Yintoni Ingcamango Yezobupolitika?

Iingcamango zezobupolitika zilungelelaniswe ngeenkolelo, imilinganiselo nemigaqo elawula indlela ibutho labantu elifanele lilungelelaniswe ngayo kwaye lilawulwa ngayo. Inika isiseko sokuqonda indima karhulumente, izoqoqosho, namalungelo kunye neembopheleleko zabantu. Iingcamango zezobupolitika ziphembelela inkqubo, amaqonga, kwanendlela abemi abachaza ngayo iziganeko. Kubafundi nakubafundisi, ukuyiqonda le migaqo-siseko kubalulekile ekuhlalutyeni inkqubela yembali nasekubandakanyekeni kweengxoxo zezobupolitika zanamhlanje.

Iingcamango azimi ndawonye; ziyaguquka ngokuhamba kwexesha zisabela kwiimeko zentlalo, zezoqoqosho, nezenkcubeko. Zikwaphila ngokwahlukeneyo kunokuba zibe kwiibhokisi eziqinileyo. Ukuqonda iimfundiso ezisisiseko zengcamango nganye kunceda kucacise isizathu sokuba amaqela ahlukeneyo amele imigaqo eyahlukeneyo kwimibandela equka irhafu kunye nenkxalabo yempilo ukuya kumalungelo abemi namazwe angaphandle.

Iingcinga Ezibuhlungu Zeengcamango Zezobupolitika

Iingcamango zezobupolitika zisoloko zichazwa ngokulandelelana ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene, nangona olu manyano lunemiqathango. Inkoliso yedemokhrasi yale mihla ibonakalisa uludwe lwezikhundla zeengcamango eziphembelela ingxoxo kawonke-wonke. Ngeli ngezantsi luqwalaselwa kweengcamango eziphambili zezobupolitika eziye zaguqula ulawulo lwale mihla:

  1. I-Liberalist – igxininisa amalungelo omntu ngamnye, idemokhrasi, kunye nokulingana.
  2. ICumbervatism – amaxabiso esithethe, uzinzo, kunye notshintsho oluthe lwathe chu.
  3. I-socialism – amamela eqela okanye ulawulo lwendlela yokuvelisa kunye nokusasazwa koovimba okulinganayo.
  4. UbuLubérianism – ibeka inkululeko yomntu kuqala kunayo yonke, isoloko ikhuthaza ukungenelela okuncinane kukarhulumente kwimicimbi yobuqu neyoqoqosho.
  5. UbuFascism – ingcamango elungileyo ezukisa uhlanga kwaye isoloko icinezela ukungavumelani ngamandla.

Nganye yezi ngcamango ineengcamango zangaphakathi nezangaphakathi. Umzekelo, ukubonelela ngenkululeko yale mihla kwahlukile ngokuphawulekayo kwinkululeko yamandulo, kwaye ugcino-lwazi lwahlukile kwiimeko zesizwe. Amacandelo alandelayo ahlola ukhuthuzo kunye nolawulo lobunyani olunzulu, njengoko ezi ngcamango zimbini zimela izikhundla ezilawula idemokhrasi ezininzi zaseNtshona.

Inkululeko: Imvelaphi, Imigaqo Nendaleko

Inkululeko yavela ngexesha loNqanda kwinkulungwane ye-17 neye-18 njengempendulo kwimibutho yolawulo lolawulo olupheleleyo nolawulo lobubhishophu. Abacinga njengoJohn Locke, owayemela amalungelo emvelo ebomini, inkululeko, kunye nempahla, wabeka isiseko sentanda-bulumko ukwenzela idemokhrasi ekhululekileyo. UJean-Jacques Rousseau wanikela iingcamango malunga nesivumelwano sobuntlalo kunye nolawulo oluqhelekileyo, ngoxa kamva abalandeli abanjengoJohn Stuart Milla baxhasa inkululeko kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ezi ngcamango zaphembelela ngqo kwiSindululo seSindululo seMerika senkululeko neSibhengezo samaFrentshi samaLuntu samalungelo abantu.

Inkululeko isuka yaguqukela ekubeni yimijelo emibini ebanzi: ukuxhomekeka kwamandulo kwinkululeko yale mihla kunye nokuzibhokoxa kwentlalo. Ukuzimela ngenkululeko kugxininisa iimarike ezikhululekileyo, urhulumente olinganiselweyo, kunye nembopheleleko yomntu ngamnye. Ukuzibophelela kwale mihla, okuye kwazifumanela indawo ephambili kwinkulungwane yama-20, kuxhasa indima engakumbi karhulumente ekusingatheni ukungalingani kwezelelwa kwezentlalo, ukulawula kwezoqoqosho, nokunikela iinkonzo zikawonke wonke ezifana nemfundo kunye nokunyamekela impilo. Zombini ezi zinikela ukuzinikela kumalungelo omntu ngamnye nakulawulo lwedemokhrasi, kodwa zinikezela ngendima yongenelelo lwesizwe.

Imigaqo Eyintloko Yokukhetha Inkululeko

  • [[UMTL:0] Amalungelo oluntu: Wonke umntu unamalungelo emfuza angenakususwa ngokusemthethweni. Ezi ziquka inkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, yendibano, kunye nenkqubo efunekayo phantsi komthetho.
  • [[UMTL: 0] ubungalingani: Bonke abantu bafanelwe lukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho kunye namathuba alinganayo okusukela iinjongo zabo. Lo mgaqo usekelwe kwimithetho elwa nokonakalisa umgangatho webala lemidlalo.
  • Urhulumente olawulayo: kufuneka aphendule ebantwini ngonyulo olukhululekileyo nolusesikweni, amaziko abameli, kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo amancinane nxamnye nobuzwilakhe boninzi.
  • Iindlela zokuthengisa ezikhululekileyo: iinkqubo zezoqoqosho kufuneka zivumele ukhuphiswano kunye norhwebo, nangona imiqathango yale mihla isoloko ixhasa ulawulo lokuthintela ulawulo olunye, ukukhusela abathengi, kunye nokuthetha ngeendawo ezingaphandle njengongcoliso.
  • Inkqubela-phambili yenkululeko iquka utshintsho kunye nokuhlaziywa njengezixhobo zokuphucula ibutho labantu. Oku kuquka ukuxhasa imibutho yamalungelo abantu, ukulingana kwelungu, kunye nenkqubela phambili yenzululwazi.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kokuphuhliswa kwembali yengcinga ekhululekileyo, I-Encyclopedia yeFilosophy inika ushwankathelo olubanzi lwe-eperlism ̱ iintsomi neengcamango ezingundoqo.

Ukuzikhulula Kwizigwebo: Uhlolisiso Lwezigwebo

Impembelelo yengcamango yenkululeko inokubonwa kumanyathelo amakhulu enkqubo ukutyhubela iinkulungwane ezingama-20 kunye nama-21. I-New Decreation eUnited States, endululwe nguMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt ngenxa yokuchaphazeleka koKudodobala Okukhulu, yandisa urhulumente wesizwe i’ indima kumgaqo wezoqoqosho, intlalo-ntle noluntu. Iinkqubo ezifana noKhuselo lweNtlalo, i-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa, kunye nekhuselwa kwemisebenzi zabonisa izibophelelo zale mihla zokulungiselela umnatha wokhuseleko wabemi.

Ngokufanayo, umbutho wamalungelo abantu woo-1950 nawowee-1960 wasebenzisa kakhulu imigaqo ekhululekileyo yokulingana namalungelo abantu. Umthetho wophawu lwelizwe onjengoMthetho wamalungelo abantu ka-1964 kunye noMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965 ojolise ekupheliseni ukuphelisa ucalucalulo lobuhlanga olulungelelanisiweyo nokuqinisekisa ukuba ukhuselwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho. Le migudu ibonisa indlela inkcubeko ephangaleleyo enokuqhubela ngayo utshintsho kwimibutho labantu kwimijelo esemthethweni nakwezobupolitika.

Kule meko, oorhulumente abakhululekileyo badla ngokuxhasa ukunyanyekelwa kwempilo yehlabathi lonke, imozulu, kunye nerhafu eqhubekayo njengendlela yokulungisa ukungalingani nokukhuthaza intlalo-ntle emanyeneyo. Noko ke, iingxoxo eziphakathi kwenkululeko ezizizo ziyaqhubeka ngokulungelelana okufanelekileyo phakathi kongenelelo lomntu ngamnye norhulumente, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezifana nemiyalelo yempilo yoluntu kunye nomgaqo wezoqoqosho.

Isithethe, Ulungelelwano, Neinguqulelo Eziqhelekileyo

UbuConservatism yinxalenye njengentsabelo kwienguqu ezikhawulezileyo ezaziswa yiNguquko yamaFrentshi kunye nokusasazeka ngokukhawuleza kweengcamango ezikhululekileyo. Igosa elingoorhulumente bamaNgesi u-Edmund Burke, ngokufuthi elithathwa njengoyise wezogcino-lwazi lwangoku, lathi ibutho labantu liyinto entsonkothileyo eyakhelwe kubulumko obuqokeleliweyo, amasiko, kunye namaziko. Walumkisa malunga notshintsho oluninzi olunokuthi luphazamise ukuzinza kwentlalo kwaye lukhokelele kwisiphithiphithi. Kwi-Burke, ukugcina izithethe ezisunguliweyo nangoko, utshintsho lwezinto zale mihla, lwalukhetheke kwiingcamango ezingekho ngqiqweqwele ezibekwe zivukele.

I-Conservatism ayichasi nje kuphela ukutshintsha; yintanda-bulumko ekhuthazayo yokuba ulungelelwano lwemilinganiselo, igunya, uluntu, kunye nokuqhubeka. Ngoxa intsebenziswano ezihlala zikho ngokwesithethe zahluka kwamanye amazwe, ngokuqhelekileyo ziyaphikisana ngoonjineli bentlalo-ntle yoluntu kwaye zithanda amaqumrhu aqinisekisiweyo afana nentsapho, imibutho yonqulo, kunye nabantu basekuhlaleni. Kwinkulungwane yama-20, i- Contatismeism ilungele ukuhlangabezana nokunyuka korhulumente wentlalontle, enamanani afana noRonald Reagan Reagan eUnited States noMargare Thatcher kuMadom exhasa imithetho yenkululeko yorhwebo, ukuthomalathiso, ukuthoba, kunye nendima ecuthe-yo karhulumente.

Imigaqo Eyintloko Yonqulo Oluqhelekileyo

  • Isithethe sesithethe: izithethe, amaxabiso, kunye namaziko axhathisa ixesha ajongwa njengezinto eziphinda-phindwayo zobulumko obusebenzisekayo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi isithethe sinika uzinzo nengqiqo yokwazi ukuqiqa okungenakulinganiswa.
  • Igunya: Igunya elisemthethweni kurhulumente, kumthetho, nakulawulo lwentlalo lijongwa njengeyona ibalulekileyo ekulondolozeni ucwangco. Amalungu axhasa amaziko aqinileyo anjengejaji, amapolisa, kunye nomkhosi wokuxhasa umthetho.
  • [[NTLL:0] Utshintsho oluzenzekelayo: Utshintsho lwentlalo lufanele lube lulumkile kwaye lube nolwandiso. Ngokukhawuleza okanye olunzulu utshintsho lungabeka engozini yeziphumo ezingacwangciswanga kwaye lungalitshayela ilaphu loluntu. Lo mgaqo maxa wambi ubizwa ngokuba yi-#8220; ubunjineli bentlalo-ntle ̵ ngokuchasene neenguqu zenguquko.
  • Abantu abangobantu abahlukeneyo kodwa ngamalungu eentsapho, imimandla, kunye nezizwe. I-Conservatives igxininisa iimfuno zombini, uxanduva lwentlalo, nokubaluleka kwebutho labantu ngaphezu komgangatho womntu ngamnye.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Amalungelo aKhuselekileyo empahla abonwa njengesiseko senkululeko yezoqoqosho, uxanduva lobuqu, kunye nocwangco lwentlalo. Amalungu adla ngokuchasa irhafu egqithisileyo okanye umthetho ophazamisayo kwimpahla yabucala.

Ukuphanda okunzulu kwengcinga enzulu, iEncyclopedia Britannica yokungena kwi-Contarianism inika uhlalutyo olunenkcukacha zembali nentanda-bulumko.

Inkcubeko kwiNdlela yokuzihlola

IXesha likaReagan eUnited States (1981-1999) lamisela imigaqo emininzi engundoqo elandela imigaqo engqongqo esebenzayo. UReagan walandela ukusikwa kwerhafu, ukuhla komthetho woshishino, kunye nokuncitshiswa kwemali esetyenziswayo ngokwentlalo-ntle yoluntu. Ulawulo lwakhe lwaxhasa ukukhusela urhulumente wesizwe nokuma kobundlobongela kwiSoviet Union, ebonisa ukugxininisa okungaguquguqukiyo kulawulo lwesizwe nakumaxabiso esithethe. Ekhaya, i-Reagan ̱ imigaqo ejolise ekukhuthazeni ukukhula kwezoqoqosho ngokunciphisa umthwalo karhulumente kumashishini nabantu.

KuManyano woMbuso, uMargaret Thatcher ’ urhulumente (1979-190) walandela iinkqubo ezifanayo zokuhlaziywa kwe-privat, ukukhutshwa kwemithetho-siseko, kunye nolawulo lwe-fiscal ugcino-lwazi. Uthe wavakalisa ngodumo ukuba i-#8220; ayikho into efana nebutho labantu i-” ngengqiqo yokuba liqela elingaqondakaliyo, liphikisana endaweni yoko linembopheleleko kunye namaxabiso entsapho nganye. Utshintsho lwakhe lwaguqula ukuphucula uqoqosho lweBritane kwaye luphembele imigaqo eyaya ngokweenjongo ebanzi ehlabathini lonke.

Kutshanje, amaqela abambelele kwizithethe athandabuza ukuba ngabaphi na abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, abaziwa ngabantu, nendima yamaziko ehlabathi lonke. Ukwanda kwePropulist corantalisism kuma-2020 kuye kwavelisa ingxubangxwabange entsha kwizithethe eziqhelekileyo, iphembelela imicimbi yezoqoqosho nxamnye nezithethe. Phezu kwayo nje le mpikiswano yangaphakathi, ingcamango engqongqo iyaqhubeka iphuhlisa inkqubo engokwemigaqo enjengeyokuguqula irhafu, ukumisela iikomiti zowiso-mthetho, kunye nemfundo.

Ukuthelekisa Inkululeko Yokuzikhethela NobuNcedu

Nangona ukuxhomekeka kwinkululeko nokungaguquguquki kudla ngokuphikisana nemibandela yezopolitiko, uthelekiso olucokisekileyo lubonisa umahluko osisiseko nezizathu ezikhoyo zokudibana. Ukuqonda ezi zinto kubalulekile kubafundi abafuna ukuqhuba intetho yezobupolitika ngolu hlobo.

Umahluko

Dimension Liberalism Conservatism
View of Human Nature Optimistic; people are capable of reason and improvement through education and reform. Realistic or pessimistic; humans are fallible and need established institutions to guide behavior.
Role of Government Active in promoting equality and protecting rights, especially for marginalized groups. Limited in scope, focused on maintaining order, security, and economic freedom.
Attitude Toward Change Embraces progressive reform to address social injustices and adapt to new circumstances. Cautious; prefers preserving existing institutions and changing only when necessary.
Individual vs. Community Prioritizes individual autonomy, rights, and personal fulfillment. Emphasizes social bonds, duty, and the well-being of the community.
Economic Approach Supports regulation, redistribution, and public investment to reduce inequality. Favors free markets, low taxes, and minimal government interference.

Indawo ekwabelwana ngayo

Phezu kwako nje ukwahluka kwazo, ukubonelela ngenkululeko kunye nokungaguquguquki kolawulo lwezahlulelo kumaxabiso aliqela awahlulayo kwiingcamango ezigqithisileyo. Zombini ezi zithethe zibophelelekile kulawulo lwedemokhrasi, umthetho, kunye nokuhlonela izinto zabucala. Zombini ziyakuqonda ukubaluleka komntu ngamnye othatha inyathelo nembopheleleko, nokuba zabela amaxabiso ahlukeneyo. Kumaziko amaninzi aseNtshona, iingcamango ezimbini zisebenza njenge ̴ iinkcaso ezinyanisekileyo ” ezamkela isiseko somgaqo-siseko somthetho ngexesha ezingavumelaniyo.

Ngaphezu koko, zombini iingcamango ziye zavela ngokuvumelana. I-tenativism yale mihla iye yamkela iimbono ezithile eziphangaleleyo malunga neemarike zamashishini akhululekileyo namalungelo abantu, ngoxa ukuxhomekeka kwale mihla kuye kwaquka ulwazi oluqhelekileyo ngokubaluleka kozinzo nentlalo. Umphumo yimeko yezopolitiko echuliweyo apho imida ephakathi kweengcamango idla ngokukhuphiswana.

Umhlaba Obanzi

Nangona ukuxhomekeka kwinkululeko kunye nokulondoloza ulawulo kulawula intetho yezobupolitika kumazwe amaninzi, ezinye iingcamango zikwanendima ebalulekileyo. Umkhosi wobuSoshiyali, umzekelo, ugxininisa ubumnini kunye nokulingana kwezoqoqosho kwaye uphembelele amaqela oluntu olawulo-mpukane eYurophu nakwezinye iindawo. ILibertrianism igxininisa ngamandla inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kwinkululeko yayo esengqiqweni, ikhuthaza ukupheliswa kwemisebenzi emininzi karhulumente. Ngasekunene, ubufascism kunye nolawulo lobuzwilakhe olunegunya layayayayaya imigaqo yedemokhrasi exhasa ulawulo loburhulumente kunye nolawulo lobuzwe.

Ukuqonda ezi ngcamango zolunye ulwahlulo kunceda ukubeka imo-mo-mo-thetho yenkululeko kunye nogcino-lwazi. Umzekelo, xa abagxeki bechaza inkqubo njenge ̴ isocialism, i̵ badwelisa kwisithethe sengqiqo eyahlukileyo ekwahlukaniyo kuzo zombini iimfuno zobuntlola nolawulo. Ngokufanayo, ukwanda kwemibutho yepopulist kwinkulungwane yama-21 kuye kwazifinyeza imigca phakathi kwemfundo yobuContatatism nenkciso yesizwe engqongqo, idala iintambo ezintsha zempazamo kwingxoxo yezobupolitika.

Xa uthe wayiqonda indlela iingcamango ezisebenzisana ngayo neenkqubo zobupolitika, ungeno lwe-Oxford Bibliographies kwingcamango yezobupolitika lunika ushwankathelo lwemfundo yebala.

Isizathu Sokuba Abafundi Nabafundisi - ntsapho Baqonde Imibandela Ephathelele Ukuqonda

Ufundo lweengcamango zezobupolitika asiyonkqubo nje engaqhelekanga. Luxhobisa abafundi ngezixhobo zokuhlolisisa iimpikiswano zobupolitika, izicelo zomgaqo-nkqubo, nokuqonda impembelelo yembali eye yaguqula ihlabathi langoku. Abafundisi abafaka uhlalutyo lweengcamango kwizifundo zabo zesikolo banceda abafundi bangazikhathazi ngeziganeko zangoku baze badla ngokucinga ngemibuzo enzulu ngokusesikweni, amandla, nokulungileyo okuqhelekileyo.

Ngokomzekelo, impikiswano engotshintsho lwezonyango inokuqondwa ngokutyebileyo xa abafundi beqonda ukuba kukho izivumelwano ezisisiseko zeengcamango: Ukungaxhomekeki kusenokugxininisa ukufikelela kwehlabathi ngokubanzi njengomcimbi olungileyo, ngoxa abantu abatyebileyo besenokugxininisa imbopheleleko yobuqu nempumelelo yezoshishino.

Ngokufunda ukuzazi nokuzihlolisisa ngenyameko ezi nkcukacha, abafundi baba ngabathathi-nxaxheba abanolwazi nabaqiqayo kwimicimbi yoluntu. Kwakhona bavelisa ulungelelwano olunzulu ngokuqonda ukuba abantu abanolwahluka lwemilinganiselo neengcamango ezahlukeneyo.

Isiphelo

Iingcamango zezobupolitika ziiLens ezithi ngazo izithethe zangaphambili, zijonge ixesha lazo langoku, zize zicinge nekamva lazo. Inkululeko kunye nolondolozo lwezomthetho, njengeengcamango ezimbini ezinempembelelo kwidemokhrasi yale mihla, zinika imibono ephikisanayo yenkululeko, ucwangco, nenkqubela. I-Liberalist ixhasa amalungelo omntu ngamnye, ukulingana, nokuguqula izinto, ngoxa ikhampathiskhstan ixhasa izithethe, ukuzinza, kunye nokutshintsha okuthe ngcembe. Ingcamango nganye iqulethe iingxoxo kunye neengxaki zangaphakathi kunye neengxaki ezintsha ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Kubafundi nabafundisi- ntsapho ngokufanayo, ukuphuhlisa ukuqondwa ngokuchanekileyo kwezi ngcamango kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yemfundo yezentlalo. Kuvumela uhlalutyo oluntsonkothileyo lweziganeko zembali, ukudibana okunolwazi olungakumbi ngeengxoxo zemigaqo, noxabiso olunzulu ngeenguqu zeengcamango zobupolitika. Njengoko imeko yezobupolitika iqhubeka iguquka, amandla okuqonda nokuhlonela ukwahluka kwengqiqo aya kuhlala engundoqo wokuba ngummi wedemokhrasi.

Abo banomdla kuphando olubhekele phaya, inqaku leAffairs yelizwe elithetha ngeengcamango ezibumba ubuzwe bezobupolitika linikela uluvo olongezelelekileyo ngokubaluleka okuhlala kuhleli kwendlela yokucinga yengqiqo kwizobupolitika zanamhlanje.