ayinakuphembelela. Ngomonde, ingqalelo, kunye nokukulungela ukubandakanyeka ngeenkcukacha, nabani na unokuhlakulela ukuqonda okusebenzayo ngendlela amatyala aba yiyo imithetho. Oko kuqonda, kunceda ukuba kuphumelele ngakumbi ukuvota, nokuthatha inxaxheba engakumbi kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Kwibutho elizihambelayo, akukho lwazi lubalulekileyo ngaphandle kokuqonda indlela abameli babantu ababumba ngayo imithetho ebumba ubomi bethu.
Ongezelelweyo Woovimba Wokufunda Ngenkqubo Yomthetho
Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngendlela yowiso-mthetho, baninzi oovimba abakhoyo abanokukwenza uqonde ngakumbi baze baphucule ubuchule bakho bokuthabatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi.
Indlu yabameli yase-U.S. iquka izinto zokufundisa, ulwazi lwembali, kunye nobuncwane boqhagamshelana nabameli.
INkonzo yoPhicotho-zincwadi yeKhomishini ivelisa iingxelo ezineenkcukacha kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho nemiba ethile, emininzi yayo efumaneka kuluntu ngeeKhonklathi.gov. Ezi ngxelo zinika uhlalutyo olugunyazisiweyo, olungangeniyo kwimigaqo-mthetho nemibuzo yemigaqo-nkqubo.
Iiwebhsayithi zendlu yowiso-mthetho zesizwe zinikela ubuncwane obufanayo bomthetho womgangatho karhulumente. Urhulumente ngamnye ugcina iwebhsayithi yakhe yowiso-mthetho enolwazi malunga nezikweleti, izimiselo, iikomiti, kunye neenkqubo. Abami abanomdla kumthetho karhulumente kufuneka baphawule i-website yendlu yowiso-mthetho yabo baze bahlolisise oovimba abakhoyo.
Amaziko afundisayo, amatanki, nemibutho yokulawula imigaqo-siseko ikwavelisa izinto ezixabisekileyo malunga nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ezi zinto zisoloko zinikela iimbono ezichanabileyo ngendlela inkqubo esebenza ngayo nezicelo zokuguqula, ukuzalisekisa ulwazi olusemthethweni olukhoyo kwimithombo karhulumente.
Ngokusebenzisa ezi zixhobo nokuzinika ixesha lokuqonda inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, abemi banokuba ngabathathi-nxaxheba abanempumelelo ngakumbi ekulawuleni kwedemokhrasi baze babe negalelo kumsebenzi oqhubekayo wokwakha umanyano olugqibeleleyo ngokucinga, ngokuzibophelela ngesebe lowiso-mthetho.